Name: in vitro cellular activity evaluation of the nanoemulsion vaccine adjuvant ophiopogonin d
Uploaded: 2022-12-09T13:35:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Cellular Activity Evaluation of the Nanoemulsion Vaccine Adjuvant Ophiopogonin D at JoVE.com

This study was supported by grant No. 2021YFC2302603 of the National Key Research and Development Program of China, grants No. 31670938, 32070924, 82041045, and 32000651 of the National Natural Science Foundation Program of China, grants No. 2014jcyjA0107 and No. 2019jcyjA-msxmx0159 of the Natural Science Foundation Project Program of Chongqing, grant No. CYS21519 of the Postgraduate Research and Innovation Project of Chongqing, grant No. 2020XBK24 of the Army Medical University Special projects, and grant No. 202090031021 of the National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Program for college students.

All cell experiments were performed in a cell engineering laboratory equipped with basic operating rooms, buffer rooms, sterile culture rooms, and identification and analysis rooms. The working environment and conditions were free from microbial contamination and other harmful factors. The animal experiments were conducted based on the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Laboratory Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee of the Third Military Medical University.
<p class="jove_t...

<ol>
	<li>Cao, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+progress+of+graphene+oxide+as+a+potential+vaccine+carrier+and+adjuvant.">Recent progress of graphene oxide as a potential vaccine carrier and adjuvant.</a> Acta Biomaterials. 112, 14-28 (2020).</li><li>Ko, E. J., Kang, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunology+and+efficacy+of+MF59-adjuvanted+vaccines.">Immunology and efficacy of MF59-adjuvanted vaccines.</a> Human Vaccines &amp; Immunotherapeutics. 14 (12), 3041-3045 (2018).</li><li>Shi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vaccine+adjuvants:+Understanding+the+structure+and+mechanism+of+adjuvanticity.">Vaccine adjuvants: Understanding the structure and mechanism of adjuvanticity.</a> Vaccine. 37 (24), 3167-3178 (2019).</li><li>Kuo, T. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+CpG-adjuvanted+stable+prefusion+SARS-CoV-2+spike+antigen+as+a+subunit+vaccine+against+COVID-19.">Development of CpG-adjuvanted stable prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen as a subunit vaccine against COVID-19.</a> Scientific Reports. 10, 20085 (2020).</li><li>Twentyman, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interim+recommendation+of+the+Advisory+Committee+on+Immunization+Practices+for+use+of+the+Novavax+COVID-19+vaccine+in+persons+aged+&gt;/=18+years+-+United+States,+July+2022.">Interim recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for use of the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine in persons aged &gt;/=18 years - United States, July 2022.</a> MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 71 (31), 988-992 (2022).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+aluminum+adjuvants+eliciting+stronger+immune+response+when+mixed+with+hepatitis+B+virus+surface+antigens.">Improved aluminum adjuvants eliciting stronger immune response when mixed with hepatitis B virus surface antigens.</a> ACS Omega. 7 (38), 34528-34537 (2022).</li><li>Wang, N., Chen, M., Wang, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liposomes+used+as+a+vaccine+adjuvant-delivery+system:+From+basics+to+clinical+immunization.">Liposomes used as a vaccine adjuvant-delivery system: From basics to clinical immunization.</a> Journal of Controlled Release. 303, 130-150 (2019).</li><li>Akin, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+safety+and+efficacy+of+Advax(TM)+as+an+adjuvant:+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of Advax(TM) as an adjuvant: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Advances in Medical Sciences. 67 (1), 10-17 (2022).</li><li>Lacaille-Dubois, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Updated+insights+into+the+mechanism+of+action+and+clinical+profile+of+the+immunoadjuvant+QS-21:+A+review.">Updated insights into the mechanism of action and clinical profile of the immunoadjuvant QS-21: A review.</a> Phytomedicine. 60, 152905 (2019).</li><li>Marty-Roix, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+QS-21+as+an+inflammasome-activating+molecular+component+of+saponin+adjuvants.">Identification of QS-21 as an inflammasome-activating molecular component of saponin adjuvants.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 291 (3), 1123-1136 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, Y. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ophiopogonin+D+attenuates+doxorubicin-induced+autophagic+cell+death+by+relieving+mitochondrial+damage+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Ophiopogonin D attenuates doxorubicin-induced autophagic cell death by relieving mitochondrial damage in vitro and in vivo.</a> The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 352 (1), 166-174 (2015).</li><li>An, E. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ophiopogonin+D+ameliorates+DNCB-induced+atopic+dermatitis-like+lesions+in+BALB/c+mice+and+TNF-alpha-+inflamed+HaCaT+cell.">Ophiopogonin D ameliorates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like lesions in BALB/c mice and TNF-alpha- inflamed HaCaT cell.