本研究得到了国家自然科学基金（32272530）、济南大学新二十政策项目（2021GXRC040）、山东省重大科技创新项目（2021TZXD002）和齐鲁工业大学科教融合项目（2022PYI009、2022PY016、2022PT105）的支持。

D. antiqua 产自泰安市樊镇田间。
1.无菌饮食的制备
<ol><li>剥掉葱的外层，丢弃绿叶。保留葱的白色部分（图1A）并用无菌水清洗，重复漂洗过程三次。用剪刀将葱的白色部分切成1-2厘米的丁块（见 材料表），用75%EtOH溶液（在步骤2.5中提到）灭菌，以备后用。</li>
	<li>称取 50 克葱丁并将它们放入食品加工机中（见 材料表）。加入 50 mL 灭菌水，研磨五次，每次 2 分钟。所有切成丁的葱都应磨成糊状稠度（图2A）。</li>
	<li>用镊子将10片3龄幼虫转移到含有10mL 1x PBS的10mL离心管中，并用一次性研磨杵研磨约5分钟，得到幼虫研磨液。</li>
	<li>将糊状葱液和幼虫研磨液倒入干净的 500 mL 锥形瓶中（参见 材料表）。用两层透明密封膜包裹锥形瓶口，然后将烧瓶置于振荡培养箱（参见 材料表）中，在25°C和180rpm下发酵12小时（图2B）。</li>
	<li>用剪刀剪下七层边长为10厘米的方形纱布（无需无菌），并将它们堆叠在一起，形成一个简单的过滤装置。将发酵的葱液慢慢倒在纱布上，然后将过滤后的液体挤出到新的500mL锥形瓶中。将剩余的葱渣用锡箔纸包裹在纱布上以备后用。</li>
	<li>使用真空泵（参见 材料表）和布氏漏斗过滤上一步中获得的滤液。将去离子水润湿的滤纸放在布氏漏斗上，然后倒入滤液，用不同的滤纸进行三次抽滤。将最终滤液收集在 500 mL 锥形瓶中。</li>
	<li>使用0.22μM滤瓶和真空泵进行另一次过滤。在超洁净工作台中拧紧抽吸过滤瓶的盖子（参见 材料表）以备进一步使用。此时，得到发酵的葱渣和滤液（图2C）。 注意:从此步骤获得的过滤液体将是无菌的。（0.22μM滤瓶是用于对滤液进行灭菌的无菌真空过滤系统）。</li>
	<li>重复上述步骤以获得未发酵的葱渣和滤液。这里的区别在于不需要发酵。</li>
	<li>在 10 mL 离心管中称取 0.24 g 氯化胆碱和 0.56 g L-抗坏血酸（参见 材料表）。加入 3 mL 去离子水，剧烈摇晃直至完全溶解。在超洁净工作台中，使用新的 5 mL 注射器并连接三个 0.22 μM 注射器过滤器（参见 材料表）对溶液进行灭菌，并将其放入无菌的 10 mL 离心管中以备后用。 注:氯化胆碱是昆虫生长的必需神经递质，而L-抗坏血酸则用作防腐剂。</li>
	<li>称取 2 g 琼脂粉末和 6 g TSB（参见 材料表），然后将它们倒入 500 mL 锥形瓶中。然后加入 100 mL 去离子水制备培养基。用去离子水冲洗玻璃棒后，用它来搅拌混合物，直到它充分混合。然后，用两层透明密封膜密封锥形瓶。</li>
	<li>将发酵的葱和未发酵的葱（在步骤1.5和步骤1.8中提到）包裹在铝箔中，并将它们与培养基一起在121°C的高压灭菌器中灭菌20分钟。</li>
	<li>在超净工作台中，将灭菌的氯化胆碱、L-抗坏血酸和无菌滤液倒入培养基中，同时轻轻旋转以充分混合。最后，加入发酵和未发酵的葱，用手剧烈摇晃以获得无菌饮食。将日粮以一定角度倒入50mL离心管（无菌;带有0.22μM PVDF疏水膜的排气盖）（参见 材料表）（图2D）。 注意:灭菌后，培养基的温度应保持在65-80°C之间，以防止在添加葱或其他成分时快速冷却和凝固。此外，在每个试管中，倒入大约 10-15 毫升的饮食。一旦饮食凝固，如果不立即使用，请将试管存放在4°C的冰箱中。</li>
</ol>2. 获取斧头卵
<ol><li>D. antiqua的实验室饲养系统
	<ol><li>将饲养笼置于25°C内部LED照明的孵化器中（24小时一个周期，明暗比例为16:8）以饲养雄性和雌性成虫，使它们交配并产卵。将饮水机（图1B）装满水，并用湿棉绒密封，为成年人提供水。</li>
		<li>将四个 35 mm x 12 mm 培养皿底部放入 94 mm x 16 mm 培养皿盖中。用离子水润湿棉絮，然后将湿棉皿放在两个培养皿底部，在棉絮上加入一汤匙蔗糖。</li>
		<li>用两汤匙蔗糖和酵母提取物填充另外两个培养皿底部（见 材料表），它们作为成虫的食物（图1C）。 注意:步骤2.1.2和步骤2.1.3中提到的蔗糖和酵母提取物不需要灭菌。</li>
		<li>将一个94毫米×16毫米的培养皿底部装有湿润的沙子和一块未生根的去皮蒜瓣（图1D）放入苍蝇笼内以收集卵。雌性会被大蒜的气味所吸引，并在其周围产卵。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>鸡蛋的收集<ol><li>从笼子中取出产卵装置，这是一个 94 mm x 16 mm 的培养皿，里面装有上面提到的沙子和大蒜（步骤 2.14）。将沙子和大蒜一起倒入 500 mL 烧杯中，然后用自来水将大蒜中剩余的鸡蛋冲洗到烧杯中。此时，鸡蛋漂浮在水中。</li>
		<li>取一个100目筛子（见 材料表），用自来水润湿。然后将含有漂浮鸡蛋的水从烧杯倒入筛子上。鸡蛋将留在筛子上。</li>
		<li>鸡蛋在筛子上自然干燥后，用刷子轻轻地将鸡蛋扫到培养皿上。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>第一天，冲洗产卵装置以收集卵子，而无需消毒或灭菌。第二天下午四点，再次冲洗鸡蛋，用清水过筛收集。 注意:在第二天收集鸡蛋是为了确保后续阶段的生长速度一致。下午四点是 D. antiqua 的产卵高峰期。因此，此时收集鸡蛋是理想的选择。</li>
	<li>将收集的卵放在超洁净工作台（图3A）中的无菌细胞筛（参见材料表）上。</li>
