LSAMP（路易斯·斯托克斯少数族裔参与联盟）、韦纳、克劳福德基金会、凯斯勒基金会都感谢他们的支持。

这里介绍的研究得到了蒙特克莱尔州立大学机构审查委员会 （IRB） 委员会的批准，该委员会于 2001 年启动，并在 2023 年之前每年更新一次。所有参与者都按照美国心理学会的道德准则进行治疗。遵循了典型的安全程序。例如，我们使用传单和口耳相传从蒙特克莱尔州立大学的一般人群中招募了 9 名成年人。所有受试者均采用 Wasserman19 制定的 TMS 指南亲自进行筛选。参与者因参加研究而获得 25 美元的补偿，所有受试者都按照当地机构审查委员会 （IRB） 制定的标准和赫尔辛基宣言进行治疗。从所有参与者和所有被确定为西班牙裔或非裔美国人的受试者那里获得了书面知情同意书。
1. 背景和 10/20 转移
注意：对于 TMS，不需要任何额外的设备（即，实验室应该很容易拥有所有这些用品）。
<ol><li>参与者<ol><li>在开始任何程序之前，请务必获得 IRB 委员会审查。如果这是初始方案，请咨询有经验的研究人员并准备所有表格 ，例如同意、筛选（图 1）和 副作用 （图 2）并练习他们的陈述。 注意：表格应补充而不是替代与参与者就安全问题进行的直接访谈。</li>
		<li>确保所有团队成员都接受过其角色的培训。 注意：提供培训课程，几乎所有 TMS 实验室都免费分享其最佳安全实践。</li>
		<li>通过社交媒体和传单招募参与者。 注意：招聘提供金钱激励和风险的简要描述。</li>
		<li>在入组前管理 筛查清单 （图 1）。</li>
		<li>向所有参与者的参与支付费用（本研究中为 25 美元），并根据内部审查委员会和美国心理学会的指导方针对他们进行治疗。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>使用适合机构的参数执行 TMS（请参阅讨论）。</li>
	<li>参与者的安全和舒适性至关重要，因此在整个过程中，请通过口头和视觉方式询问和监控参与者。一定要注意紧张，这可能是常态，在某些情况下，会导致更困难的结果。</li>
</ol>2.TMS设备搬运
<ol><li>确保用于此实验的 70 毫米 8 字形线圈永远不会达到危险/关闭温度。准备好备用线圈，以备不时之需。</li>
	<li>使用目视检查（5/10 诱发短外展肌）或肌电图 （EMG） 确定运动阈值。</li>
</ol>3. 非辫子头发上的运动阈值
<ol><li>使用可擦除魔术记号笔标记区域 CZ nasion/inion 线和中点。测量耳垂或耳前点，并标记这些点。</li>
	<li>使用右半球线，向下移动三分之一（从背侧到腹侧），找到短外展肌 （APB） 激活的最佳位置。通过线圈触发器和脚踏开关触发 TMS 设备，并从机器前部松开安全装置。</li>
	<li>将 TMS 线圈定向 45°，以进行所有搜索和 TMS 交付。</li>
	<li>使用机器前部的刻度盘以机器总输出的 30% 开始刺激输出，并以 2% 的增量增加，直到注意到运动。由于线圈运动和刺激强度之间的小心相互作用，请务必随着刺激强度的增加而移动位置。</li>
	<li>确定提供最大 APB 响应的站点后，确定 MT。</li>
	<li>为了便于在开始 MT 测定之前准确放置，请在游泳帽上标记线圈尖端位置，并使用魔术记号笔追踪线圈的整个前部。</li>
	<li>对于目视检查方法，使用旋钮从机器强度的 20% 开始，然后增加以提供大约 20 个脉冲，以确定导致 5/10 （50%） APB 响应的刺激水平。根据手指运动的增加或减少来移动转盘。获得 5/10 响应后，将机器中显示的强度记录为个人的 MT。</li>
	<li>对于（首选）MEP 方法，将一次性电极放在 APB 和拇指肌腱上，并在地面（手腕后部周围）上放置，而不是使用目视检查，而是确认在记录单元上观察到阳性 MEP。<ol><li>将正 MEP 响应定义为峰峰值幅度为 ≥50 μV 的 MEP。</li>