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 522 (1), 40-46 (2020).</li><li>Song, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+polysaccharide+from+Ophiopogon+japonicus+on+immune+response+to+Newcastle+disease+vaccine+in+chicken.">Effects of polysaccharide from Ophiopogon japonicus on immune response to Newcastle disease vaccine in chicken.</a> Pesquisa Veterin&#225;ria Brasileira. 36 (12), 1155-1159 (2016).</li><li>Tong, Y. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+immunopotentiator,+ophiopogonin+D,+encapsulated+in+a+nanoemulsion+as+a+robust+adjuvant+to+improve+vaccine+efficacy.">An immunopotentiator, ophiopogonin D, encapsulated in a nanoemulsion as a robust adjuvant to improve vaccine efficacy.</a> Acta Biomaterialia. 77, 255-267 (2018).</li><li>Lin, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyaluronic+acid-glycine-cholesterol+conjugate-based+nanoemulsion+as+a+potent+vaccine+adjuvant+for+T+cell-mediated+immunity.">Hyaluronic acid-glycine-cholesterol conjugate-based nanoemulsion as a potent vaccine adjuvant for T cell-mediated immunity.</a> Pharmaceutics. 13 (10), 1569 (2021).</li><li>Xu, H. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+metabolomic+and+lipidomic+analysis+reveals+the+potential+mechanisms+of+hemolysis+effect+of+ophiopogonin+D+and+ophiopogonin+D'+in+vivo.">Global metabolomic and lipidomic analysis reveals the potential mechanisms of hemolysis effect of ophiopogonin D and ophiopogonin D' in vivo.</a> Chinese Medicine. 16 (1), 3 (2021).</li><li>Drane, D., Gittleson, C., Boyle, J., Maraskovsky, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ISCOMATRIX+adjuvant+for+prophylactic+and+therapeutic+vaccines.">ISCOMATRIX adjuvant for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.</a> Expert Review of Vaccines. 6 (5), 761-772 (2007).</li><li>Rudolf, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microstructure+characterisation+and+identification+of+the+mechanical+and+functional+properties+of+a+new+PMMA-ZnO+composite.">Microstructure characterisation and identification of the mechanical and functional properties of a new PMMA-ZnO composite.</a> Materials. 13 (12), 2717 (2020).</li><li>Cannella, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytotoxicity+evaluation+of+endodontic+pins+on+L929+cell+line.">Cytotoxicity evaluation of endodontic pins on L929 cell line.</a> BioMed Research International. 2019, 3469525 (2019).</li><li>Jiao, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limitations+of+MTT+and+CCK-8+assay+for+evaluation+of+graphene+cytotoxicity.">Limitations of MTT and CCK-8 assay for evaluation of graphene cytotoxicity.</a> RSC Advances. 5 (66), 53240-53244 (2015).</li><li>Ghasemi, M., Turnbull, T., Sebastian, S., Kempson, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+MTT+assay:+Utility,+limitations,+pitfalls,+and+interpretation+in+bulk+and+single-cell+analysis.">The MTT assay: Utility, limitations, pitfalls, and interpretation in bulk and single-cell analysis.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (23), 12827 (2021).</li><li>Li, W., Zhou, J., Xu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+of+the+in+vitro+cytotoxicity+testing+of+medical+devices.">Study of the in vitro cytotoxicity testing of medical devices.</a> Biomedical Reports. 3 (5), 617-620 (2015).</li><li>Wu, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correlation+between+elevated+inflammatory+cytokines+of+spleen+and+spleen+index+in+acute+spinal+cord+injury.">Correlation between elevated inflammatory cytokines of spleen and spleen index in acute spinal cord injury.</a> Journal of Neuroimmunology. 344, 577264 (2020).</li><li>Lewis, S. M., Williams, A., Eisenbarth, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+and+function+of+the+immune+system+in+the+spleen.">Structure and function of the immune system in the spleen.</a> Science Immunology. 4 (33), (2019).</li><li>Cox, J. H., Ferrari, G., Janetzki, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+cytokine+release+at+the+single+cell+level+using+the+ELISPOT+assay.">Measurement of cytokine release at the single cell level using the ELISPOT assay.</a> Methods. 38 (4), 274-282 (2006).</li><li>Elliott, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confocal+microscopy:+Principles+and+modern+practices.">Confocal microscopy: Principles and modern practices.</a> Current Protocols in Cytometry. 92 (1), 68 (2020).</li><li>Zhou, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD4(+)+T+cell+activation+and+inflammation+in+NASH-related+fibrosis.">CD4(+) T cell activation and inflammation in NASH-related fibrosis.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 13, 967410 (2022).</li><li>Martinez, F. O., Sica, A., Mantovani, A., Locati, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+activation+and+polarization.">Macrophage activation and polarization.</a> Frontiers in Bioscience. 13, 453-461 (2008).</li><li>Quesniaux, V., Erard, F., Ryffel, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adjuvant+activity+on+murine+and+human+macrophages.">Adjuvant activity on murine and human macrophages.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 626, 117-130 (2010).</li></ol>

