该项目得到了德国研究基金会（DFG）的支持，资助号。BI 1639/9-1号文件。

1. 声带模型设计及零件3D打印
<ol><li>使用各种柔软的硅胶材料创建硅胶声带常见 M5 几何形状的多层表示。使用计算机辅助设计 （CAD） 软件设计各个零件。有关详细信息，请查看 补充编码文件 1、补充编码文件 2、补充编码文件 3、补充编码文件 4、补充编码文件 5、补充编码文件 6、补充编码文件 7、补充编码文件 8 。这些文件根据它们在模型中的功能进行命名，并作为后续步骤的基础。</li>
	<li>编译和组织步骤 2 中每个步骤的必要文件。请参阅 补充图 1 中的所需零件及其数量列表。请参阅 补充图 2 中的模具装配示意图。</li>
	<li>将 STL 文件加载到 3D 打印程序中，以生成 3D 打印机可以读取的 G 代码文件。</li>
	<li>准备用于 3D 打印的材料（参见 材料表）。<ol><li>对于 补充编码文件 2 和 补充编码文件 5，请使用导致层线不太明显的材料，例如聚乳酸 （PLA+） 或 PC。</li>
		<li>对于 补充编码文件 1，请使用较硬的材料，例如 Tough PLA 或聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 （PETG），因为它容易受到弯曲应力的影响。其余部分对印刷材料的选择没有进一步的限制。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>为相应选定的 3D 打印机调整 3D 打印软件的设置。<ol><li>对于 补充编码文件 2 和 补充编码文件 5，将最大层高设置为 0.1 mm。</li>
		<li>对于 补充编码文件 1，将填充值设置为 100%，将打印图案设置为锯齿形，以获得更好的稳定性。此外，将构建板附着力类别设置为裙边而不是帽檐，因为零件的几何形状会使去除帽檐变得更加困难。</li>
		<li>对于其他零件，请使用默认设置和 0.2 mm 的层高。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>在3D打印机上打印上述零件。清洁零件并去除任何多余的材料，例如帽檐或印刷错误。用砂纸（等于或更细于推荐的 P1000）平滑内部接触面。</li>
</ol>2. 声带模型的制作
<ol><li>收集以下零件和材料来创建身体层：声折正 （2x）、vocalis_mold帽、vocalis_mold主部分、vocalis_mold壳、初级硅胶、脱模剂和稀释剂（有关详细信息 ，请参阅材料表 ）。<ol><li>在所有模具零件的内表面涂抹一些脱模剂。</li>
		<li>将模具的主要部件和盖子组装在正极上，然后将模具包装放入指定的锅中。如有必要，校正两个模具零件的对齐方式。确保浇注硅胶的正极孔朝上，模具在平坦的表面上有稳定的立足点。</li>
		<li>将初级有机硅与三份稀释剂（1：1：3）混合，首先将组分A与稀释剂混合，然后添加组分B。总量为 6 克的硅胶混合物足以从两个声带的一半铸造身体层。</li>
		<li>在真空室中以至少 -1 bar 的次压对硅胶混合物进行真空吸尘，以防止在固化的硅胶体内形成气泡。</li>
		<li>小心地将真空硅胶混合物倒入模具型腔中，直到它看起来充满。填充模具罐的周围区域，以防止非常薄的硅胶混合物通过模具接头下沉。在滴水期间检查硅胶液位，必要时添加更多硅胶。该混合物的滴落时间在1-2小时之间。</li>