		<li>与目视检查类似，刺激直到观察到 5/10 阳性的 MEP。确保 MEP 大于 50 μV。 当 50% 的 MEP 高于（50% 低于）50 μV 时，记录 MT。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>4. 溶胶
<ol><li>使用不同的刷子、梳子和油漆进行练习，因为研究人员对不同的工具有不同的感受。 注意：完善该技术的时间长短因经验而异。虽然记录参与者的头发20 不是必需的，但我们在这里包括它们（图 3）。</li>
	<li>在编辫子的标准方面保持一致。关于在 TMS 之前应该将哪些个体编织在一起，没有通用标准。但是，在进行任何研究或临床应用之前，请务必说明使用决定因素（例如头发质地）的意图。</li>
	<li>向参与者描述方法，并在同意期间使用照片。因为重视参与者应该是一个优先事项，所以使用图像并描述编织作为技术的一部分。 注意：一种可能的诱因（即补偿）是在实验后将整个头部编成辫子。</li>
	<li>在编织开始之前就知道目标点。</li>
	<li>将 10/20 坐标（与运动相关的目标点）传输到头皮以提供目标编织点。要使用标准 ERP/EEG 帽实现此目的，请在典型的凝胶注射器和钝针中加入 1-5 毫米的绿色荧光涂料 （GFP）。盖上盖子，在目标点插入注射器，就像涂抹凝胶一样，轻拍~0.05mm的GFP（图4A-E）。 注意： GFP 的量会根据需要标记的电极数量而变化。</li>
	<li>让点干燥至少 2 分钟。</li>
	<li>从头上的标记点开始，将头发拉开。确保在标记周围看到一块透明的皮肤。尝试用手指或镐子清理头发区域。</li>
	<li>在开始之前，请先进行可视化。要制作 6-8 个玉米穗，最终看起来像一个卡通太阳，目标点在中间，制作每个辫子，考虑一个钟面：首先是玉米行 6 点钟，然后是玉米行 12 点钟，然后是玉米行 8 点和 10 点钟。以 cornrowing 2 点钟和 4 点钟结束。这将导致六行玉米。</li>
	<li>如果需要八根玉米穗，从6点钟和12点钟方向开始;然后，Cornrow 9 点钟，7 点到 8 点之间，10 到 11 点钟之间。完成所有缺失的行。 注意：玉米箫和编辫子之间的主要区别在于，您将不断在最初的“团块”中添加头发。您将把辫子“粘附”在头皮上，从而降低大脑的高度和笨拙。在开始玉米耕作之前，请想象这一点。</li>
	<li>要开始第一个 conrow，从标记点的任何一侧开始，将一小段分开。尝试估计头发的数量，该数量将是玉米穗所需头发的 1/8 或 1/6。这应该是一小块，易于操作——最初的团块。</li>
	<li>用双手将这个最初的团块分成三个部分。使各部分在头发数量方面相等。</li>
	<li>左手握住左部分，右手握住右部分，用一根、一根或两根食指按住中间部分。</li>
	<li>如果操作正确，右边的部分现在在中间， 中间 的部分现在在右边。</li>
	<li>取最左边的部分并提起它。把它放在中间和右边部分之间。如果你做对了，这个部分在中间，中间的部分现在在左边。 </li>
	<li>现在采取正确的部分并重复步骤 2.6，同时从头皮下方添加一些新的、额外的头发。 注意：添加头发会感觉像是一个扫荡运动。这就是制作玉米穗而不是辫子的原因。</li>
	<li>继续一次抓取一块，同时在部分添加头发。</li>
	<li>继续猥亵，直到那一团头发的尽头。</li>
	<li>做这个 6-8 次以创建一个“太阳”形状。</li>
</ol>5. 辫子头发上的运动阈值
<ol><li>立即申请 TMS。确保最大刺激点处的线圈表面现在与皮肤齐平。</li>
	<li>根据 TMS 规范，使用线圈支架、安装系统或用手用线圈的塑料牢固地压在皮肤上。 注意： 这些方法适用于 70 毫米 8 字形线圈。</li>
	<li>使用电极和目视检查测量 MEP。目标手指应明显移动。</li>
	<li>以类似的方式对任何其他目标区域（例如，左背侧前额叶皮层）进行角逐。 注意：您可以使用多个经过训练的编织器同时准备多个站点。</li>
</ol>