Subunit vaccines provide excellent safety but poor immunogenicity. The main strategy to enhance the immunogenicity is to physically adsorb or couple antigens with adjuvants and incorporate them into the drug delivery systems to promote the uptake and presentation by DCs. Natural plant saponins such as quillaia saponin and its derivatives are highly toxic and are not suitable for the development of human vaccines17. Therefore, the study of the toxic effects of vaccines or adjuvants on cells is a ne...

Vaccines are an important means of preventing and treating infectious and noncommunicable diseases. The appropriate addition of adjuvants and delivery vehicles to vaccine formulations is beneficial for enhancing the immunogenicity of antigens and generating long-lasting immune responses1. In addition to the classical adjuvant alum (aluminum salt), there are six kinds of adjuvants for vaccines that are currently marketed: MF592,3, AS043, AS033, AS013, CpG10184, and Matrix-M5. Generally, when the human body encounters a viral attack, the first and second lines of defense (skin, mucosa, and macrophages) take the lead in clearing the virus, and finally, the third line of defense, involving the immune organs and immune cells, is activated. Aluminum and aluminum salts have been the most widely used adjuvants for human vaccines since the early 1920s, eliciting an effective innate immune response6. However, it has been proposed that the activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by classical adjuvants, which stimulates the immune cells to generate specific sets of cytokines and chemokines, is the mechanism by which adjuvants work and may be one of the reasons why adjuvants exert only transient effects on specific immune responses7. The presence of limited licensed adjuvants for human use is a restrictive factor for developing vaccines that elicit effective immune responses8.
Currently, an increasing number of adjuvant studies are demonstrating the ability to induce a strong cellular immune response in mice. QS-21 has been shown to induce a balanced T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 2 (Th2) immune response, produce higher levels of antibody titers, and prolong the protection as an adjuvant, but its strong toxicity and hemolytic properties limit its development as a standalone clinical adjuvant9,10. OP-D (ruscogenin-O-&#945;-L-rhamnopyranosy1-(1&#8594;2)-&#946;-D-xylopyranosyl-(1&#8594;3)-&#946;-D-fucopyranoside) is one of the steroidal saponins isolated from the root of the Chinese medicinal plant Ophiopogon japonicas4. Additionally, it is the chief pharmacologically active component (Shen Mai San) found in Radix Ophiopogonis and is known to have certain pharmacological properties11. Moreover, it is a member of the Liliaceae family and is widely utilized for its inhibitory and protective effects in cellular inflammation and myocardial injury. For example, OP-D ameliorates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like lesions and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;) inflammatory HaCaT cells in BALB/c mice12. Importantly, OP-D promotes the antioxidative protection of the cardiovascular system and protects the heart against doxorubicin-induced autophagic injury by reducing both reactive oxygen species generation and disrupting mitochondrial membrane damage. Experiments have shown that taking OP-D with mono-desmoside helps to boost immune health, increase white blood cell counts and DNA synthesis, and make antibodies last longer13. It has previously been found that OP-D has an adjuvant effect14.
Nanoemulsions are oil-in-water nanoformulations composed of a combination of surfactants, oil, cosurfactants, and water12,15. These nanovaccine designs allow antigens and adjuvants to be encapsulated together to enhance immune stimulation, protect the antigens, and promote dendritic cell (DC) maturation16. For development of these novel adjuvants obtained from screening, it is important to find appropriate methods to evaluate their cellular response abilities.
The purpose of this protocol is to systematically evaluate whether adjuvants can enhance phagocytosis and the expression of immune cells in in vitro cell culture and to elaborate on the main experimental methods. The experiment is divided into four subsections: (1) the toxicity of OP-D and NOD to L929 cells is determined by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay; (2) the cytokine levels of endocrine IFN-&#947; and IL-17A and the corresponding cell numbers in immunized mice are detected by splenocyte stimulation and ELISpot assays; (3) the antigen presentation ability of DCs after adjuvant stimulation is observed using confocal microscopy; and (4) the three kinds of cytokines, IL-1&#946;, IL-6, and TNF-&#945;, in the supernatants obtained from peritoneal macrophages (PMs) in normal mice cocultured with adjuvants are detected.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (1x)</td>