		<li>经过约1天的固化时间，但至少8小时，从锅中取出模具，包括正模。在打开模具之前，请取下模具和锅之间的硅胶。</li>
		<li>打开模具时，首先从正极背面开始小心地取下盖子。然后，取下模具的主体。使用手术刀或侧刀小心去除多余的硅胶。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>准备musosa_mold背、musosa_mold主部和musosa_mold壳部分，以及用于生产上皮层的二级硅酮和脱模剂。（见 材料表）。 注意：步骤 2.1 和 2.2（体和上皮层）可以同时完成。<ol><li>组装两个模具零件并将它们放入船体中。在模具内部准备一些脱模剂，确保内壁按照相应脱模剂的使用说明进行涂覆。在继续操作之前，让组件短暂风干。</li>
		<li>在不使用稀释剂 （1：1：0） 的情况下混合一批二次硅胶。如果在混合时将气泡引入有机硅混合物中，请按照步骤2.1.4对混合物进行脱气。 注意：请注意这种混合物的滴落时间很短，约为 15 分钟。</li>
		<li>将一些混合物倒入模具中并旋转（将模具留在船体中），直到所有内表面都涂有硅胶。</li>
		<li>将模具翻转过来，让多余的硅胶排出。将模具固定在网眼、炉排上或允许进一步硅胶排水的角度的此位置。</li>
		<li>在固化过程中，通过定期抚平硅胶来防止硅胶中形成悬垂，尤其是在空气通道所在的区域。 注意： 这些也可以稍后用钳子小心地去除。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>通过制备步骤2.1中的vocalis硅胶层的正片，用步骤2.2中的上皮层制备的模具以及 材料表中列出的硅胶和稀释剂来准备粘膜中间层的生产。<ol><li>将初级硅胶与五份稀释剂（1：1：5）混合，首先将组分A与稀释剂混合，然后加入组分B。总量为4克硅胶混合物就足够了。</li>
		<li>如步骤2.1.4所示，在真空室中对硅胶混合物进行真空吸尘。</li>
		<li>用制备的上皮硅胶将一部分硅胶混合物填充到粘膜模具中。倾斜模具，直到上皮硅胶的所有内表面都覆盖一层薄薄的油，以利于插入正极。 注意：可选：由于稀释剂比例高，混合物具有数小时的漫长滴滴时间，在此期间混合物可以通过蒸发收缩。因此，在继续下一步之前，请等待大约 2-3 小时。</li>
		<li>小心地将带有声体的正极插入模具中。如果正极漂浮在硅胶上，请将正极固定在模具中，例如用夹子夹住。根据之前添加的硅胶量，它可能会在填充点逸出。</li>
		<li>以与铸造人声层相同的方式填充模具，如果材料下沉，则相应地加满。</li>
		<li>滴水时间结束后等待 24 小时，让硅胶完全固化。</li>
		<li>24小时后，将阀体从模具中取出。首先，从外壳上取下模具。然后，从后部开始，打开模具并卸下模具的主要部分。</li>
		<li>小心地去除多余的硅胶，清洗表面并让身体干燥。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>将两个声带安装在 补充编码文件 8 中测量和组装模块上的指定位置。该连接设计用于两个 M3 螺钉和 M3 方形螺母 （DIN 562），但它们不是强制性的。</li>
</ol>