使用 Sol 编织技术在不同人群中增强 TMS 疗效

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提交人无需声明任何利益冲突。

玉米行不应干扰 TMS 线圈的角度（例如 45°）。如果他们这样做，可能需要重做其中一个玉米行以缓解这个问题。如果操作正确，欧洲议会议员应该是一致的（图6）。
通过利用卷发或粗发的特性，这种编织方法保持了 TMS 信号的完整性。在这项研究中，我们能够显着增加 MEP 的大小，并发现一致性呈增加趋势。这些数据具有重要意义，我们相信这将有助?...

神经科学研究就其本质而言，涉及理解大脑功能、神经残疾和精神疾病的范式转变和创新1.尽管取得了很大进展，但神经科学学科在某些方面仍存在不足。例如，无论是在研究人员的数量上，还是在研究中受试者和患者的代表性上都存在种族差异。许多少数群体中代表性不足的人没有参加实验和临床研究2.在 2019 年 9 月至 10 月的 81 篇同行评审的基于头皮的脑电图文章中，只有 5 篇出版物明确指出样本包括少数群体。此外，最近的研究表明，来自代表性不足的少数群体的个人经常被误诊或不信任研究人员。Assari 等人发现，医疗保健界，特别是一半的白人医学生和居民，认为非裔美国人的皮肤比白人厚，这影响了他们的医疗判断和治疗策略 3,4。由于缺乏少数群体参与者的数据，研究结果的普遍性较差，并显示出少数群体群体的差异。为确保试验人群代表将使用该药物或医药产品的患者，并且结果是可推广的，临床试验必须包括多样化的受试者群体5.
基于头皮的神经科学感兴趣的是独特的形状、厚度、造型和密度，这在代表性不足的少数族裔头发中很常见。例如，毛囊形状是使非洲头发与众不同的一个特征。非洲的头发来自更小、更椭圆形和扁平的毛囊，而白种人和亚洲人的毛囊更圆、更大6.当少数民族洗头时，头发会卷曲，这给研究人员的实验带来了困难。有时建议少数群体在进行基于头皮的成像之前使用护发产品清洗和拉直头发，但这样做可能会影响数据的准确性。数据是有偏差的，因为少数群体的参与者会自愿参加的人数较少，他们的数据可能因质量较低而被丢弃。此外，由于他们典型的发型（如玉米穗和辫子），少数群体有时被认为难以招募和留住2.Rosen 等人研究了一名非洲裔男子，他留着辫子，这是代表性不足的少数群体所戴的样式，并且表现出自发性语言流利7.他希望接受使用基于头皮的成像的治疗，因为它有新的疗效证据并且可以耐受。
广泛使用的基于头皮的成像技术之一是经颅磁刺激 （TMS）。TMS 是一种基于表面的成像技术，以非侵入性方式用于诱导大脑活动的局部增加。控制人脑神经元活动的能力使 TMS 成为实验和治疗神经科学的重要工具8.为了设定标准安全建议，当表示为运动阈值 （MT） 的百分比时，TMS 强度提供了一个可推广的应用刺激指标，可用于任何线圈形状或种类的刺激器9。用于确定 MT 的运动诱发电位 （MEP） 也可以作为皮质兴奋性的量度，皮质兴奋性由 TMS 在人体运动皮层上引发 10,11,12,1,1,3,14,15,16。TMS 被传递到运动皮层，运动皮层导致对侧区域的激活。通常，由于在运动皮层上不难找到刺激目标，因此可以针对手部区域进行目标分析，并且连接电极或目视监测手/手指反应很简单。使用 MEP 可以更全面地理解控制电机输出的机制。由于 MEP 用于测量 MT 的个体差异，因此它们现在几乎是每个 TMS 应用的一部分。一般来说，在不衡量 MT 的某些方面的情况下使用 TMS 是危险的。如果 TMS 的交付时间超过适当的 MT，则可能导致癫痫发作。如果 TMS 低于 MT，结果可能会减少或不存在（即，靶向神经元可能不会去极化）。准确的 MT 报告在比较研究时也至关重要。例如，我们实验室中的许多研究都使用了 90% 的值，这告诉其他研究人员，110% 的应用可能会产生更大的效果。