			<td>GIBCO, USA</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well filter plates</td>
			<td>Millipore. Billerica, MA</td>
			<td>CLS3922</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AlPO4</td>
			<td>General Chemical Company, USA</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td>Countstar, China</td>
			<td>IC1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BALB/c mice and C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td>Beijing HFK Bioscience Co. Ltd</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>caprylic/capric triglyceride (GTCC)</td>
			<td>Beijing Fengli Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Beijing, China</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCK-8 kits</td>
			<td>Dojindo, Japan</td>
			<td>CK04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Counting Plate</td>
			<td>Costar, Corning, USA</td>
			<td>CO010101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Sieve</td>
			<td>biosharp, China</td>
			<td>BS-70-CS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5810 R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf, Germany&#160;</td>
			<td>5811000398</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA</td>
			<td>D9542</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM basic(1x) medium</td>
			<td>GIBCO, USA</td>
			<td>C11885500BT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DSZ5000X Inverted Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon,Japan</td>
			<td>DSZ5000X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EL-35 (Cremophor-35)</td>
			<td>Mumbai, India</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ELISpot classic</td>
			<td>AID, Germany</td>
			<td>ELR06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>GIBCO, USA</td>
			<td>10099141C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Full-function Microplate Reader</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA</td>
			<td>VL0000D2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFP</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA</td>
			<td>P42212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor</td>
			<td>GM-CSF, R&#38;D Systems, USA</td>
			<td>315-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td>15630106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HF 90/240 Incubator</td>
			<td>Heal Force, Switzerland</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-4</td>
			<td>PeproTech, USA</td>
			<td>042149</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L929 cell line</td>
			<td>FENGHUISHENGWU, China</td>
			<td>&#160;NCTC clone 929 (RRID:CVCL_0462)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy</td>
			<td>Zeiss, Germany</td>
			<td>LSM 980</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MONTANE 85 PPI</td>
			<td>SEPPIC, France</td>
			<td>L12910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MONTANOX 80 PPI</td>
			<td>SEPPIC, France</td>
			<td>36372K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IFN-&#947; ELISA kit</td>
			<td>Dakewe, China</td>
			<td>1210002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IFN-&#947; precoated ELISPOT kit</td>
			<td>Dakewe, China</td>
			<td>DKW22-2000-096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IL-17A ELISA kit</td>
			<td>Dakewe, China</td>
			<td>1211702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IL-17A ELISpotPLUS Kit</td>
			<td>ebiosciences, USA</td>
			<td>3521-4HPW-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IL-1&#946; ELISA kit</td>
			<td>Dakewe, China</td>
			<td>1210122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IL-6 ELISA kit</td>
			<td>Dakewe, China</td>
			<td>1210602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse TNF-&#945; ELISA kit</td>
			<td>Dakewe, China</td>
			<td>1217202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-essential amino acids(100x)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophiopogonin-D</td>
			<td>Chengdu Purui Technology Co. Ltd</td>
			<td>945619-74-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td>15070063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phalloidin</td>
			<td>Solarbio, China</td>
			<td>CA1620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>ZSGB-BIO, China</td>
			<td>ZLI-9062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red Blood Cell Lysis Buffer</td>
			<td>Solarbio, China</td>
			<td>R1010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 medium</td>
			<td>Hyclone (Life Technology), USA</td>
			<td>SH30809.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate(100 mM)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td>11360070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Squalene</td>
			<td>Sigma, USA</td>
			<td>S3626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;- Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro cellular activity evaluation of the nanoemulsion vaccine adjuvant ophiopogonin d

