<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>电刺激疗法：精索静脉曲张诱发疼痛的非手术疗法

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	<li>Bellastella, G., Carotenuto, R., Caiazzo, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Varicocele:+An+endocrinological+perspective.">Varicocele: An endocrinological perspective.</a> Front Reprod Health. 4, 863695 (2022).</li><li>Bozhedomov, V. A., Lipatova, N. A., Rokhlikov, I. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Male+fertility+and+varicocoele:+Role+of+immune+factors.">Male fertility and varicocoele: Role of immune factors.</a> Andrology. 2 (1), 51-58 (2014).</li><li>Bonyadi, M. R., Madaen, S. K., Saghafi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+varicocelectomy+on+anti-sperm+antibody+in+patients+with+varicocele.">Effects of varicocelectomy on anti-sperm antibody in patients with varicocele.</a> J Reprod Infertil. 14 (2), 73-78 (2013).</li><li>Finelli, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+silico+sperm+proteome+analysis+to+investigate+DNA+repair+mechanisms+in+varicocele+patients.">In silico sperm proteome analysis to investigate DNA repair mechanisms in varicocele patients.</a> Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 12, 757592 (2021).</li><li>Garolla, A., Torino, M., Miola, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Twenty-four-hour+monitoring+of+scrotal+temperature+in+obese+men+and+men+with+a+varicocele+as+a+mirror+of+spermatogenic+function.">Twenty-four-hour monitoring of scrotal temperature in obese men and men with a varicocele as a mirror of spermatogenic function.</a> Hum Reprod. 30 (5), 1006-1013 (2015).</li><li>Gomaa, M. D., Motawaa, M. A., Al-Nashar, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+subinguinal+varicocelectomy+on+serum+testosterone+to+estradiol+ratio+in+male+patients+with+infertility.">Impact of subinguinal varicocelectomy on serum testosterone to estradiol ratio in male patients with infertility.</a> Urology. 117, 70-77 (2018).</li><li>Goulis, D., Mintziori, G., Koliakos, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibin+B+and+anti-M&#252;llerian+hormone+in+spermatic+vein+of+subfertile+men+with+varicocele.">Inhibin B and anti-M&#252;llerian hormone in spermatic vein of subfertile men with varicocele.</a> Reprod Sci. 18 (6), 551-555 (2011).</li><li>Jin, G., Liu, J., Qin, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+Level+of+C-kit+in+semen+of+infertile+patients+with+varicocele.">Increased Level of C-kit in semen of infertile patients with varicocele.</a> Urol J. 14 (2), 3023-3027 (2017).</li><li>Kadioglu, T. C., Aliyev, E., Celtik, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microscopic+varicocelectomy+significantly+decreases+the+sperm+DNA+fragmentation+index+in+patients+with+infertility.">Microscopic varicocelectomy significantly decreases the sperm DNA fragmentation index in patients with infertility.</a> Biomed Res Int. 2014, 695713 (2014).</li><li>Lorenc, T., Krupniewski, L., Palczewski, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Warto&#347;&#263;+ultrasonografii+w+diagnostyce+&#380;ylak&#243;w+powr&#243;zka+nasiennego.">Warto&#347;&#263; ultrasonografii w diagnostyce &#380;ylak&#243;w powr&#243;zka nasiennego.</a> J Ultrasonography. 16 (67), 359-370 (2016).</li><li>Kummari, S., Das, S., Mahajan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+high-resolution+ultrasonography+with+colour+and+duplex+doppler+in+the+evaluation+of+acute+scrotal+diseases.">Role of high-resolution ultrasonography with colour and duplex doppler in the evaluation of acute scrotal diseases.</a> Cureus. 15 (11), e49231 (2023).</li><li>Pogoreli&#263;, Z., Gaberc, T., Juki&#263;, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+subcutaneous+and+intraperitoneal+instillation+of+local+anesthetics+on+postoperative+pain+after+laparoscopic+varicocelectomy:+A+randomized+controlled+trial.">The effect of subcutaneous and intraperitoneal instillation of local anesthetics on postoperative pain after laparoscopic varicocelectomy: A randomized controlled trial.</a> Children (Basel). 8 (11), 1051 (2021).</li><li>Kilin&#231;, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+varicocele+induces+hypoxia-inducible+factor-1alpha,+vascular+endothelial+growth+factor+expression+and+angiogenesis+in+the+rat+testis.">Experimental varicocele induces hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor expression and angiogenesis in the rat testis.</a> J Urol. 172 (3), 1188-1191 (2004).</li><li>Krzy&#347;ciak, W., K&#243;zka, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+reactive+oxygen+species+by+a+sufficient,+insufficient+and+varicose+vein+wall.">Generation of reactive oxygen species by a sufficient, insufficient and varicose vein wall.</a> Acta Biochim Pol. 58 (1), 89-94 (2011).</li><li>Tian, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+varicocelectomy+on+serum+FSH+and+LH+levels+for+patients+with+varicocele:+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Effect of varicocelectomy on serum FSH and LH levels for patients with varicocele: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Indian J Surg. 80 (3), 233-238 (2018).</li><li>Paick, S., Choi, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Varicocele+and+testicular+pain:+A+Review.">Varicocele and testicular pain: A Review.</a> World J Mens Health. 37 (1), 4-11 (2019).</li></ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Low frequency neuromuscular therapy device</td>
			<td>Foshan Shanshan Datang Medical Technology Company</td>
			<td>BioStim pro</td>
			<td>Detachable and portable therapeutic instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical infrared thermal imager</td>
			<td>Foshan Shanshan Datang Medical Technology Company</td>
			<td>PRISM 640A, PRISM 384A</td>
			<td>Instrument for infrared thermal imaging scanning of the human body</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical infrared thermal imaging system</td>
			<td>Foshan Shanshan Datang Medical Technology Company</td>
			<td>PRISM X 1.0.3</td>
			<td>Medical infrared thermal imager supporting computer system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surface electrodes for physical therapy</td>
			<td>Foshan Shanshan Datang Medical Technology Company</td>
			<td>JB50100, E6596, B50180</td>
			<td>Electrode plate</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation for treating varicocele-induced scrotal pain

