Name: research application of laser-induced shock wave for studying blast-induced cochlear injury
Uploaded: 2024-03-01T14:20:00.000+00:00
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Description: Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Author Spotlight: Development of a Laser-Induced Shock Wave Animal Model Without Tympanic Membrane Perforation at JoVE.com

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>LISW 对小鼠耳蜗病理生理学影响的表征

<ol>
	<li>Arun, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blast+exposure+causes+long-term+degeneration+of+neuronal+cytoskeletal+elements+in+the+cochlear+nucleus:+A+potential+mechanism+for+chronic+auditory+dysfunctions.">Blast exposure causes long-term degeneration of neuronal cytoskeletal elements in the cochlear nucleus: A potential mechanism for chronic auditory dysfunctions.</a> Front Neurol. 12, 652190 (2021).</li><li>Kurioka, T., Mizutari, K., Satoh, Y., Shiotani, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correlation+of+blast-induced+tympanic+membrane+perforation+with+peripheral+cochlear+synaptopathy.">Correlation of blast-induced tympanic membrane perforation with peripheral cochlear synaptopathy.</a> J Neurotrauma. 39 (13-14), 999-1009 (2022).</li><li>Liberman, M. C., Epstein, M. J., Cleveland, S. S., Wang, H., Maison, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+a+differential+diagnosis+of+hidden+hearing+loss+in+humans.">Toward a differential diagnosis of hidden hearing loss in humans.</a> PLoS One. 11 (9), e0162726 (2016).</li><li>Koizumi, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Y-27632,+a+rock+inhibitor,+improved+laser-induced+shock+wave+(lisw)-induced+cochlear+synaptopathy+in+mice.">Y-27632, a rock inhibitor, improved laser-induced shock wave (lisw)-induced cochlear synaptopathy in mice.</a> Mol Brain. 14 (1), 105 (2021).</li><li>Parthasarathy, A., Kujawa, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptopathy+in+the+aging+cochlea:+Characterizing+early-neural+deficits+in+auditory+temporal+envelope+processing.">Synaptopathy in the aging cochlea: Characterizing early-neural deficits in auditory temporal envelope processing.</a> J Neurosci. 38 (32), 7108-7119 (2018).</li><li>Kurioka, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characteristics+of+laser-induced+shock+wave+injury+to+the+inner+ear+of+rats.">Characteristics of laser-induced shock wave injury to the inner ear of rats.</a> J Biomed Opt. 19 (12), 125001 (2014).</li><li>Paik, C. B., Pei, M., Oghalai, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review+of+blast+noise+and+the+auditory+system.">Review of blast noise and the auditory system.</a> Hear Res. 425, 108459 (2022).</li><li>Bryden, D. W., Tilghman, J. I., Hinds, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blast-related+traumatic+brain+injury:+Current+concepts+and+research+considerations.">Blast-related traumatic brain injury: Current concepts and research considerations.</a> J Exp Neurosci. 13, 1179069519872213 (2019).</li><li>Ma, X., Aravind, A., Pfister, B. J., Chandra, N., Haorah, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+traumatic+brain+injury+and+assessment+of+injury+severity.">Animal models of traumatic brain injury and assessment of injury severity.</a> Mol Neurobiol. 56 (8), 5332-5345 (2019).</li><li>Shao, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+and+peripheral+auditory+abnormalities+in+chinchilla+animal+model+of+blast-injury.">Central and peripheral auditory abnormalities in chinchilla animal model of blast-injury.</a> Hear Res. 407, 108273 (2021).</li><li>Ou, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Traumatic+brain+injury+induced+by+exposure+to+blast+overpressure+via+ear+canal.">Traumatic brain injury induced by exposure to blast overpressure via ear canal.</a> Neural Regen Res. 17 (1), 115-121 (2022).</li><li>Cho, S. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+hearing+loss+after+blast+injury+to+the+ear.">Mechanisms of hearing loss after blast injury to the ear.</a> PLoS One. 8 (7), e67618 (2013).</li><li>Kurioka, T., Mizutari, K., Satoh, Y., Kobayashi, Y., Shiotani, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blast-induced+central+auditory+neurodegeneration+affects+tinnitus+development+regardless+of+peripheral+cochlear+damage.">Blast-induced central auditory neurodegeneration affects tinnitus development regardless of peripheral cochlear damage.</a> J Neurotrauma. , (2023).