As a principal ingredient of vaccines, adjuvants can directly induce or enhance the powerful, widespread, innate, and adaptive immune responses associated with antigens. Ophiopogonin D (OP-D), a purified component extracted from the plant Ophiopogon japonicus, has been found to be useful as a vaccine adjuvant. The problems of the low solubility and toxicity of OP-D can be effectively overcome by using a low-energy emulsification method to prepare nanoemulsion ophiopogonin D (NOD). In this article, a series of in vitro protocols for cellular activity evaluation are examined. The cytotoxic effects of L929 were determined using a cell counting kit-8 assay. Then, the secreted cytokine levels and corresponding immune cell numbers after the stimulation and culture of splenocytes from immunized mice were detected by ELISA and ELISpot methods. In addition, the antigen uptake ability in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), which were isolated from C57BL/6 mice and matured after incubation with GM-CSF plus IL-4, was observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy (CLSM). Importantly, macrophage activation was confirmed by measuring the levels of IL-1&#946;, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;) cytokines by ELISA kits after coculturing peritoneal macrophages (PMs) from blank mice with the adjuvant for 24 h. It is hoped that this protocol will provide other researchers with direct and effective experimental approaches to evaluate the cellular response efficacies of novel vaccine adjuvants.

The cellular activity evaluation of the adjuvants OP-D and NOD was completed in vitro according to the protocol. L929 fibroblasts are a useful screening model for the in vitro toxicity testing of NOD (Figure 1). The quantification of inflammatory cytokine levels in the spleen can help researchers better understand the immune response (Figure 2). Monitoring CTLs with ELISpot is the gold standard for assessing antigen-specific T-cell immunity in ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Cellular Activity Evaluation of the Nanoemulsion Vaccine Adjuvant Ophiopogonin D at JoVE.com

In Vitro Cellular Activity Evaluation of the Nanoemulsion Vaccine Adjuvant Ophiopogonin D

The protocol presents detailed methods for evaluating whether the nanoemulsion ophiopogonin D adjuvant promotes effective cellular immune responses.

In Vitro Cellular Activity Evaluation of the Nanoemulsion Vaccine Adjuvant Ophiopogonin D

As a principal ingredient of vaccines, adjuvants can directly induce or enhance the powerful, widespread, innate, and adaptive immune responses associated ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Human T Lymphocyte Isolation, Culture and Analysis of Migration In Vitro

Human T Lymphocyte Isolation, Culture and Analysis of Migration In Vitro

The migration of T lymphocytes involves the adhesive interaction of cell surface integrins with ligands expressed on other cells or with extracellular ...

Quantitative Analyses of all Influenza Type A Viral Hemagglutinins and Neuraminidases using Universal Antibodies in Simple Slot Blot Assays

Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are two surface proteins of influenza viruses which are known to play important roles in the viral life cycle ...

Generation of Recombinant Arenavirus for Vaccine Development in FDA-Approved Vero Cells

The development and implementation of arenavirus reverse genetics represents a significant breakthrough in the arenavirus field  4. The use of cell-based ...

Total Protein Extraction and 2-D Gel Electrophoresis Methods for Burkholderia Species

Total Protein Extraction and 2-D Gel Electrophoresis Methods for Burkholderia Species

The investigation of  the intracellular protein levels of bacterial species is of importance to  understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of diseases ...

Cell-based Flow Cytometry Assay to Measure Cytotoxic Activity

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells ...

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

The protective effect of many HLA class I alleles on HIV-1 pathogenesis and disease progression is, in part, attributed to their ability to target ...

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in ...

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a ...

In Vitro ELISA Test to Evaluate Rabies Vaccine Potency

The growing global concern for the animal welfare is encouraging manufacturers and the National Control Laboratories (OMCLs) to follow the 3Rs strategy ...

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus

Due to similarities in placentation and antibody transfer with humans, rabbits are an excellent model of maternal immunization. Additional advantages of ...