	<li>准备鸡蛋灭菌溶液<ol><li>取 5 mL 5.2% NaClO（参见 材料表）并将其转移到灭菌的 250 mL 锥形瓶中。加入 95 mL 灭菌水，使总体积为 100 mL，得到 0.26% NaClO 溶液。</li>
		<li>要制备 75% EtOH 溶液，取 75 mL 99.7% EtOH 并将其转移到灭菌的 250 mL 锥形瓶中。加入 25 mL 灭菌水，使总体积为 100 mL，得到 75% 的 EtOH 溶液。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>将 30 mL NaClO 倒入培养皿中，将 30 mL EtOH 倒入另一个培养皿中。将含有步骤2.4中提到的鸡蛋的细胞筛放入含有NaClO的培养皿中。将其浸泡在0.26%NaClO溶液中0.5分钟。然后将筛子转移到含有EtOH的培养皿中，使其在75%EtOH溶液中再浸泡0.5分钟。</li>
	<li>重复此过程三次，每0.5分钟在0.26%NaClO和75%EtOH之间交替。之后，将获得斧头蛋。此时，应将装有卵的筛子浸没在EtOH中。 注意:为确保彻底灭菌，请使用 1 mL 移液管吸出 NaClO 和 EtOH 并分散鸡蛋。多次重复冲洗过程。此步骤将进一步清洁鸡蛋表面的残留细菌和杂质，确保表面清洁无菌。</li>
</ol>3. 幼虫的饲养
<ol><li>要转移灭菌的卵子，请使用一把用酒精灯灭菌的剪刀切割1mL移液管的端尖（图3B）。确保切开的移液器的端部开口大于鸡蛋的直径（约2毫米）。然后，使用移液管将鸡蛋从EtOH溶液（鸡蛋与溶液一起）（图3C）转移到含有无菌饮食的离心管中，每个管应包含约20-50个鸡蛋（图3D）。重复此过程，直到所有卵子都转移完毕。 注意:移液器吸头的直径应尽可能大，以避免在转移过程中破坏卵子，这可能导致它们死亡。</li>
	<li>使用移液管从试管中除去多余的乙醇。将带盖的离心管放入自密封袋内，并在袋子的开口处放一块棉花，以允许空气流通。最后，将袋子放入25°C培养箱（相对湿度:50%-70%;光周期:16小时光照:8小时黑暗）中进行观察和培养。</li>
	<li>大约三天后，日粮中的斧头卵开始孵化（图4A）。孵化的幼虫将活跃，无菌饮食的表面将不再光滑。幼虫将开始以饮食为食。</li>
	<li>继续观察幼虫，直到它们达到2龄幼虫的阶段。在此期间，请继续关注他们的成长和发展。</li>
	<li>9-12天后，超过80%的卵发育成3龄幼虫（图4B）。这表明幼虫成功生长和发育。</li>
</ol>4. 用培养依赖性测定法验证无轴幼虫
<ol><li>从离心管中随机选择3只3龄 幼虫。</li>
	<li>将幼虫放入含有75%酒精的94mm x 16mm培养皿中进行清洁。之后，将它们转移到装有无菌水的容器中进行进一步冲洗。</li>
	<li>使用已用75%EtOH溶液消毒的消毒解剖钳抓住幼虫（头部和尾部如 图5A所示）。使用解剖剪刀去除头端和尾端（图5B）。用镊子握住幼虫的尾巴，用另一把镊子从尾巴轻轻挤压到头部，取出内脏（结果如 图5C所示）。将内脏置于去离子水中，用镊子按压脂肪组织轻轻拉出肠，并将提取的内脏（图5D）置于无菌水中以备进一步使用。</li>
	<li>将肠放入无菌的1.5mL离心管中，加入500μL灭菌的1x PBS缓冲液，并使用一次性研杵将肠组织研磨成匀浆。</li>
	<li>取 100 μL 匀浆并将其加入营养琼脂培养基中。使用L形吊具（见 材料表）对琼脂平板进行划线。</li>
	<li>将培养皿置于28°C的生化培养箱中，孵育72小时以观察菌落的生长。</li>
</ol>5. 使用培养非依赖性测定法验证轴幼虫
<ol><li>按照制造商的说明，使用DNA提取试剂盒（参见 材料表）从轴性幼虫的肠道组织中提取总DNA。</li>
	<li>使用紫外分光光度计测量DNA浓度。</li>
	<li>使用通用细菌16S rRNA引物（1492R:5'-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT -3'，27F:5'-AGAGTTTGATCATGGCTCAG -3'）进行PCR反应。总反应体积为 25 μL，由 1 μL DNA 模板、0.5 μL 正向引物、0.5 μL 反向引物、10.5 μL ddH2O 和 12.5 μL 2x Taq PCR 预混液组成（参见 材料表）。设置PCR反应条件如下:在94°C下初始变性3分钟;在94°C下变性30秒，在55°C下退火30秒，在72°C下延伸90秒;在72°C下最终延伸10分钟。将PCR产物储存在4°C进行进一步分析。</li>
	<li>使用通用真菌ITS引物（ITS1:5'-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3'，ITS4:5'-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC -3'）进行PCR反应。总反应体积为 25 μL，由 1 μL DNA 模板、0.5 μL 正向引物、0.5 μL 反向引物、10.5 μL ddH2O 和 12.5 μL 2x Taq PCR 预混液组成。将PCR条件设定在95°C5分钟;95°C30秒，55°C1分钟，72°C90秒35次循环;然后在72°C下10分钟。将PCR产物储存在4°C进行进一步分析。</li>
	<li>使用Super Green核酸染料（见 材料表）与两种类型的PCR产物中的每一种均匀混合，并通过在1x TAE缓冲液中的1%琼脂糖凝胶上电泳进行分析（从50x TAE稀释，见材料表）。使用3μL DNA标记物（参见 材料表）作为参考。</li>
	<li>使用紫外透射仪观察凝胶并定位目标片段。</li>
</ol>