Stokes 等人检查了目标区域和刺激线圈之间的不同距离，随后发现距离与个体的 MT 8,17 之间存在直接线性关系。因此，少数群体，一些自然头发较浓密的群体，可能具有较准确的 MTS/MEP 测量值。在一项针对TMS已发表作者社区的调查中，我们发现，当我们提出诸如“头发是否在阻抗中起作用？”之类的开放式问题时，该领域的专家回答说：“它增加了阈值。将头发移到一边，压缩它，等等;”我们尝试使用凝胶来弥合这种接触，但能做的不多;”“ 浓密的头发也使接触变得困难;同上“;“ 更多的头发会使刺激更加困难——特别是如果它阻止了头皮与线圈的良好接触18.密集的毛发生长使得 TMS 线圈和头皮之间的接触具有挑战性，留下很少或根本没有接触并阻碍信号。先前的研究表明，将浓密而粗糙的头发编成辫子可以减少基于头皮的成像中的阻抗6.利用粗糙或卷曲头发的特征，Etienne等人发现，在使用EEG时，将参与者的头发编成玉米穗可以保持信号的完整性。
我们正在引入 Sol “Sun” 方法，以提供一种解决方案来管理代表性不足的少数族裔的头发。由于他们头发的厚度和粗糙度，我们预测通常在代表性不足的少数族裔中看到的头发将对这一过程有更好的反应，因为它可以保留头发（即不剃须）并允许长期测量。这些方法易于教授、学习和执行;不需要额外的设备;不增加安全风险;尊重和尊重参与者的自然头发;并提高参与者（和研究人员）的自豪感，他们以前可能对基于头皮的技术感到气馁。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Android Samsung Tablet (for MEPs)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cloth Measuring Tape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>COVID Appropriate Sanitizers and Safety Masks/Gloves</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Figure of 8 Copper TMS Coil</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lenovo T490 Laptop</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magstim 200 Single Pulse</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magstim Standard Coil Holder</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Speedo Swim Caps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Testable.Org Account and Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trigno 2 Lead Sensor (for MEPs)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trigno Base and Plot Software (for MEPs)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the sol braiding method for handling thick hair during transcranial magnetic stimulation: an address for potential bias in brain stimulation