多层硅胶声带模型的 3D 打印

<ol>
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作者声明，他们没有已知的相互竞争的经济利益或个人关系，这些利益或关系可能会影响本文所报告的工作。

这里介绍的制造过程涉及对其成功产生重大影响的关键步骤。首先，应该注意的是，所提出的制造工艺并没有解决声带体材料中的油饱和问题，而是规避了某些负面的副作用。释气以及相关的收缩和表面波纹仍然存在，尽管程度较小。解决这些问题的方法包括使用超软硅胶或替代材料，将真实声带的弹性模量与稳定耐用的聚合物结构相结合。然而，缺乏这种材料突出表明，在全面解决这些问题方?...

声带模型用于模拟和研究正常和病理条件下的人声产生 1,2。创建声带模型的最大挑战之一是实现逼真的柔软度和灵活性，使其非常接近人类。为了实现这些性能，通常使用有机硅弹性体，用大量硅油稀释以达到相应的弹性模量3,4。创建逼真的声带模型的另一个关键因素是分层，因为声带由多层不同的柔软度组成，这决定了流动引起的振动模式和可能振动的频率。
在这项研究中，我们创建了一个典型的声带模型。我们使用了 Scherer5 提供的通用几何形状，它代表了 Zhang6 中长度为 17 mm 的男性声带的典型尺寸，由三层组成：一层用于声带肌肉（身体层），一层用于整个粘膜层（覆盖层），一层用于上皮。这种结构可以在 图1的日冕横截面图中看到。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/66222/66222fig01v2.jpg"> 图 1：喉模块的冠状横截面。 喉部模块的冠状横截面显示了声带的最宽宽度（8.5 mm）。每个声带包括身体层、覆盖层和上皮层。这个数字是从13修改而来的。转载自 Häsner， P.， Prescher， A.， Birkholz， P. 波浪形气管壁对硅胶声带振荡起始压力的影响。 J Acoust Soc Am.149 （1）， 466-475 （2021） 经美国声学学会许可。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/66222/66222fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.</a>
其他出版物仅部分使用一层7，两层没有上皮层2 或用多层3模拟粘膜。通常，这些层是从内到外铸造的，即从最深的层开始。上皮非常薄，厚度为 30 μm，末端覆盖整个身体，用坚固的皮肤包裹它8.
模型中的覆盖层是最柔软的部分，杨氏模量约为 1.1 kPa9。对于体层，使用 体外 测量10 在横向上的近似杨氏模量为 2 kPa。 在体内，由于纵向纤维的存在以及肌肉的可能绷紧，甲状杓肌的杨氏模量可能更高。为了达到这种极低的杨氏模量，有必要在有机硅混合物中加入大量的硅油（约72%）。但是，制造商强烈建议不要使用大于 5% 的油比例。通常，在弹性体中添加硅油旨在增加流动和滴水时间，以及减少固化有机硅聚合物的收缩率。它有助于有机硅更均匀地固化，从而减少材料中的应力。其目的是优化固化材料的可塑性和性能，而不是增加其柔软度，尽管这也是一个结果。这是因为硅油具有化学惰性，这意味着它不能聚合自身，并且不会集成到有机硅聚合物11的网络中。相反，它以液相的形式保留在聚合物基体中，在更高的水平上削弱聚合物结构，并可能导致其溶解出固化材料并粘附在表面。因此，其他负面特性，如固化障碍、硫化不均匀、化学收缩和脆性是可能的。研究了硅油含量高的声带模型的老化和再现性，发现不同模型的特性存在高度变异性，其特性随时间变化11。
当以传统方式7,12生产声带模型时，上皮层的粘性可能是一个问题，因为它会影响振动的均匀性并导致上皮破裂。尽管用于制造上皮的硅胶是未稀释的，但可以假设从邻近粘膜层泄漏的油对硅胶具有与稀释相似的影响。通过添加各种粉末（例如滑石粉或碳粉）作为粘膜和上皮层之间的中间层来解决粘性问题12。这种方法可能是成功的，因为油被粉末部分吸收，因此可以降低上皮表面的粘性。
在本出版物中，我们表明可以通过对声带制造过程进行轻微修改来规避粘性问题。通过改变分层顺序，从未稀释的上皮硅胶（所谓的闭合硅胶）开始，可以生产出不粘的超软声带模型。这种变化涉及不寻常的模具和方法类型，最好以视频的形式呈现和解释。在本文中，我们详细描述了我们的制造过程，并演示了如何在应用中表征声带模型的特性。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3D Printer</td>
			<td>ULTIMAKER</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Type S5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D Printing software</td>
			<td>ULTIMAKER CURA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Version 5.2.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CAD Software</td>
			<td>Autodesk Inventor&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Version 2023</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Speed Camera</td>
			<td>XIMEA GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>MQ013CG-ON</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLA+ 3D Printer Material&#160;</td>
			<td>eSun</td>
			<td>none</td>
			<td>white</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primary silicone</td>
			<td>KauPo Plankenhorn</td>
			<td>09301-005-000041</td>
			<td>EcoFlex 00-30</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Release Agent</td>
			<td>KauPo Plankenhorn</td>
			<td>09291-006-000001</td>
			<td>UTS Universal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Secondary silicone</td>
			<td>KauPo Plankenhorn</td>
			<td>09301-005-000181</td>
			<td>DragonSkin NV10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone Thinner</td>
			<td>KauPo Plankenhorn</td>
			<td>09301-010-000002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tougth PLA 3D Printer Material&#160;</td>
			<td>BASF</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>black</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

manufacturing process for non-adhesive super-soft vocal fold models

本研究旨在开发用于语音研究的超柔和、不粘性声带模型。基于硅胶的声带模型的传统制造工艺会导致模型具有不良特性，例如粘性和可重复性问题。这些声带模型容易快速老化，导致不同测量值之间的可比性较差。在这项研究中，我们建议通过改变有机硅材料的分层顺序来修改制造工艺，从而产生不粘性和高度一致的声带模型。我们还将使用这种方法制作的模型与传统制造的声带模型进行了比较，该模型受到其粘性表面的不利影响。我们详细介绍了制造过程，并表征了模型的潜在应用特性。研究结果证明了改良制造方法的有效性，突出了我们无粘性声带模型的卓越品质。这些发现有助于开发用于研究和临床应用的逼真可靠的声带模型。