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦：通过神经肌肉电刺激推进精索静脉曲张治疗

经皮神经肌肉电刺激治疗精索静脉曲张诱发的阴囊疼痛

Varicocele is a prevalent vascular disorder affecting the male reproductive system, leading to scrotal pain and testicular dysfunction. Epidemiological ...

transcutaneous-neuromuscular-electrical-stimulation-for-treating

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Transcutaneous Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Treating Varicocele-Induced Scrotal Pain

586 次观看.  Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province. 我们的研究是为了使用经皮神经肌肉电刺激治疗精索静脉曲张阴囊疼痛，并为治疗精索静脉曲张阴囊疼痛提供了新的替代选择。经皮神经肌肉电刺激已广泛用于治疗盆底相关疾病，并已有效治疗勃起和早泄等男性疾病。我们想探讨经皮神经肌肉刺激治疗阴囊精索静脉曲张疼痛的疗效。我们将经皮神经肌肉电刺激应用于更关键的应用，并寻找经皮...

视频: 作者聚焦：通过神经肌肉电刺激推进精索静脉曲张治疗

Programmed Electrical Stimulation in Mice

Genetically-modified mice have emerged as a preferable animal model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying conduction abnormalities, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death.1 Intracardiac pacing studies can be performed in mice using a 1.1F octapolar catheter inserted into the jugular vein, and advanced into the right atrium and ventricle. Here, we illustrate the steps involved in performing programmed electrical stimulation in mice. Surface ECG and intracardiac electrograms are recorded simultaneously in the atria, atrioventricular junction, and ventricular myocardium, whereas intracardiac pacing of the atrium is performed using an external stimulator. Thus, programmed electrical stimulation in mice provides unique opportunities to explore molecular mechanisms underlying conduction defects and cardiac arrhythmias.

Programmed electrical stimulation provides the ability to determine conduction properties of the heart, and the possibility to induce and terminate cardiac arrhythmias using various pacing protocols. Using a transvenous catheter, intracardiac electrogram recordings can be obtained in mice following programmed electrical stimulation protocols to identify arrhythmogenic substrates.

程控电刺激小鼠

Genetically-modified mice have emerged as a preferable animal model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying conduction abnormalities, atrial and ...