经颅磁刺激 （TMS） 是一种在神经科学中经常用于治疗和研究目的的技术。TMS 提供关键的医疗服务，例如治疗重度抑郁症，在几乎所有研究机构中都至关重要。由于 TMS 依赖于头皮放置，因此头发被认为会影响功效，因为它会改变到目标部位的距离。此外，据推测，主要见于少数群体的头发质地和长度可能对收集高质量数据构成重大挑战。在这里，我们提供的初步数据表明，TMS 可能受到头发的影响，特别是在历史上代表性不足的少数群体中。
本文介绍的 Sol 编织方法是一种易于学习、可快速实施的技术，可减少 TMS 的可变性。与9名参与者相比，发现Sol方法显着提高了运动诱发电位（MEP）的强度和一致性（p < 0.05）。通过消除阻碍线圈与头皮直接接触的物理头发屏障，Sol 方法增强了 TMS 输送。结果显示，MEP 峰值振幅和 MEP 曲线下面积 （AUC） 有所增加。虽然这些数据是初步的，但这是解决神经科学多样性问题的重要一步。这些程序是为非编织专家解释的。

Neuroscience research, by its very nature, involves paradigm shifts and innovations for understanding brain function, neurological disabilities, and psychiatric disorders1. Despite much progress, the discipline of neuroscience has fallen short in some aspects. For example, there exist racial disparities, both in the number of researchers, but also in the representation of subjects and patients in research. Numerous underrepresented persons from minority groups are absent from experiments and clinical studies2. Only 5 publications out of 81 peer-reviewed scalp-based EEG articles from September to October 2019 specifically indicated having a sample that included minoritized individuals. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrated that individuals from underrepresented minority groups were often misdiagnosed or failed to trust the researchers. Assari et al. found that the healthcare community, specifically half of White medical students and residents, believed that African Americans have thicker skin than Whites, which influenced their medical judgment and treatment strategies3,4. Owing to the absence of data from minority participants, research findings are less generalizable and show disparities for minority populations. To ensure that the trial population is representative of the patients who will use the medication or medicinal product and that the results are generalizable, clinical trials must include a diverse group of participants5.
Of interest to scalp-based neuroscience is the distinct shape, thickness, styling, and density that is often seen in underrepresented minority hair. The follicle shape, for example, is one feature that makes African hair distinctive. African hair comes from smaller, more elliptical, and flat follicles while Caucasian and Asian hair follicles are more circular and large6. When minorities wash their hair, it curls, causing difficulties for researchers in their experiments. Minority groups are sometimes advised to wash and straighten their hair using hair products before coming in for scalp-based imaging, but doing so can have an impact on the accuracy of the data. Data are skewed because fewer participants of minority groups would volunteer and data from them might be discarded for being a lower quality. Moreover, due to their typical hairstyles (such as cornrows and braids), minoritized individuals are sometimes perceived as being difficult to recruit and retain2. Rosen et al. studied a man of African descent who wore dreadlocks, a style worn by underrepresented minoritized individuals, and presented with disfluency in spontaneous speech7. He wanted to receive treatment using scalp-based imaging since it had emerging evidence for efficacy and was tolerable.
One of the scalp-based imaging techniques that is used widely is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). TMS is a surface-based imaging technique that is used in a non-invasive way to induce localized increases in brain activity. The ability to control neuronal activity in the human brain makes TMS a crucial tool for both experimental and therapeutic neuroscience8. To set standard safety recommendations, when represented as a percentage of the motor threshold (MT), TMS intensity provides a generalizable indicator of applied stimulation that may be used with any coil shape or kind of stimulator9. The motor evoked potential (MEPs) used in determining MT can also be a measure of cortico-excitability, which is elicited by TMS over the human motor cortex10,11,12,1,3,14,15,16. TMS is delivered to the motor cortex, which causes activation in the contra-lateral regions. Typically, regions of the hand are targeted as the stimulating target is not difficult to find on the motor cortex, and attaching electrodes or visually monitoring hand/digit responses is simple. The mechanisms governing motor output can be more fully comprehended using MEPs. Since MEPs are used to measure individual differences in MT, they are now a part of practically every TMS application. In general, it is dangerous to utilize TMS without gauging some aspect of MT. If TMS is delivered above the appropriate MT, seizures may result. If TMS is delivered below MT, results may be reduced or absent (i.e., targeted neurons may not be depolarized). Accurate MT reporting is also critical in comparing studies. For example, many of the studies in our lab use a 90% value, which tells other researchers that a 110% application may result in a greater effect.
Stokes et al. examined different distances between the target region and the stimulating coil and subsequently found a direct linear relationship between the distance and the individuals&#39; MT8,17. Therefore, minority groups, some with thicker natural hair might have less accurate MTs/MEP measurements. In a survey targeting the TMS community of published authors,we found when we asked open-ended questions such as &#34;does hair play a role in impedance?&#34; experts in the field replied: &#34;It increases thresholds. Moving hair aside, compressing it, etc.;&#34; We try to use gel to bridge that contact, but not a lot that can be done;&#34; &#34; Thick hair also makes contact difficult; same as above&#34;; &#34; More hair makes stimulation more difficult-especially if it prevents good scalp contact with the coil18. Dense hair growth makes it challenging to achieve contact between the TMS coil and the scalp, leaving minimal to no contact and impeding the signal. Previous research has shown that braiding thick, coarse hair reduces impedances in scalp-based imaging6. Using the characteristics of coarse or curly hair, Etienne et al. found that braiding a participant&#39;s hair into cornrows maintains signal integrity when using EEG.
We are introducing the Sol &#34;Sun&#34; method to offer a solution to manage the hair in underrepresented minorities. Due to the thickness and coarseness of their hair, we predicted that hair that is typically seen in underrepresented minorities will respond better to this procedure since it will preserve the hair (i.e., no shaving) and allow for long-term measurement. These methods are easy to teach, learn, and perform; require no additional equipment; do not increase safety risks; honor and respect the participants&#39; natural hair; and promote pride in the participant (and researchers) who may have felt previously discouraged by scalp-based techniques.