研究 Axenic Delia antiqua 的开发并确保无细菌生长

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C., Hapfelmeier, S., Gendrin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+germ-free+mosquitoes+via+transient+colonisation+allows+stage-specific+investigation+of+host-microbiota+interactions.">Production of germ-free mosquitoes via transient colonisation allows stage-specific investigation of host-microbiota interactions.</a> Nature Communications. 12 (1), 942 (2021).</li><li>Ma, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+and+immunological+effects+of+gut+microbiota+in+leaf+beetles+at+the+local+and+systemic+levels.">Metabolic and immunological effects of gut microbiota in leaf beetles at the local and systemic levels.</a> Integrative Zoology. 16 (3), 313-323 (2021).</li><li>Zhang, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+between+microbial+communities+of+pinus+species+having+differing+level+of+resistance+to+the+pine+wood+nematode.">Differences between microbial communities of pinus species having differing level of resistance to the pine wood nematode.</a> Microbial Ecology. 84 (4), 1245-1255 (2022).</li><li>Jung, S., Kim, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+effect+of+Xenorhabdus+nematophila+K1+and+Bacillus+thuringiensis+subsp+aizawai+against+Spodoptera+exigua+(Lepidoptera+:+Noctuidae).">Synergistic effect of Xenorhabdus nematophila K1 and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp aizawai against Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae).</a> Biological Control. 39 (2), 201-209 (2006).</li><li>Raymond, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mid-gut+microbiota+is+not+required+for+the+pathogenicity+of+Bacillus+thuringiensis+to+diamondback+moth+larvae.">A mid-gut microbiota is not required for the pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis to diamondback moth larvae.</a> Environmental Microbiology. 11 (10), 2556-2563 (2009).</li><li>Weersma, R. K., Zhernakova, A., Fu, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+between+drugs+and+the+gut+microbiome.">Interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome.</a> Gut. 69 (8), 1510-1519 (2020).</li><li>Llop, P., Latorre, A., Moya, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+epidemiology+of+antibiotic+resistance:+looking+for+an+appropriate+animal+model+system.">Experimental epidemiology of antibiotic resistance: looking for an appropriate animal model system.</a> Microbiology Spectrum. 6 (1), (2018).</li><li>Doll, J. P., Trexler, P. C., Reynolds, L. I., Bernard, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+peracetic+acid+to+obtain+germfree+invertebrate+eggs+for+gnotobiotic+studies.">The use of peracetic acid to obtain germfree invertebrate eggs for gnotobiotic studies.</a> American Midland Naturalist. 6 (1), 239 (1963).</li><li>Dillon, R., Charnley, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutualism+between+the+desert+locust+Schistocerca+gregaria+and+its+gut+microbiota.">Mutualism between the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria and its gut microbiota.</a> Research in Microbiology. 153 (8), 503-509 (2002).</li><li>Tegtmeier, D., Thompson, C. L., Schauer, C., Brune, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxygen+affects+gut+bacterial+colonization+and+metabolic+activities+in+a+gnotobiotic+cockroach+model.">Oxygen affects gut bacterial colonization and metabolic activities in a gnotobiotic cockroach model.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 82 (4), 1080-1089 (2016).</li><li>Muhammad, A., Habineza, P., Hou, Y. M., Shi, Z. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+red+palm+weevil+Rhynchophorus+Ferrugineus+(Olivier)+(Coleoptera:+Dryophthoridae)+germ-free+larvae+for+host-gut+microbes+interaction+studies.">Preparation of red palm weevil Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) germ-free larvae for host-gut microbes interaction studies.</a> Bio-Protocol. 9 (24), e3456 (2019).</li><li>Bavani, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sterilization+of+Lucilia+sericata+(Diptera:+Calliphoridae)+Eggs+for+maggot+debridement+therapy.">Sterilization of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Eggs for maggot debridement therapy.</a> Journal of Medical Entomology. 59 (3), 1076-1080 (2022).</li><li>Han, L. Z., Li, S. B., Liu, P. L., Peng, Y. F., Hou, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+artificial+diet+for+continuous+rearing+of+Chilo+suppressalis+(Lepidoptera:+Crambidae).">New artificial diet for continuous rearing of Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).</a> Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 105 (2), 253-258 (2012).</li><li>Bezerra, C. E. S., Amaral, B. B., Souza, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rearing+Chrysoperla+externa+larvae+on+artificial+diets.">Rearing Chrysoperla externa larvae on artificial diets.</a> Neotropical Entomology. 46 (1), 93-99 (2017).</li><li>Feng, H. Q., Jin, Y. L., Li, G. P., Feng, H. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+an+artificial+diet+for+successive+rearing+of+Apolygus+lucorum+(Hemiptera:+Miridae).">Establishment of an artificial diet for successive rearing of Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera: Miridae).</a> Journal of Economic Entomology. 105 (6), 1921-1928 (2012).</li><li>Hassan, B., Siddiqui, J. A., Xu, Y. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vertically+transmitted+gut+bacteria+and+nutrition+influence+the+immunity+and+fitness+of+Bactrocera+dorsalis+larvae.">Vertically transmitted gut bacteria and nutrition influence the immunity and fitness of Bactrocera dorsalis larvae.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 11, 596352 (2020).</li><li>Li, X. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+the+intestinal+bacterial+community+in+black+soldier+fly+larval+guts+and+its+influence+on+insect+growth+and+development.">Dynamics of the intestinal bacterial community in black soldier fly larval guts and its influence on insect growth and development.</a> Insect Science. 30 (4), 947-963 (2023).</li><li>Moran, N. A., McCutcheon, J. P., Nakabachi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomics+and+Evolution+of+heritable+bacterial+symbionts.">Genomics and Evolution of heritable bacterial symbionts.</a> Annual Review of Genetics. 42, 165-190 (2008).</li><li>Weinert, L. A., Araujo-Jnr, E. V., Ahmed, M. Z., Welch, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+incidence+of+bacterial+endosymbionts+in+terrestrial+arthropods.">The incidence of bacterial endosymbionts in terrestrial arthropods.</a> Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences. 282 (1807), 20150249 (2015).</li><li>Weeks, A. R., Turelli, M., Harcombe, W. R., Reynolds, K. T., Hoffmann, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+parasite+to+mutualist:+Rapid+evolution+of+Wolbachia+in+natural+populations+of+Drosophila.">From parasite to mutualist: Rapid evolution of Wolbachia in natural populations of Drosophila.</a> PLOS Biology. 5 (5), 997-1005 (2007).</li></ol>