科研

医学

Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been in use for more than 20 years 1, and has grown exponentially in popularity over the past decade. While the use of TMS has expanded to the study of many systems and processes during this time, the original application and perhaps one of the most common uses of TMS involves studying the physiology, plasticity and function of the human neuromuscular system. Single pulse TMS applied to the motor cortex excites pyramidal neurons transsynaptically 2 (Figure 1) and results in a measurable electromyographic response that can be used to study and evaluate the integrity and excitability of the corticospinal tract in humans 3. Additionally, recent advances in magnetic stimulation now allows for partitioning of cortical versus spinal excitability 4,5. For example, paired-pulse TMS can be used to assess intracortical facilitatory and inhibitory properties by combining a conditioning stimulus and a test stimulus at different interstimulus intervals 3,4,6-8. In this video article we will demonstrate the methodological and technical aspects of these techniques. Specifically, we will demonstrate single-pulse and paired-pulse TMS techniques as applied to the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle as well as the erector spinae (ES) musculature. Our laboratory studies the FCR muscle as it is of interest to our research on the effects of wrist-hand cast immobilization on reduced muscle performance6,9, and we study the ES muscles due to these muscles clinical relevance as it relates to low back pain8. With this stated, we should note that TMS has been used to study many muscles of the hand, arm and legs, and should iterate that our demonstrations in the FCR and ES muscle groups are only selected examples of TMS being used to study the human neuromuscular system.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive tool to gain insight on the physiology and function of the human nervous system. Here, we present our TMS techniques to study cortical excitability of the upper limb and lumbar musculature.

利用经颅磁刺激，以研究人类的神经肌肉系统

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been in use for more than 20 years 1, and has grown exponentially in popularity over the past decade.  While ...

A Murine Model of Muscle Training by Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional capacity. Transcutaneous surface stimulation of skeletal muscle involves a current flow between a cathode and an anode, thereby inducing excitement of the motor unit and the surrounding muscle fibers. 
NMES is an attractive modality to evaluate skeletal muscle adaptive responses for several reasons. First, it provides a reproducible experimental model in which physiological adaptations, such as myofiber hypertophy and muscle strengthening6, angiogenesis7-9, growth factor secretion9-11, and muscle precursor cell activation12 are well documented. Such physiological responses may be carefully titrated using different parameters of stimulation (for Cochrane review, see 13). In addition, NMES recruits motor units non-selectively, and in a spatially fixed and temporally synchronous manner14, offering the advantage of exerting a treatment effect on all fibers, regardless of fiber type. Although there are specified contraindications to NMES in clinical populations, including peripheral venous disorders or malignancy, for example, NMES is safe and feasible, even for those who are ill and/or bedridden and for populations in which rigorous exercise may be challenging. 
Here, we demonstrate the protocol for adapting commercially available electrodes and performing a NMES protocol using a murine model. This animal model has the advantage of utilizing a clinically available device and providing instant feedback regarding positioning of the electrode to elicit the desired muscle contractile effect. For the purpose of this manuscript, we will describe the protocol for muscle stimulation of the anterior compartment muscles of a mouse hindlimb.

A murine model of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), a safe and inexpensive clinical modality, to the anterior compartment muscles is described. This model has the advantage of modifying a readily available clinical device for the purpose of eliciting targeted and specific muscle contractions in mice.

一个小鼠模型，通过神经肌肉电刺激肌肉训练

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional ...

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim) for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity

Electrical stimulation (EStim) refers to the application of electrical current to muscles or nerves in order to achieve functional and therapeutic goals. It has been extensively used in various clinical settings. Based upon recent discoveries related to the systemic effects of voluntary breathing and intrinsic physiological interactions among systems during voluntary breathing, a new EStim protocol, Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim), has been developed to augment the effects of electrical stimulation. In BreEStim, a single-pulse electrical stimulus is triggered and delivered to the target area when the airflow rate of an isolated voluntary inspiration reaches the threshold. BreEStim integrates intrinsic physiological interactions that are activated during voluntary breathing and has demonstrated excellent clinical efficacy. Two representative applications of BreEStim are reported with detailed protocols: management of post-stroke finger flexor spasticity and neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury.

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation BreEStim for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity

The purpose is to present a new method, breathing-control electrical stimulation (BreEStim) for management of neuropathic pain and spasticity.

呼吸控制电气的刺激（BreEStim）的神经性疼痛和痉挛的管理

Electrical stimulation (EStim) refers to the application of electrical current to muscles or nerves in order to achieve functional and therapeutic goals. ...

Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults

Spatial and temporal characteristics of human walking are frequently evaluated to identify possible gait impairments, mainly in orthopedic and neurological patients1-4, but also in healthy older adults5,6. The quantitative gait analysis described in this protocol is performed with a recently-introduced photoelectric system (see&#160;Materials table) which has the potential to be used in the clinic because it is portable, easy to set up (no subject preparation is required before a test), and does not require maintenance and sensor calibration. The photoelectric system consists of series of high-density floor-based photoelectric cells with light-emitting and light-receiving diodes that are placed parallel to each other to create a corridor, and are oriented perpendicular to the line of progression7. The system simply detects interruptions in light signal, for instance due to the presence of feet within the recording area. Temporal gait parameters and 1D spatial coordinates of consecutive steps are subsequently calculated to provide common gait parameters such as step length, single limb support and walking velocity8, whose validity against a criterion instrument has recently been demonstrated7,9. The measurement procedures are very straightforward; a single patient can be tested in less than 5 min&#160;and a comprehensive report can be generated in less than 1&#160;min.

This protocol is used to evaluate spatial and temporal gait variables of neurological/orthopedic patients and older persons by means of a recently-introduced floor-based photocell system.

时空步态参数的患者和老年人的临床评估

Spatial and temporal characteristics of human walking are frequently evaluated to identify possible gait impairments, mainly in orthopedic and ...

Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates

Microcirculatory imaging (MI) is a relatively new research tool mainly used in the intensive care setting. MI provides a clear view of the smallest capillaries, arterioles and venules. The magnifying effect visualizes the flow pattern of erythrocytes through these vessels.
It's non-invasive character makes it suitable to apply in (preterm) neonates, even in cardiorespiratory unstable patients. In adults and children, MI is mainly performed sublingually, but this is not possible in preterm infants as these cannot cooperate and the size of the probe is problematic. In preterm infants, MI is therefore performed transcutaneously. Their thin skin makes it possible to obtain high quality images of peripheral microcirculation. 
In this manuscript we will demonstrate the method of transcutaneous MI in preterm infants. We will focus on the different techniques and provide tips to optimize image quality. The highlights of software settings, safety and offline analysis are also addressed.

Microcirculatory imaging (MI) is used to monitor peripheral perfusion in critically ill or preterm neonates. This manuscript and video demonstrates the optimal approach for obtaining high-quality images.

经皮微循环成像在早产儿

Microcirculatory imaging (MI) is a relatively new research tool mainly used in the intensive care setting. MI provides a clear view of the smallest ...

Transcutaneous Assessment of Renal Function in Conscious Rodents

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional methods to evaluate GFR are cumbersome and time-consuming. In addition, serial blood or urine samples are required, with the associated stress for the experimental animals. A recent technique significantly reduces the investment in time and resources, minimizing the invasiveness and the animal stress, but being equally valid as the traditional approaches. The method measures transcutaneously renal function. Using an optical device and the exogenous renal marker fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-sinistrin, this technique is capable of measuring the elimination kinetics of the marker through the skin. With neither blood nor urine samples nor the associated laboratory assays needed, the results of the transcutaneous measurement are almost instantaneously available. The method has been already validated in different species and successfully applied in several models of renal pathology. Moreover, due to its minimally invasive characteristics, it is suitable for sequential measurements within the same animal. Here is provided a detailed protocol to carry out the transcutaneous assessment of renal function in rodents.

Determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional procedures to measure this parameter are cumbersome and require a large investment of time. Here we describe a faster and minimally invasive method to determinate GFR transcutaneously.

在鼠害自觉肾功能的评估皮

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional methods to evaluate GFR are cumbersome and ...

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain

Chronic or neuropathic trigeminal facial pain can be challenging to treat. Neurosurgical procedures should be applied when conservative treatment fails. Neuromodulation techniques for chronic facial pain include deep brain stimulation and motor cortex stimulation, which are complex to perform. Subcutaneous nerve field stimulation is certified for chronic back pain and is the least invasive form of neuromodulation. We applied this technique to treat chronic and neuropathic trigeminal pain as an individual therapy concept. First, trial stimulation is performed. Subcutaneous leads are placed in the painful trigeminal dermatome under local anesthesia. The leads are connected to an external neurostimulator that applies constant stimulation. Patients undergo a 12 day outpatient trial to assess the effect of the stimulation. Electrodes are removed after the trial. If the patient reports pain reduction of at least 50% in intensity and/or attack frequency, a reduction in medication or increase in quality of life, permanent implantation is scheduled. New electrodes are implanted under general anesthesia and are subcutaneously tunneled to an infraclavicular internal pulse generator. Patients are able to turn stimulation on and off and to increase or decrease the stimulation amplitude as needed.
This technique represents a minimal invasive alternative to other more invasive means of neuromodulation for trigeminal pain such as motor cortex stimulation or deep brain stimulation.