</li><li>Niwa, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathophysiology+of+the+inner+ear+after+blast+injury+caused+by+laser-induced+shock+wave.">Pathophysiology of the inner ear after blast injury caused by laser-induced shock wave.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 31754 (2016).</li><li>Kimura, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+shock+wave+power+spectrum+on+the+inner+ear+pathophysiology+in+blast-induced+hearing+loss.">Effect of shock wave power spectrum on the inner ear pathophysiology in blast-induced hearing loss.</a> Sci Rep. 11 (1), 14704 (2021).</li><li>Satoh, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulmonary+blast+injury+in+mice:+A+novel+model+for+studying+blast+injury+in+the+laboratory+using+laser-induced+stress+waves.">Pulmonary blast injury in mice: A novel model for studying blast injury in the laboratory using laser-induced stress waves.</a> Lasers Surg Med. 42 (4), 313-318 (2010).</li><li>Kawauchi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+isolated+and+combined+exposure+of+the+brain+and+lungs+to+a+laser-induced+shock+wave(s)+on+physiological+and+neurological+responses+in+rats.">Effects of isolated and combined exposure of the brain and lungs to a laser-induced shock wave(s) on physiological and neurological responses in rats.</a> J Neurotrauma. 39 (21-22), 1533-1546 (2022).</li><li>Cassinotti, L. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cochlear+neurotrophin-3+overexpression+at+mid-life+prevents+age-related+inner+hair+cell+synaptopathy+and+slows+age-related+hearing+loss.">Cochlear neurotrophin-3 overexpression at mid-life prevents age-related inner hair cell synaptopathy and slows age-related hearing loss.</a> Aging Cell. 21 (10), e13708 (2022).</li><li>Kujawa, S. G., Liberman, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adding+insult+to+injury:+Cochlear+nerve+degeneration+after+&amp;#34;temporary&amp;#34;+noise-induced+hearing+loss.">Adding insult to injury: Cochlear nerve degeneration after &amp;#34;temporary&amp;#34; noise-induced hearing loss.</a> J Neurosci. 29 (45), 14077-14085 (2009).</li><li>Hickman, T. T., Smalt, C., Bobrow, J., Quatieri, T., Liberman, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blast-induced+cochlear+synaptopathy+in+chinchillas.">Blast-induced cochlear synaptopathy in chinchillas.</a> Sci Rep. 8 (1), 10740 (2018).</li><li>Jiang, S., Sanders, S., Gan, R. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hearing+protection+and+damage+mitigation+in+chinchillas+exposed+to+repeated+low-intensity+blasts.">Hearing protection and damage mitigation in chinchillas exposed to repeated low-intensity blasts.</a> Hear Res. 429, 108703 (2023).</li><li>Nakagawa, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+primary+blast-induced+traumatic+brain+injury:+Insights+from+shock-wave+research.">Mechanisms of primary blast-induced traumatic brain injury: Insights from shock-wave research.</a> J Neurotrauma. 28 (6), 1101-1119 (2011).</li><li>Wu, P. Z., Liberman, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+stereocilia+pathology+in+the+human+cochlea.">Age-related stereocilia pathology in the human cochlea.</a> Hear Res. 422, 108551 (2022).</li><li>Kurabi, A., Keithley, E. M., Housley, G. D., Ryan, A. F., Wong, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+mechanisms+of+noise-induced+hearing+loss.">Cellular mechanisms of noise-induced hearing loss.</a> Hear Res. 349, 129-137 (2017).</li><li>Kim, J., Xia, A., Grillet, N., Applegate, B. E., Oghalai, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osmotic+stabilization+prevents+cochlear+synaptopathy+after+blast+trauma.">Osmotic stabilization prevents cochlear synaptopathy after blast trauma.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 115 (21), E4853-E4860 (2018).</li><li>Hu, N., Rutherford, M. A., Green, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protection+of+cochlear+synapses+from+noise-induced+excitotoxic+trauma+by+blockade+of+ca(2+)-permeable+ampa+receptors.">Protection of cochlear synapses from noise-induced excitotoxic trauma by blockade of ca(2+)-permeable ampa receptors.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 117 (7), 3828-3838 (2020).</li><li>Wan, G., Gomez-Casati, M. E., Gigliello, A. R., Liberman, M. C., Corfas, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurotrophin-3+regulates+ribbon+synapse+density+in+the+cochlea+and+induces+synapse+regeneration+after+acoustic+trauma.">Neurotrophin-3 regulates ribbon synapse density in the cochlea and induces synapse regeneration after acoustic trauma.</a> Elife. 3, e03564 (2014).</li></ol>