作者没有需要披露的利益冲突。

昆虫具有高度复杂的肠道微生物群20,21，因此需要使用接种特定肠道微生物菌株的昆虫来研究昆虫与微生物的相互作用。昆虫的制备对于此类研究工作至关重要。抗生素治疗是一种用于消除肠道微生物群的方法。例如，Jung 和Kim 22 用青霉素喂养草地贪夜蛾，而Raymond 23 用含有利福平的人工饮食喂养木叶假单</e...

Axenic 动物，定义为无法检测到活微生物或寄生虫的动物，是研究宿主-微生物相互作用的有价值的实验模型 1,2。昆虫是最大的无脊椎动物类群，可以与微生物形成共生关系3.Axenic 昆虫可用于研究共生系统中的宿主-共生体相互作用4.例如，Nishide等人[5]为恶臭蠕虫Plautia stali建立了一种实用的无菌饲养程序，能够可靠而严格地分析模型共生系统中的宿主-共生体相互作用。Axenic昆虫可以通过对卵阶段进行消毒并向幼虫和成虫提供无菌食物来产生6,7。Axenic昆虫具有重要意义，在生物学研究中被广泛使用。例如，Somerville等人进行的一项研究[8]表明，接种阴沟肠杆菌的菱形蛾提高了转基因雄性的适应性。
Delia antiqua Meigen 是全球洋葱和其他百合科作物的一种具有重要经济意义的害虫，其幼虫会破坏洋葱和其他百合科作物的鳞茎9.D. antiqua 主要分布在温带气候中，广泛分布于美洲、欧洲和亚洲的洋葱种植区。如果控制不当，可导致洋葱（洋葱）、大蒜（Allium sativum L.）、青葱（Allium fistulosum L.）和韭菜（Alliumchoenoprasum L.）的作物损失，从50%到100%不等10,11。幼虫以植物的地下部分为食，这种进食导致幼苗枯萎并最终死亡。此外，受损的植物可以使病原体进入，导致鳞茎腐烂12。即使这些植物没有被幼虫完全吃掉，它们造成的损害也会使洋葱植物无法销售并导致经济损失。
昆虫与肠道微生物群密切相关，大多数昆虫肠道含有多种共生细菌，这些细菌在宿主提供的营养物质中茁壮成长13,14。Jing等[15]表明，肠道共生群落的主要功能是提供必需的营养物质，其次是消化和解毒相关的功能。在某些情况下，肠道细菌可以作为害虫管理目的的微生物资源。因此，研究单个肠道细菌在 D. antiqua 体内的表现和特定功能是可取的。因此，制备轴幼虫对于研究特定细菌菌株与昆虫之间的相互作用尤为重要16。目前，消除昆虫肠道细菌的常用方法是使用抗生素组合来根除相关微生物17,18,19。与单独使用抗生素只能减少微生物数量不同，昆虫的轴性饲养可以控制微生物的组成和数量，从而更准确地验证肠道微生物群的功能。
因此，本文介绍了一种制备和饲养 axenic D. antiqua 的方案。Axenic幼虫食品是通过利用天然饮食的高温杀菌与半发酵食品相结合而获得的。按照实验方案对卵进行灭菌以获得斧头虫卵，最后，从斧头卵中培养斧头幼虫。在实验中，轴性饲养系统仅进行了一代。这将为研究昆虫与肠道微生物群之间的相互作用提供便利。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#956;M filter bottle</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>450-0045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#956;M Syringe Filter</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td>BS-QT-011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100-mesh sieve</td>
			<td>Zhejiang Shangyu Jinding Standard Sieve Factory</td>
			<td>No Catalog numbers</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x PBS solution</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>P1020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2x Taq PCR Master Mix</td>
			<td>GENVIEW</td>
			<td>GR1113-1ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5.2% NaClO solution</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>80010428</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>500 mL Conical flask</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>4103-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL vented centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>JET BIOFIL</td>
			<td>BRT-011-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50x TAE buffer</td>
			<td>GENVIEW</td>
			<td>GT1307</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar powder</td>
			<td>Ding Guo</td>
			<td>DH010-1.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biochemical incubator</td>
			<td>STIK</td>
			<td>21040121500010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell sieve</td>
			<td>SAINING</td>
			<td>5022200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Choline chloride</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A600299-0100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ddH2O</td>
			<td>Ding Guo</td>
			<td>PER018-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable grinding pestle</td>
			<td>JET BIOFIL</td>