作者聚焦：通过针对不同发质的编织技术提高 TMS 的可及性

经颅磁刺激过程中处理浓密毛发的溶胶编织方法：脑刺激中潜在偏差的解决方法

所有刺激疗程均采用带有 70 mm 8 字形线圈的 TMS 单脉冲装置。MEP是使用安装在本地计算机上的标准放大器和软件获取的。所有 MEP 都是通过连接靶向拇短外展肌 （APB） 的三个电极获得的。测试的主要假设是，与未编织的头发相比，Sol 方法将产生更大的振幅和 AUC。为此，我们使用方差分析，使用单独的 2 x 9（前/后 x 受试者）检验。我们预测，与不编织相比，编织后的振幅?...

在历史上代表性不足的少数民族中常见的头发类型似乎会干扰经颅磁刺激 （TMS）。在这里，我们描述了一种可以改善 TMS 的头发编织方法（Sol 编织技术）。

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a technique that is frequently utilized in neuroscience for both therapeutic and research purposes. TMS offers ...

我们正在解决的问题是，编辫子头发是否能解决神经科学中一个由来已久的问题，即处理少数民族典型的浓密、卷曲、浓密的头发。作为领先的 TMS 实验室，我们有责任促进包容性。虽然我们对自欺欺人和自我意识的研究得到了认可，但我们也努力探索增加多样性的方法。我们的调查研究显示，头发浓密的参与者被排除在外或没有得到有效的测试。在这些情况下，我们提供一种简单快捷的方法来刺激大脑。

the-sol-braiding-method-for-handling-thick-hair-during-transcranial

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

The Sol Braiding Method for Handling Thick Hair During Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: An Address for Potential Bias in Brain Stimulation

458 次观看.  Montclair State University. 我们正在解决的问题是，编辫子头发是否能解决神经科学中一个由来已久的问题，即处理少数民族典型的浓密、卷曲、浓密的头发。作为领先的 TMS 实验室，我们有责任促进包容性。虽然我们对自欺欺人和自我意识的研究得到了认可，但我们也努力探索增加多样性的方法。我们的调查研究显示，头发浓密的参与者被排除在外或没有得到有效的测试。在这些情况下，我们?...

视频: 作者聚焦：通过针对不同发质的编织技术提高 TMS 的可及性

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a technique that is frequently utilized in neuroscience for both therapeutic and research purposes. TMS offers critical medical services like treating major depression and is vital in almost every research facility. Because TMS relies on scalp placement, hair is thought to affect efficacy because it varies the distance to the target site. Further, it is presumed that the hair textures and length that are predominantly seen in minoritized persons might pose significant challenges to collecting high-quality data. Here, we present preliminary data demonstrating that TMS may be influenced by hair, particularly in historically underrepresented minoritized groups.
The Sol braiding approach is introduced here as an easy-to-learn, quick-to-implement technique that reduces variability in TMS. Compared across nine participants, it was found that the Sol method significantly increased motor evoked potential (MEP) strength and consistency (p &#60; 0.05). By removing the physical hair barrier that impedes direct coil-to-scalp contact, the Sol approach enhances TMS delivery. The MEP peak amplitude and the MEP area under the curve (AUC) were shown to increase as a result. While preliminary, these data are an important step in addressing diversity in neuroscience. These procedures are explained for non-braiding experts.

Hair type commonly seen in historically underrepresented minorities appears to interfere with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Here we describe a hair braiding method (The Sol Braiding Technique) that improves TMS.