<table><tbody><tr><td>532 nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Quantel</td><td>Brilliant b</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ABR peak analysis software</td><td>Mass Eye and Ear</td><td>N/A</td><td>EPL Cochlear Function Test Suite</td></tr><tr><td>Acrylic resin welding adhesive&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Acrysunday Co., Ltd</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>confocal fluorescence microscopy</td><td>Leica</td><td>TCS SP8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cryosectioning compound</td><td>Sakura</td><td>Tissue-Tek O.C.T</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CtBP2 antibody</td><td>BD Transduction</td><td>#612044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dielectric multilayer mirrors</td><td>SIGMAKOKI CO.,LTD</td><td>TFMHP-50C08-532</td><td>M1-M3</td></tr><tr><td>Digital oscilloscope</td><td>Tektronix</td><td>DPO4104B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Earphone</td><td>CUI</td><td>CDMG15008-03A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrophone</td><td>RP acoustics e.K.</td><td>FOPH2000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Image J software plug-in</td><td>NIH</td><td>measurement line</td><td>https://myfiles.meei.harvard.edu/xythoswfs/webui/_xy-e693768_1-t_wC4oKeBD</td></tr><tr><td>Light microscope</td><td>Keyence Corporation</td><td>BZ-X700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Myosin 7A antibody</td><td>Proteus Biosciences</td><td>#25&amp;ndash;6790&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Neurofilament antibody</td><td>Sigma</td><td>#AB5539</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plano-convex lens</td><td>SIGMAKOKI CO.,LTD</td><td>SLSQ-30-200PM</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Prism software</td><td>GraphPad</td><td>N/A</td><td>ver.8.2.1</td></tr><tr><td>Scanning electron microscope</td><td>JEOL Ltd</td><td>JSM-6340F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small digital endoscope</td><td>AVS Co. Ltd</td><td>AE-C1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic jelly</td><td>Hitachi Aloka Medical</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Variable attenuator</td><td>Showa Optronics Co.</td><td>N/A</td><td>Currenly avaiable successor: KYOCERA SOC Corporation, RWH-532HP II</td></tr><tr><td>Water-soluble encapsulant&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Dako</td><td>#S1964</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

research application of laser-induced shock wave for studying blast-induced cochlear injury

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Author Spotlight: Development of a Laser-Induced Shock Wave Animal Model Without Tympanic Membrane Perforation at JoVE.com

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦:无鼓膜穿孔的激光诱导冲击波动物模型的开发

激光诱导冲击波在爆炸性耳蜗损伤研究中的应用

The ear is the organ most susceptible to explosion overpressure, and cochlear injuries frequently occur after blast exposure. Blast exposure can lead to ...

research-application-laser-induced-shock-wave-for-studying-blast

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Research Application of Laser-Induced Shock Wave for Studying Blast-Induced Cochlear Injury

498 次观看.  National Defense Medical College. 评估原始细胞暴露引起的纯感觉神经耳蜗功能障碍导致鼓膜穿孔。我们使用剃刀诱导冲击波开发了一种爆炸诱导耳蜗损伤的实验动物模型。这种方法可以避免鼓膜穿孔和伴随的全身损伤，并在 LISW 暴露后以能量依赖性方式再现感觉神经听力损失成分的功能下降。这种动物模型可能是陈述 MALAST 诱导的耳蜗功能障碍的病理机制和探索潜在治疗方法?...

视频: 作者聚焦:无鼓膜穿孔的激光诱导冲击波动物模型的开发

Using Laser Doppler Imaging and Monitoring to Analyze Spinal Cord Microcirculation in Rat

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a noninvasive method for blood flow (BF) measurement, which makes it preferable for measuring microcirculatory alterations of the spinal cord. In this article, our goal was to use both Laser Doppler imaging and monitoring to analyze the change of BF after spinal cord injury. Both the laser Doppler image scanner and the probe/monitor were being employed to obtain each readout. The data of LDPI provided a local distribution of BF, which gave an overview of perfusion around the injury site and made it accessible for comparative analysis of BF among different locations. By intensely measuring the probing area over a period of time, a combined probe was used to simultaneously measure the BF and oxygen saturation of the spinal cord, showing overall spinal cord perfusion and oxygen supply. LDF itself has a few limitations, such as relative flux, sensitivity to movement, and biological zero signal. However, the technology has been applied in clinical and experimental study due to its simple setup and rapid measurement of BF.