			<td>CSP-003-002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA extraction kit</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>B518221-0050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA Marker</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>B600335-0250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol absolute</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>10009218</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter paper</td>
			<td>NEWSTAR</td>
			<td>1087309025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Food processor</td>
			<td>Guangdong Midea Life Electric Appliance Manufacturing Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>WBL25B26</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Illuminated&#160; incubator</td>
			<td>Shanghai ESTABLISH Instrumentation Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>A16110768</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Ascorbic acid</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A610021-0100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-shaped spreader</td>
			<td>SAINING</td>
			<td>6040000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nutrient agar medium</td>
			<td>Hope Bio</td>
			<td>HB0109</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>Bing Yu</td>
			<td>&#160;BY-103</td>
			<td>Purchase on Jingdong</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shock incubator</td>
			<td>Shanghai Zhichu Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>2020000014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>GENVIEW</td>
			<td>CS326-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super Green nucleic acid dye</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td>BS355A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super-clean table</td>
			<td>Heal Force</td>
			<td>AC130052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TSB</td>
			<td>Hope Bio</td>
			<td>HB4114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum pump</td>
			<td>Zhejiang Taizhou Seeking Precision Vacuum Pump Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>22051031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast extract</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>LP0021B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rearing axenic delia antiqua with half-fermented sterile diets

Axenic昆虫是从使用无菌培养基的无菌人工饲养系统中获得的。这些昆虫的特点是体型小、生长周期短、饲料要求低，是研究微生物与宿主之间关系的理想选择。肠道菌群显著影响昆虫宿主的生理特性，将特定菌株引入昆虫中提供了一种验证肠道微生物功能的方法。 Delia antiqua 是双翅目、Anthomyiidae 科和 Delia 属的一种威胁性害虫，主要以洋葱、大蒜、韭菜和百合科的其他蔬菜为食。它的幼虫以鳞茎为食，导致整株植物腐烂、枯萎甚至死亡。通过饲养蛤蜊幼虫，可以进行后续研究，观察肠道菌群对 古蛾生长发育的影响。与涉及抗生素消除相关微生物的方法不同，本文提出了一种低成本和高效的方法来培养 axenen D. antiqua。对 古蛾 卵进行表面灭菌后，采用半发酵无菌日粮饲养幼虫，通过培养依赖性和培养非依赖性试验验证 了古蛾 的轴质状态。总之，昆虫卵灭菌和幼虫培养无菌日粮的制备相结合，能够开发出一种有效和简单的方法来获得 Axenic D. antiqua。该方法为研究昆虫-微生物群落的相互作用提供了一种强有力的方法。

D. antiqua 的生命阶段如图 4 所示。完整的生命周期包括卵、幼虫、蛹（图4C）和成虫（图4D）。它们在无菌离心管中培养，其外观和存活率与在非轴性条件下饲养的 D. antiqua 没有区别。D. antiqua每个阶段的生长和发育时间如图6所示。非轴培的古蛾的卵期为2.83±0.29 d，轴向饲养的 D. ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Axenic Rearing of Delia antiqua to Detect the Impact of Intestinal Microbes on Its Growth and Development at JoVE.com

作者聚焦:Antiqua 的轴系饲养以检测肠道微生物对其生长发育的影响 

描述了用半发酵无菌日粮饲养 axenic Delia antiqua 的简单程序。使用PCR方法在每龄的Axenic D. antiqua 中仅检测到一种沃尔巴克氏菌株。

用半发酵无菌日粮饲养 Axenic Delia antiqua

Axenic insects are obtained from sterile artificial rearing systems using sterile media. These insects, characterized by their small size, short growth ...