将制造的声带模型集成到 补充图 3 中描述的声带位置的测量设置中。该装置在之前的出版物13 中进行了详细介绍，包括一个多级可控气流源，可刺激声带模型振荡，以及一系列测量仪器，用于记录声压、特定位置的静压和体积速度等数据。对于测量，气流逐渐增加，直到声带模型开始振荡。随后，气压比起始压力高出 200 Pa，以实现稳定而稳健的振荡。增加了一个额...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Manufacturing Process for Non-Adhesive Super-Soft Vocal Fold Models at JoVE.com

作者聚焦：用于语音和机器人应用的合成声带模型的制造进展

本研究通过介绍一种创建声带层的特定方法，提供了制造过程的详细说明，并表征了模型的特性，展示了无粘性和超软声带模型的制造。

非粘性超软人声折叠模型的制造工艺

This study aims to develop super-soft, non-sticky vocal fold models for voice research. The conventional manufacturing process of silicone-based vocal ...

我们的研究旨在改进合成声带的制造工艺。这些模型可用于基本的语音和语音研究、医学研究，以及创建像人类一样产生语音的人类声道模型。合成声带模型通常由多层柔软度不同的软硅胶制成。它们对应于人类声带组织的特性。用于制作这些模型的技术包括计算机辅助设计、3D 打印和硅胶铸造。高度稀释的硅胶声带型号由于粘性和快速老化而降低了质量。这降低了使用这些模型进行研究的可重复性。该协议解决了声带粘性问题。我们在制造过程中颠倒了生产有机硅层的顺序。我们从上皮层开始。这使我们能够用稀释的硅胶创建一个非常柔软的粘膜层，而不会导致上皮层变得粘稠。

manufacturing-process-for-non-adhesive-super-soft-vocal-fold-models

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Manufacturing Process for Non-Adhesive Super-Soft Vocal Fold Models

716 次观看.  Technische Universität Dresden. 我们的研究旨在改进合成声带的制造工艺。这些模型可用于基本的语音和语音研究、医学研究，以及创建像人类一样产生语音的人类声道模型。合成声带模型通常由多层柔软度不同的软硅胶制成。它们对应于人类声带组织的特性。用于制作这些模型的技术包括计算机辅助设计、3D 打印和硅胶铸造。高度稀释的硅胶声带型号由于粘性和快速老化而降低了质量。这降低...

视频: 作者聚焦：用于语音和机器人应用的合成声带模型的制造进展

Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their behavior for single stages of a process or even an entire process. For the simulation with occurring particle-particle and particle-wall contacts, the value of the coefficient of restitution is required. It can be determined experimentally. The coefficient of restitution depends on several parameters like the impact velocity. Especially for fine particles the impact velocity depends on the air pressure and under atmospheric pressure high impact velocities cannot be reached. For this, a new experimental setup for free-fall tests under vacuum conditions is developed. The coefficient of restitution is determined with the impact and rebound velocity which are detected by a high-speed camera. To not hinder the view, the vacuum chamber is made of glass. Also a new release mechanism to drop one single particle under vacuum conditions is constructed. Due to that, all properties of the particle can be characterized beforehand.

The coefficient of restitution is a parameter that describes the loss of kinetic energy during collision. Here, a free-fall setup under vacuum conditions is developed to be able to determine the coefficient of restitution parameter for particles in micrometer range with high impact velocities.

实验装置的研制归还系数在真空条件下测量

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their ...

科研

工程学

Fabrication Process of Silicone-based Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an elastomeric dielectric membrane sandwiched between two compliant electrodes. The large actuation strains of these transducers when used as actuators (over 300% area strain) and their soft and compliant nature has been exploited for a wide range of applications, including electrically tunable optics, haptic feedback devices, wave-energy harvesting, deformable cell-culture devices, compliant grippers, and propulsion of a bio-inspired fish-like airship. In most cases, DETs are made with a commercial proprietary acrylic elastomer and with hand-applied electrodes of carbon powder or carbon grease. This combination leads to non-reproducible and slow actuators exhibiting viscoelastic creep and a short lifetime. We present here a complete process flow for the reproducible fabrication of DETs based on thin elastomeric silicone films, including casting of thin silicone membranes, membrane release and prestretching, patterning of robust compliant electrodes, assembly and testing. The membranes are cast on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates coated with a water-soluble sacrificial layer for ease of release. The electrodes consist of carbon black particles dispersed into a silicone matrix and patterned using a stamping technique, which leads to precisely-defined compliant electrodes that present a high adhesion to the dielectric membrane on which they are applied.