Treating chronic or neuropathic facial pain can be challenging when medical or standard treatment fails. Subcutaneous nerve field stimulation is the least invasive form of neuromodulation and is used for chronic back pain. We applied this technology to treat chronic and neuropathic trigeminal facial pain.

皮下三叉神经场刺激难治性面部疼痛

Chronic or neuropathic trigeminal facial pain can be challenging to treat. Neurosurgical procedures should be applied when conservative treatment fails. ...

Updated Technique for Reliable, Easy, and Tolerated Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Including Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive method of neuromodulation using low-intensity direct electrical currents. This method of brain stimulation presents several potential advantages compared to other techniques, as it is noninvasive, cost-effective, broadly deployable, and well-tolerated provided proper equipment and protocols are administered. Even though tDCS is apparently simple to perform, correct administration of the tDCS session, especially the electrode positioning and preparation, is vital for ensuring reproducibility and tolerability. The electrode positioning and preparation steps are traditionally also the most time consuming and error-prone. To address these challenges, modern tDCS techniques, using fixed-position headgear and pre-assembled sponge electrodes, reduce complexity and setup time while also ensuring that the electrodes are consistently placed as intended. These modern tDCS methods present advantages for research, clinic, and remote-supervised (at home) settings. This article provides a comprehensive step-by-step guide for administering a tDCS session using fixed-position headgear and pre-assembled sponge electrodes. This guide demonstrates tDCS using commonly applied montages intended for motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) stimulation. As described, selection of the head size and montage-specific headgear automates electrode positioning. Fully assembled pre-saturated snap-electrodes are simply affixed to the set position snap-connectors on the headgear. The modern tDCS method is shown to reduce setup time and reduce errors for both novice and expert operators. The methods outlined in this article can be adapted to different applications of tDCS as well as other forms of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) such as transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS). However, since tES is application specific, as appropriate, any methods recipe is customized to accommodate subject, indication, environment, and outcome specific features.

When administering transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), reproducible electrode preparation and placement are vital for a tolerated and effective session. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate updated modern setup procedures for the administration of tDCS and related transcranial electrical stimulation techniques, such as transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS).

用于可靠、简单和耐受的颅内电刺激（包括颅内直流刺激）的更新技术

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive method of neuromodulation using low-intensity direct electrical currents. This method of ...

评估颅脑电刺激对纤维肌痛的疗效

A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Cranial Electrical Stimulation for Fibromyalgia Pain and Physical Function, Using Brain Imaging Biomarkers

Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome that presents with a constellation of broad symptoms, including decreased physical function, fatigue, cognitive disturbances, and other somatic complaints. Available therapies are often insufficient in treating symptoms, with inadequate pain control commonly leading to opioid usage for attempted management. Cranial electrical stimulation (CES) is a promising non-pharmacologic treatment option for pain conditions that uses pulsed electrical current stimulation to modify&#160;brain function via transcutaneous electrodes. These neural mechanisms and the applications of CES in fibromyalgia symptom relief require further exploration.
A total of 50 participants from the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (VAHCS) diagnosed with fibromyalgia were enrolled and then block-randomized into either a placebo plus standard therapy or active CES plus standard therapy group. Baseline assessments were obtained prior to the start of treatment. Both interventions occurred over 12 weeks, and participants were assessed at 6 weeks and 12 weeks after treatment initiation. The primary outcome investigated whether pain and functional improvements occur with the application of CES. Additionally, baseline and follow-up resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fcMRI) were obtained at the 6-week and 12-week time points to assess for clinical applications of neural connectivity biomarkers and the underlying neural associations related to treatment effects.
This is a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to determine the efficacy of CES for improving pain and function in fibromyalgia and further develop rs-fcMRI as a clinical tool to assess the neural correlates and mechanisms of chronic pain and analgesic response.

作者聚焦：慢性疼痛管理研究的方法和进展

The current study is a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to determine the efficacy of cranial electrical stimulation (CES) for improving pain and function in fibromyalgia and further develop resting functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fcMRI) as a clinical tool to assess the neural correlates and mechanisms of chronic pain and analgesic response.

一项使用脑成像生物标志物进行颅脑电刺激治疗纤维肌痛疼痛和身体功能的随机、假对照试验

Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome that presents with a constellation of broad symptoms, including decreased physical function, fatigue, cognitive ...