我们的研究领域是微生物生态学，我们希望通过饲养 axenic Delia antiqua 来探索微生物内部的相互作用。将回答关于Delia antiqua肠道真菌的多样性及其对Delia antiqua生长发育的影响的问题。已经建立了一种用半发酵无菌日粮饲养斧头Delia antiqua的简单方法，并且通过PCR在Delia antiqua的每个龄期中仅检测到一种已鉴定的沃尔巴克氏菌株。与抗生素治疗相比，该协议完全消除了肠道细菌，并且不会对宿主昆虫造成许多副作用。昆虫肠道微生物群的功能也没有标记。它比抗生素治疗更有效、更实惠。

rearing-axenic-delia-antiqua-with-half-fermented-sterile-diets

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Rearing Axenic Delia antiqua with Half-Fermented Sterile Diets

577 次观看.  Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences). 我们的研究领域是微生物生态学，我们希望通过饲养 axenic Delia antiqua 来探索微生物内部的相互作用。将回答关于Delia antiqua肠道真菌的多样性及其对Delia antiqua生长发育的影响的问题。已经建立了一种用半发酵无菌日粮饲养斧头Delia antiqua的简单方法，并且通过PCR在Delia antiqua的每个龄期中仅检测到一种已鉴定的沃尔巴克氏菌株。与抗生素治疗相比，该协议完全消除了肠道?...

视频: 作者聚焦:Antiqua 的轴系饲养以检测肠道微生物对其生长发育的影响 

Protocol for Mosquito Rearing (A. gambiae)

This protocol describes mosquito rearing in the insectary. The insectary rooms are maintained at 28&deg;C and ~80% humidity, with a 12 hr. day/night cycle. For this procedure, you'll need mosquito cages, 10% sterile sucrose solution, paper towels, beaker, whatman filter paper, glass feeders, human blood and serum, water bath, parafilm, distilled water, clean plastic trays, mosquito food (described below), mosquito net to cover the trays, vacuum, and a collection chamber to collect adults.

Protocol for Mosquito Rearing A. gambiae

This video illustrates the general techniques used to rear Anopheles gambiae in the laboratory. The methods for caring for laboratory mosquitoes are demonstrated through all stages of the organism's life cycle from larvae to pupae to blood-feeding adults.

蚊子养育的议定书“（冈比亚按蚊）

This protocol describes mosquito rearing in the insectary. The insectary rooms are maintained at 28&deg;C and ~80% humidity, with a 12 hr. day/night ...

科研

生物学

Labeling Stem Cells with Fluorescent Dyes for non-invasive Detection with Optical Imaging

Optical imaging (OI) is an easy, fast and inexpensive tool for in vivo monitoring of new stem cell based therapies. The technique is based on ex vivo labeling of stem cells with a fluorescent dye, subsequent intravenous injection of the labeled cells and visualization of their accumulation in specific target organs or pathologies. The presented technique demonstrates how we label human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) by simple incubation with the lipophilic fluorescent dye DiD (C67H103CIN2O3S) and how we label human embryonic stem cells (hESC) with the FDA approved fluorescent dye Indocyanine Green (ICG). The uptake mechanism is via adherence and diffusion of the lypophilic dye across the phospholipid cell membrane bilayer. The labeling efficiency is usually improved if the cells are incubated with the dye in serum-free media as opposed to incubation in serum-containing media. Furthermore, the addition of the transfection agent Protamine Sulfate significantly improves contrast agent uptake.

This video shows techniques for labeling of human embryonic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells with fluorescent dyes. This technique can be used for an in vivo tracking of transplanted stem cells with optical imaging and for histopathological correlations with fluorescence microscopy.

与非侵入性检测荧光染料标记的干细胞与光学成像

Optical imaging (OI) is an easy, fast and inexpensive tool for in vivo monitoring of new stem cell based therapies. The technique is based on ex vivo ...

Cell Electrofusion Visualized with Fluorescence Microscopy

Cell electrofusion is a safe, non-viral and non-chemical method that can be used for preparing hybrid cells for human therapy. Electrofusion involves application of short high-voltage electric pulses to cells that are in close contact. Application of short, high-voltage electric pulses causes destabilization of cell plasma membranes. Destabilized membranes are more permeable for different molecules and also prone to fusion with any neighboring destabilized membranes. Electrofusion is thus a convenient method to achieve a non-specific fusion of very different cells in vitro. In order to obtain fusion, cell membranes, destabilized by electric field, must be in a close contact to allow merging of their lipid bilayers and consequently their cytoplasm. In this video, we demonstrate efficient electrofusion of cells in vitro by means of modified adherence method. In this method, cells are allowed to attach only slightly to the surface of the well, so that medium can be exchanged and cells still preserve their spherical shape. Fusion visualization is assessed by pre-labeling of the cytoplasm of cells with different fluorescent cell tracker dyes; half of the cells are labeled with orange CMRA and the other half with green CMFDA. Fusion yield is determined as the number of dually fluorescent cells divided with the number of all cells multiplied by two.

In this video we demonstrate efficient electrofusion of cells in vitro by means of modified adherence method using electroporation and the subsequent detection of fused cells visualization with fluorescence microscopy.

荧光显微镜下细胞电融合的可视化

Cell electrofusion is a safe, non-viral and non-chemical method that can be used for preparing hybrid cells for human therapy. Electrofusion involves ...