This manuscript shows the fabrication process for the manufacture of dielectric elastomer soft actuators based on silicone membranes. The three key stages of production are presented in detail: blade casting of thin silicone membranes; pad printing of compliant electrodes; and the assembly of all the components.

有机硅为基础的介电弹性体致动器的制作工艺

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an ...

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

钛白粉用于染料敏化太阳能电池的数码印刷

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

Adsorption Device Based on a Langatate Crystal Microbalance for High Temperature High Pressure Gas Adsorption in Zeolite H-ZSM-5

We present a high-temperature and high-pressure gas adsorption measurement device based on a high-frequency oscillating microbalance (5 MHz langatate crystal microbalance, LCM) and its use for gas adsorption measurements in zeolite H-ZSM-5. Prior to the adsorption measurements, zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals were synthesized on the gold electrode in the center of the LCM, without covering the connection points of the gold electrodes to the oscillator, by the steam-assisted crystallization (SAC) method, so that the zeolite crystals remain attached to the oscillating microbalance while keeping good electroconductivity of the LCM during the adsorption measurements. Compared to a conventional quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) which is limited to temperatures below 80 &#176;C, the LCM can realize the adsorption measurements in principle at temperatures as high as 200-300 &#176;C (i.e., at or close to the reaction temperature of the target application of one-stage DME synthesis from the synthesis gas), owing to the absence of crystalline-phase transitions up to its melting point (1,470 &#176;C). The system was applied to investigate the adsorption of CO2, H2O, methanol and dimethyl ether (DME), each in the gas phase, on zeolite H-ZSM-5 in the temperature and pressure range of 50-150 &#176;C and 0-18 bar, respectively. The results showed that the adsorption isotherms of these gases in H-ZSM-5 can be well fitted by Langmuir-type adsorption isotherms. Furthermore, the determined adsorption parameters, i.e., adsorption capacities, adsorption enthalpies, and adsorption entropies, compare well to literature data. In this work, the results for CO2 are shown as an example.

A protocol for high-temperature and high-pressure gas adsorption measurements on zeolite H-ZSM-5 using an adsorption measurement device based on a langatate crystal microbalance is presented. Prior to the adsorption measurements, the synthesis of zeolite H-ZSM-5 on the langatate crystal microbalance sensor by the steam-assisted crystallization (SAC) method is demonstrated.

基于一个Langatate体微天平的高温高压气体吸附在分子筛吸附器H-ZSM-5

We present a high-temperature and high-pressure gas adsorption measurement device based on a high-frequency oscillating microbalance (5 MHz langatate ...

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the manifold requirements during processing and application of such complex fluids. In this investigation, measuring protocols for a conclusive assessment of different process relevant rheological parameters have been evaluated. This includes the determination of yield stress, viscosity, wall slip velocity, structural recovery after large deformation and elongation at break as well as tensile force during filament stretching.
The importance of concomitant video recordings during parallel-plate rotational rheometry for a significant determination of rheological quantities is demonstrated. The deformation profile and flow field at the sample edge can be determined using appropriate markers. Thus, measurement parameter settings and plate roughness values can be identified for which yield stress and viscosity measurements are possible. Slip velocity can be measured directly and measuring conditions at which plug flow, shear banding or sample spillover occur can be identified clearly. 
Video recordings further confirm that the change in shear moduli observed during three stage oscillatory shear tests with small deformation amplitude in stage I and III but large oscillation amplitude in stage II can be directly attributed to structural break down and recovery. For the pastes investigated here, the degree of irreversible, shear-induced structural change increases with increasing deformation amplitude in stage II until a saturation is reached at deformations corresponding to the crossover of G' and G'', but the irreversible damage is independent of the duration of large amplitude shear. 
A capillary breakup elongational rheometer and a tensile tester have been used to characterize deformation and breakup behavior of highly filled pastes in uniaxial elongation. Significant differences were observed in all experiments described above for two commercial screen-printing silver pastes used for front side metallization of Si-solar cells.