Here we present a combination of laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) and laser Doppler perfusion monitoring (LDPM) to measure spinal cord local blood flows and oxygen saturation (SO2), as well as a standardized procedure for introducing spinal cord trauma on rat.

激光多普勒成像与监测在大鼠脊髓微循环分析中的应用

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a noninvasive method for blood flow (BF) measurement, which makes it preferable for measuring microcirculatory ...

科研

行为学

Shock Wave Application to Cell Cultures

Shock waves nowadays are well known for their regenerative effects. Basic research findings showed that shock waves do cause a biological stimulus to target cells or tissue without any subsequent damage. Therefore, in vitro experiments are of increasing interest. Various methods of applying shock waves onto cell cultures have been described. In general, all existing models focus on how to best apply shock waves onto cells.
However, this question remains: What happens to the waves after passing the cell culture? The difference of the acoustic impedance of the cell culture medium and the ambient air is that high, that more than 99% of shock waves get reflected! We therefore developed a model that mainly consists of a Plexiglas built container that allows the waves to propagate in water after passing the cell culture. This avoids cavitation effects as well as reflection of the waves that would otherwise disturb upcoming ones. With this model we are able to mimic in vivo conditions and thereby gain more and more knowledge about how the physical stimulus of shock waves gets translated into a biological cell signal (&#8220;mechanotransduction&#34;).

Shock waves nowadays are well known for their regenerative effects. Therefore in vitro experiments are of increasing interest. We therefore developed a model for in vitro shock wave trials (IVSWT) that enables us to mimic in vivo conditions thereby avoiding distracting physical effects.

冲击波应用细胞培养

Shock waves nowadays are well known for their regenerative effects. Basic research findings showed that shock waves do cause a biological stimulus to ...

生物工程

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve

Direct electrical stimulation of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) by cochlear implants (CIs) enables open speech comprehension in the majority of implanted deaf subjects1-6. Nonetheless, sound coding with current CIs has poor frequency and intensity resolution due to broad current spread from each electrode contact activating a large number of SGNs along the tonotopic axis of the cochlea7-9. Optical stimulation is proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation that promises spatially more confined activation of SGNs and, hence, higher frequency resolution of coding. In recent years, direct infrared illumination of&#160;the cochlea has been used to evoke responses in the auditory nerve10. Nevertheless it requires higher energies than electrical stimulation10,11 and uncertainty remains as to the underlying mechanism12. Here we describe a method based on optogenetics to stimulate SGNs with low intensity blue light, using transgenic mice with neuronal expression of channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2)13 or virus-mediated expression of the ChR2-variant CatCh14. We used micro-light emitting diodes (&#181;LEDs) and fiber-coupled lasers to stimulate ChR2-expressing SGNs through a small artificial opening (cochleostomy) or the round window. We assayed the responses by scalp recordings of light-evoked potentials (optogenetic auditory brainstem response: oABR) or by microelectrode recordings from the auditory pathway and compared them with acoustic and electrical stimulation.

Cochlear implants (CIs) enable hearing by direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. However, poor frequency and intensity resolution limits the quality of hearing with CIs. Here we describe optogenetic stimulation of the auditory nerve in mice as an alternative strategy for auditory research and developing future CIs.

听觉神经的光遗传学刺激

Direct electrical stimulation of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) by cochlear implants (CIs) enables open speech comprehension in the majority of implanted ...