An Optimized Protocol for Rearing Fopius arisanus, a Parasitoid of Tephritid Fruit Flies

Fopius arisanus (Sonan) is an important parasitoid of Tephritid fruit flies for at least two reasons. First, it is the one of only three opiine parasitoids known to infect the host during the egg stage1. Second, it has a wide range of potential fruit fly hosts. Perhaps due to its life history, F. arisanus has been a successfully used for biological control of fruit flies in multiple tropical regions2-4. One impediment to the wide use of F. arisanus for fruit fly control is that it is difficult to establish a stable laboratory colony5-9. Despite this difficulty, in the 1990s USDA researchers developed a reliable method to maintain laboratory populations of F. arisanus10-12. There is significant interest in F. arisanus biology13,14, especially regarding its ability to colonize a wide variety of Tephritid hosts14-17; interest is especially driven by the alarming spread of Bactrocera fruit fly pests to new continents in the last decade18. Further research on F. arisanus and additional deployments of this species as a biological control agent will benefit from optimizations and improvements of rearing methods. In this protocol and associated video article we describe an optimized method for rearing F. arisanus based on a previously described approach12. The method we describe here allows rearing of F. arisanus in a small scale without the use of fruit, using materials available in tropical regions around the world and with relatively low manual labor requirements.

An Optimized Protocol for Rearing Fopius arisanus, a Parasitoid of Tephritid Fruit Flies

Fopius arisanus is an egg-larval parasitoid of Tephritid fruit flies that is successfully used in biological control of these important tropical pests. We describe here an optimized protocol for rearing F. arisanus on a small scale using readily available materials.

一个优化的协议饲养 Fopius arisanus Tephritid果寄生蝇

Fopius arisanus (Sonan) is an important parasitoid of Tephritid fruit flies for at least two reasons. First, it is the one of only three opiine ...

Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans in Axenic Liquid Media and Creation of Transgenic Worms by Microparticle Bombardment

In this protocol, we present the required materials, and the procedure for making modified&#160;C. elegans&#160;Habituation and Reproduction media (mCeHR). Additionally, the steps for exposing and acclimatizing C. elegans grown on E. coli to axenic liquid media are described. Finally, downstream experiments that utilize axenic C. elegans illustrate the benefits of this procedure. The ability to analyze and determine C. elegans&#160;nutrient requirement was illustrated by growing N2 wild type worms in axenic liquid media with varying heme concentrations. This procedure can be replicated with other nutrients to determine the optimal concentration for worm growth and development or, to determine the toxicological effects of drug treatments. The effects of varied heme concentrations on the growth of wild type worms were determined through qualitative microscopic observation and by quantitating the number of worms that grew in each heme concentration. In addition, the effect of varied nutrient concentrations can be assayed by utilizing worms that express fluorescent sensors that respond to changes in the nutrient of interest. Furthermore, a large number of worms were easily produced for the generation of transgenic C. elegans using microparticle bombardment.

Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans in Axenic Liquid Media and Creation of Transgenic Worms by Microparticle Bombardment

C. elegans is usually grown on solid agar plates or in liquid cultures seeded with E. coli. To prevent bacterial byproducts from confounding toxicological and nutritional studies, we utilized an axenic liquid medium, CeHR, to grow and synchronize a large number of worms for a range of downstream applications.

培养<em&gt;秀丽隐杆线虫</em &gt;在无菌液体介质与创造转基因蠕虫通过微粒轰击

In this protocol, we present the required materials, and the procedure for making modified&#160;C. elegans&#160;Habituation and Reproduction media ...

Working with Auditory HEI-OC1 Cells

HEI-OC1 is one of the few mouse auditory cell lines available for research purposes. Originally proposed as an in vitro system for screening of ototoxic drugs, these cells have been used to investigate drug-activated apoptotic pathways, autophagy, senescence, mechanism of cell protection, inflammatory responses, cell differentiation, genetic and epigenetic effects of pharmacological drugs, effects of hypoxia, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and expression of molecular channels and receptors. Among other several important markers of cochlear hair cells, HEI-OC1 cells endogenously express prestin, the paradigmatic motor protein of outer hair cells. Thus, they can be very useful to elucidate novel functional aspects of this important auditory protein. HEI-OC1 cells are very robust, and their culture usually does not present big complications. However, they require some special conditions such as avoiding the use of common anti-bacterial cocktails containing streptomycin or other antibiotics as well as incubation at 33 &#176;C to stimulate cell proliferation and incubation at 39 &#176;C to trigger cell differentiation. Here, we describe how to culture HEI-OC1 cells and how to use them in some typical assays, such as cell proliferation, viability, death, autophagy and senescence, as well as how to perform patch-clamp and non-linear capacitance measurements.

House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC1) is one of the few mouse auditory cell lines currently available for research purposes. This protocol describes how to work with HEI-OC1 cells to investigate the cytotoxic effects of pharmacological drugs as well as functional properties of inner ear proteins.

与听觉HEI-OC1细胞工作

HEI-OC1 is one of the few mouse auditory cell lines available for research purposes. Originally proposed as an in vitro system for screening of ototoxic ...

Visualizing Stromule Frequency with Fluorescence Microscopy

Stromules, or "stroma-filled tubules", are narrow, tubular extensions from the surface of the chloroplast that are universally observed in plant cells but whose functions remain mysterious. Alongside growing attention on the role of chloroplasts in coordinating plant responses to stress, interest in stromules and their relationship to chloroplast signaling dynamics has increased in recent years, aided by advances in fluorescence microscopy and protein fluorophores that allow for rapid, accurate visualization of stromule dynamics. Here, we provide detailed protocols to assay stromule frequency in the epidermal chloroplasts of Nicotiana benthamiana, an excellent model system for investigating chloroplast stromule biology. We also provide methods for visualizing chloroplast stromules in vitro by extracting chloroplasts from leaves. Finally, we outline sampling strategies and statistical approaches to analyze differences in stromule frequencies in response to stimuli, such as environmental stress, chemical treatments, or gene silencing. Researchers can use these protocols as a starting point to develop new methods for innovative experiments to explore how and why chloroplasts make stromules.