A protocol for a robust and application relevant rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions is presented. Silver pastes used for screen-printing application in solar cell production are employed as model systems.

挑战流变特性高度集中悬架 - 为例进行丝网印刷银浆

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the ...

Fabrication Procedures and Birefringence Measurements for Designing Magnetically Responsive Lanthanide Ion Chelating Phospholipid Assemblies

Bicelles are tunable disk-like polymolecular assemblies formed from a large variety of lipid mixtures. Applications range from membrane protein structural studies by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to nanotechnological developments including the formation of optically active and magnetically switchable gels. Such technologies require high control of the assembly size, magnetic response and thermal resistance. Mixtures of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and its lanthanide ion (Ln3+) chelating phospholipid conjugate, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine-diethylene triaminepentaacetate (DMPE-DTPA), assemble into highly magnetically responsive assemblies such as DMPC/DMPE-DTPA/Ln3+ (molar ratio 4:1:1) bicelles. Introduction of cholesterol (Chol-OH) and steroid derivatives in the bilayer results in another set of assemblies offering unique physico-chemical properties. For a given lipid composition, the magnetic alignability is proportional to the bicelle size. The complexation of Ln3+ results in unprecedented magnetic responses in terms of both magnitude and alignment direction. The thermo-reversible collapse of the disk-like structures into vesicles upon heating allows tailoring of the assemblies&#39; dimensions by extrusion through membrane filters with defined pore sizes. The magnetically alignable bicelles are regenerated by cooling to 5 &#176;C, resulting in assembly dimensions defined by the vesicle precursors. Herein, this fabrication procedure is explained and the magnetic alignability of the assemblies is quantified by birefringence measurements under a 5.5 T magnetic field. The birefringence signal, originating from the phospholipid bilayer, further enables monitoring of polymolecular changes occurring in the bilayer. This simple technique is complementary to NMR experiments that are commonly employed to characterize bicelles.

Fabrication procedures for highly magnetically responsive lanthanide ion chelating polymolecular assemblies are presented. The magnetic response is dictated by the assembly size, which is tailored by extrusion through nanopore membranes. The assemblies&#39; magnetic alignability and temperature-induced structural changes are monitored by birefringence measurements, a complimentary technique to nuclear magnetic resonance and small angle neutron scattering.

设计磁响应稀土离子螯合磷脂组件的制备方法及双折射测量

Bicelles are tunable disk-like polymolecular assemblies formed from a large variety of lipid mixtures. Applications range from membrane protein structural ...

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography

An additive manufacturing technology is applied to obtain functionally graded ceramic parts. This technology, based on digital light processing/stereolithography, is developed within the scope of the CerAMfacturing European research project. A three-dimensional (3-D) hemi-maxillary bone-like structure is 3-D printed using custom aluminum oxide polymeric mixtures. The powders and mixtures are fully analyzed in terms of rheological behavior in order to ensure proper material handling during the printing process. The possibility to print functionally graded materials using the Admaflex technology is explained in this document. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) show that the sintered aluminum oxide ceramic part has a porosity lower than 1% and no remainder of the original layered structure is found after analysis.

This manuscript describes the processing of single multifunctional ceramic components (e.g., combinations of dense-porous structures) additively manufactured by stereolithography.

立体平版印刷法对功能分级陶瓷材料的添加剂制造

An additive manufacturing technology is applied to obtain functionally graded ceramic parts. This technology, based on digital light ...

O-cresol Concentration Online Measurement Based On Near Infrared Spectroscopy Via Partial Least Square Regression

Unlike macroscopic process variables, near-infrared spectroscopy provides process information at the molecular level and can significantly improve the prediction of the components in industrial processes. The ability to record spectra for solid and liquid samples without any pretreatment is advantageous and the method is widely used. However, the disadvantages of analyzing high-dimensional near-infrared spectral data include information redundancy and multicollinearity of the spectral data. Thus, we propose to use partial least squares regression method, which has traditionally been used to reduce the data dimensionality and eliminate the collinearity between the original features. We implement the method for predicting the o-cresol concentration during the production of polyphenylene ether. The proposed approach offers the following advantages over component regression prediction methods: 1) partial least squares regression solves the multicollinearity problem of the independent variables and effectively avoids overfitting, which occurs in a regression analysis due to the high correlation between the independent variables; 2) the use of the near-infrared spectra results in high accuracy because it is a non-destructive and non-polluting method to obtain information at microscopic and molecular scales.