神经科学

Evaluating Primary Blast Effects In Vitro

Exposure to blast events can cause severe trauma to vital organs such as the lungs, ears, and brain. Understanding the mechanisms behind such blast-induced injuries is of great importance considering the recent trend towards the use of explosives in modern warfare and terrorist-related incidents. To fully understand blast-induced injury, we must first be able to replicate such blast events in a controlled environment using a reproducible method. In this technique using shock tube equipment, shock waves at a range of pressures can be propagated over live cells grown in 2D, and markers of cell viability can be immediately analyzed using a redox indicator assay and the fluorescent imaging of live and dead cells. This method demonstrated that increasing the peak blast overpressure to 127 kPa can stimulate a significant drop in cell viability when compared to untreated controls. Test samples are not limited to adherent cells, but can include cell suspensions,&#160;whole-body and tissue samples, through minor modifications to the shock tube setup. Replicating the exact conditions that tissues and cells experience when exposed to a genuine blast event is difficult. Techniques such as the one presented in this article can help to define damage thresholds and identify the transcriptional and epigenetic changes within cells that arise from shock wave exposure.

Evaluating Primary Blast Effects In Vitro

Understanding how cells are modulated by exposure to shock waves can help identify the mechanisms behind injuries triggered from blast events. This protocol uses custom-built shock tube equipment to apply shock waves at a range of pressures to cell monolayers and to identify the subsequent effects on cell viability.

评估主要爆炸效果体外

Exposure to blast events can cause severe trauma to vital organs such as the lungs, ears, and brain. Understanding the mechanisms behind such ...

The Mouse Round-window Approach for Ototoxic Agent Delivery: A Rapid and Reliable Technique for Inducing Cochlear Cell Degeneration

Investigators have utilized a wide array of animal models and investigative techniques to study the mammalian auditory system. Much of the basic research involving the cochlea and its associated neural pathways entails exposure of model cochleae to a variety of ototoxic agents. This allows investigators to study the effects of targeted damage to cochlear structures, and in some cases, the self-repair or regeneration of those structures. Various techniques exist for delivery of ototoxic agents to the cochlea. When selecting a particular technique, investigators must consider a number of factors, including the induction of inadvertent systemic toxicity, the amount of cochlear damage produced by the surgical procedure itself, the type of lesion desired, animal survivability, and reproducibility/reliability of results. Currently established techniques include parenteral injection, intra-peritoneal injection, trans-tympanic injection, endolymphatic sac injection, and cochleostomy with perilymphatic perfusion. Each of these methods has been successfully utilized and is well described in the literature; yet, each has various shortcomings. Here, we present a technique for topical application of ototoxic agents directly to the round window niche. This technique is non-invasive to inner ear structures, produces rapid onset of reliably targeted lesions, avoids systemic toxicity, and allows for an intra-animal control (the contra-lateral ear). Results stemming from this approach have helped deeper understanding of auditory pathophysiology, cochlear cell degeneration, and regenerative capacity in response to an acute injury. Future investigations may use this method to conduct interventional studies involving gene therapy and stem cell transplantation to combat hearing loss.

Various methods exist for introducing ototoxic agents to the cochleae of animal models. Presented is a surgical protocol for delivery of ototoxic agents to the round window niche. The procedure is reliable, creates targeted intra-cochlear lesions, and avoids mechanical damage to the microarchitecture. Examination of cochlear self-repair/regeneration is possible.

老鼠圆窗途径耳毒性剂递送:一个快速和可靠的技术诱导耳蜗细胞变性

Investigators have utilized a wide array of animal models and investigative techniques to study the mammalian auditory system. Much of the basic research ...

医学

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in military and civilian populations. Blast traumatic brain injury results from the detonation of explosive devices, however, the mechanisms that underlie the brain damage resulting from blast overpressure exposure are not entirely understood and are believed to be unique to this type of brain injury. Preclinical models are crucial tools that contribute to better understand blast-induced brain injury. A novel in vitro blast TBI model was developed using an open-ended shock tube to simulate real-life open-field blast waves modelled by the Friedlander waveform. C57BL/6N mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures were exposed to single shock waves and the development of injury was characterized up to 72 h using propidium iodide, a well-established fluorescent marker of cell damage that only penetrates cells with compromised cellular membranes. Propidium iodide fluorescence was significantly higher in the slices exposed to a blast wave when compared with sham slices throughout the duration of the protocol. The brain tissue injury is very reproducible and proportional to the peak overpressure of the shock wave applied.

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

This paper describes a novel model of primary blast traumatic brain injury. A compressed-air driven shock tube is used to expose in vitro mouse hippocampal slice cultures to a single shock wave. This is a simple and rapid protocol generating a reproducible brain tissue injury with a high throughput.