Protocols to investigate the dynamics of chloroplast stromules, the stroma-filled tubules that extend from the surface of chloroplasts, are described.

可视化Stromule频率与荧光显微镜

Stromules, or "stroma-filled tubules", are narrow, tubular extensions from the surface of the chloroplast that are universally observed in plant cells but ...

Laboratory Rearing of Stable Flies and Other Muscoid Diptera

Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, are serious pests of livestock, humans, companion animals and wildlife worldwide. During the last 20+ years, changes in agronomic practices resulted in serious outbreaks of stable flies in several countries. These outbreaks disrupted livestock production and human recreation resulting in public demands for increasing research and management efforts for this pest. A simple and inexpensive procedure for rearing stable flies for laboratory studies is presented. The procedure uses locally available diet components, equipment and supplies. The procedure can be adapted for rearing other muscoid flies including face fly (Musca autumnalis), horn fly (Haematobia irritans), and house fly (Musca domestica). The procedure produces stable fly puparia averaging 12.5 mg and ~35% egg to adult survival. Approximately 3000 flies are produced in each pan.

A procedure for rearing stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) is presented. The procedure uses locally available materials for diet components, equipment and supplies.

稳定蝇及其他 Muscoid 双翅目的实验室饲养

Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, are serious pests of livestock, humans, companion animals and wildlife worldwide. During the last 20+ years, changes in ...

Preparing Irradiated and Marked Male Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes for Release in an Operational Sterile Insect Technique Program

The control of such human diseases as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya relies on the control of their vector, the Aedes aegypti mosquito, because there is no prevention. Control of mosquito vectors can rely on chemicals applied to the immature and adult stages, which can contribute to the mortality of non-targets and more importantly, lead to insecticide resistance in the vector. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a method of controlling populations of pests through the release of sterilized adult males that mate with wild females to produce non-viable offspring. This paper describes the process of producing sterile males for use in an operational SIT program for the control of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Outlined here are the steps used in the program including rearing and maintaining a colony, separating male and female pupae, irradiating and marking adult males, and shipping Aedes aegypti males to the release site. Also discussed are procedural caveats, program limitations, and future objectives.

Preparing Irradiated and Marked Male Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes for Release in an Operational Sterile Insect Technique Program

The sterile insect technique (SIT) is used to control specific, medically important mosquito populations that may be resistant to chemical controls. Here, we describe a method of mass rearing and preparation of sterile male mosquitoes for release in an operational SIT program targeting the Aedes aegypti mosquito.

准备辐照和标记的雄性 埃及伊蚊 ，以便在操作性昆虫技术计划中释放

The control of such human diseases as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya relies on the control of their vector, the Aedes aegypti mosquito, because there is no ...

Application of Passive Head Motion to Generate Defined Accelerations at the Heads of Rodents

Exercise is widely recognized as effective for various diseases and physical disorders, including those related to brain dysfunction. However, molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of exercise are poorly understood. Many physical workouts, particularly those classified as aerobic exercises such as jogging and walking, produce impulsive forces at the time of foot contact with the ground. Therefore, it was speculated that mechanical impact might be implicated in how exercise contributes to organismal homeostasis. For testing this hypothesis on the brain, a custom-designed ''passive head motion'' (hereafter referred to as PHM) system was developed that can generate vertical accelerations with controlled and defined magnitudes and modes and reproduce mechanical stimulation that might be applied to the heads of rodents during treadmill running at moderate velocities, a typical intervention to test the effects of exercise in animals. By using this system, it was demonstrated that PHM recapitulates the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, hereafter referred to as 5-HT) receptor subtype 2A (5-HT2A) signaling in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons of mice. This work provides detailed protocols for applying PHM and measuring its resultant mechanical accelerations at rodents' heads.

The present protocol describes a custom-designed ''passive head motion'' system, which reproduces mechanical accelerations at rodents' heads generated during their treadmill running at moderate velocities. It allows dissecting mechanical factors/elements from the beneficial effects of physical exercise.

应用被动头部运动在啮齿动物头部产生定义的加速度

Exercise is widely recognized as effective for various diseases and physical disorders, including those related to brain dysfunction. However, molecular ...

用半发酵无菌日粮饲养 Axenic Delia antiqua

副本

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

蚊子养育的议定书“（冈比亚按蚊）

与非侵入性检测荧光染料标记的干细胞与光学成像

荧光显微镜下细胞电融合的可视化

一个优化的协议饲养 Fopius arisanus Tephritid果寄生蝇

培养

与听觉HEI-OC1细胞工作

可视化Stromule频率与荧光显微镜

稳定蝇及其他 Muscoid 双翅目的实验室饲养

准备辐照和标记的雄性埃及伊蚊，以便在操作性昆虫技术计划中释放

应用被动头部运动在啮齿动物头部产生定义的加速度

用半发酵无菌日粮饲养 Axenic Delia antiqua

副本

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

蚊子养育的议定书“（冈比亚按蚊）

与非侵入性检测荧光染料标记的干细胞与光学成像

荧光显微镜下细胞电融合的可视化

一个优化的协议饲养 Fopius arisanus Tephritid果寄生蝇

培养

与听觉HEI-OC1细胞工作

可视化Stromule频率与荧光显微镜

稳定蝇及其他 Muscoid 双翅目的实验室饲养

准备辐照和标记的雄性 埃及伊蚊 ，以便在操作性昆虫技术计划中释放

应用被动头部运动在啮齿动物头部产生定义的加速度

准备辐照和标记的雄性埃及伊蚊，以便在操作性昆虫技术计划中释放