The protocol describes a method of predicting o-cresol concentration during the production of polyphenylene ether using near-infrared spectroscopy and partial least squares regression. To describe the process more clearly and completely, an example of predicting the o-cresol concentration during the production of polyphenylene is used to clarify the steps.

O-cresol 浓度在线测量基于近红外光谱通过部分最小平方回归

Unlike macroscopic process variables, near-infrared spectroscopy provides process information at the molecular level and can significantly improve the ...

Manufacturing, Control, and Performance Evaluation of a Gecko-Inspired Soft Robot

This protocol presents a method for manufacturing, control, and evaluation of the performance of a soft robot that can climb inclined flat surfaces with slopes of up to 84&#176;. The manufacturing method is valid for the fast pneunet bending actuators in general and might, therefore, be interesting for newcomers to the field of actuator manufacturing. The control of the robot is achieved by means of a pneumatic control box that can provide arbitrary pressures and can be built by only using purchased components, a laser cutter, and a soldering iron. For the walking performance of the robot, the pressure-angle calibration plays a crucial role. Therefore, a semi-automated method for the pressure-angle calibration is presented. At high inclines (&#62; 70&#176;), the robot can no longer reliably fix itself to the walking plane. Therefore, the gait pattern is modified to ensure that the feet can be fixed on the walking plane.

This protocol provides a detailed list of steps to be performed for the manufacturing, control and evaluation of the climbing performance of a gecko-inspired soft robot.

壁虎灵感软机器人的制造、控制和性能评估

This protocol presents a method for manufacturing, control, and evaluation of the performance of a soft robot that can climb inclined flat surfaces with ...

AFMS 中的并联有源悬臂阵列可实现高通量检测

Active Probe Atomic Force Microscopy with Quattro-Parallel Cantilever Arrays for High-Throughput Large-Scale Sample Inspection

An Atomic Force Microscope&#160;(AFM) is&#160;a powerful and versatile tool for nanoscale surface studies to capture 3D topography images of samples. However, due to their limited imaging throughput, AFMs have not been widely adopted for large-scale inspection purposes. Researchers have developed high-speed AFM systems to record dynamic process videos in chemical and biological reactions at tens of frames per second, at the cost of a small imaging area of up to several square micrometers. In contrast, inspecting large-scale nanofabricated structures, such as semiconductor wafers, requires nanoscale spatial resolution imaging of a static sample over hundreds of square centimeters with high productivity. Conventional AFMs use a single passive cantilever probe with an optical beam deflection system, which can only collect one pixel at a time during AFM imaging, resulting in low imaging throughput. This work utilizes an array of active cantilevers with embedded piezoresistive sensors and thermomechanical actuators, which allows simultaneous multi-cantilever operation in parallel operation for increased imaging throughput. When combined with large-range nano-positioners and proper control algorithms, each cantilever can be individually controlled to capture multiple AFM images. With data-driven post-processing algorithms, the images can be stitched together, and defect detection can be performed by comparing them to the desired geometry. This paper introduces principles of the custom AFM using the active cantilever arrays, followed by a discussion on practical experiment considerations for inspection applications. Selected example images of silicon calibration grating, highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite, and extreme ultraviolet lithography masks are captured using an array of four active cantilevers (&#34;Quattro&#34;) with a 125 &#181;m tip separation distance. With more engineering integration, this high-throughput, large-scale imaging tool can provide 3D metrological data for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) masks, chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) inspection, failure analysis, displays, thin-film step measurements, roughness measurement dies, and laser-engraved dry gas seal grooves.

作者聚焦:使用 Quattro-Parallel 悬臂阵列的主动探针原子力显微镜简介

Large-scale sample inspection with nanoscale resolution has a wide range of applications, especially for nanofabricated semiconductor wafers. Atomic force microscopes can be a great tool for this purpose, but are limited by their imaging speed. This work utilizes parallel active cantilever arrays in AFMs to enable high-throughput and large-scale inspections.

使用Quattro-Parallel 悬臂阵列的主动探针原子力显微镜，用于高通量大规模样品检测

An Atomic Force Microscope&#160;(AFM) is&#160;a powerful and versatile tool for nanoscale surface studies to capture 3D topography images of samples. ...