一种新的脑外伤体损伤模型

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in military and civilian populations. Blast traumatic brain injury results from the ...

Laser-Induced Brain Injury in the Motor Cortex of Rats

A common technique for inducing stroke in experimental rodent models involves the transient (often denoted as MCAO-t) or permanent (designated as MCAO-p) occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) using a catheter. This generally accepted technique, however, has some limitations, thereby limiting its extensive use. Stroke induction by this method is often characterized by high variability in the localization and size of the ischemic area, periodical occurrences of hemorrhage, and high death rates. Also, the successful completion of any of the transient or permanent procedures requires expertise and often lasts for about 30 minutes. In this protocol, a laser irradiation technique is presented that can serve as an alternative method for inducing and studying brain injury in rodent models.
When compared to rats in the control and MCAO groups, the brain injury by laser induction showed reduced variability in body temperature, infarct volume, brain edema, intracranial hemorrhage, and mortality. Furthermore, the use of a laser-induced injury caused damage to the brain tissues only in the motor cortex unlike in the MCAO experiments where destruction of both the motor cortex and striatal tissues is observed.
Findings from this investigation suggest that laser irradiation could serve as an alternative and effective technique for inducing brain injury in the motor cortex. The method also shortens the time for completing the procedure and does not require expert handlers.

The protocol presented here shows a technique to create a rodent model of brain injury. The method described here uses laser irradiation and targets motor cortex.

大鼠运动皮层中的激光诱发脑损伤

A common technique for inducing stroke in experimental rodent models involves the transient (often denoted as MCAO-t) or permanent (designated as MCAO-p) ...

Low-intensity Blast Wave Model for Preclinical Assessment of Closed-head Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rodents

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a large-scale public health problem. Mild TBI is the most prevalent form of neurotrauma and accounts for a large number of medical visits in the United States. There are currently no FDA-approved treatments available for TBI. The increased incidence of military-related, blast-induced TBI further accentuates the urgent need for effective TBI treatments. Therefore, new preclinical TBI animal models that recapitulate aspects of human blast-related TBI will greatly advance the research efforts into the neurobiological and pathophysiological processes underlying mild to moderate TBI as well as the development of novel therapeutic strategies for TBI.
Here we present a reliable, reproducible model for the investigation of the molecular, cellular, and behavioral effects of mild to moderate blast-induced TBI. We describe a step-by-step protocol for closed-head, blast-induced mild TBI in rodents using a bench-top setup consisting of a gas-driven shock tube equipped with piezoelectric pressure sensors to ensure consistent test conditions. The benefits of the setup that we have established are its relative low-cost, ease of installation, ease of use and high-throughput capacity. Further advantages of this non-invasive TBI model include the scalability of the blast peak overpressure and the generation of controlled reproducible outcomes. The reproducibility and relevance of this TBI model has been evaluated in a number of downstream applications, including neurobiological, neuropathological, neurophysiological and behavioral analyses, supporting the use of this model for the characterization of processes underlying the etiology of mild to moderate TBI.

We present here a protocol of a blast wave model for rodents to investigate neurobiological and pathophysiological effects of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. We established a gas-driven, bench-top setup equipped with pressure sensors allowing for reliable and reproducible generation of blast-induced mild to moderate traumatic brain injury.

低强度冲击波模型用于啮齿动物闭头轻度创伤性脑损伤的临床前评估

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a large-scale public health problem. Mild TBI is the most prevalent form of neurotrauma and accounts for a large number of ...

Development of a Noninvasive, Laser-Assisted Experimental Model of Corneal Endothelial Cell Loss

Nd:YAG lasers have been used to perform noninvasive intraocular surgery, such as capsulotomy for several decades now. The incisive effect relies on the optical breakdown at the laser focus. Acoustic shock waves and cavitation bubbles are generated, causing tissue rupture. Bubble sizes and pressure amplitudes vary with pulse energy and position of the focal point. In this study, enucleated porcine eyes were positioned in front of a commercially available Nd:YAG laser. Variable pulse energies as well as different positions of the focal spots posterior to the cornea were tested. Resulting lesions were evaluated by two-photon microscopy and histology to determine the best parameters for an exclusive detachment of corneal endothelial cells (CEC) with minimum collateral damage. The advantages of this method are the precise ablation of CEC, reduced collateral damage, and above all, the non-contact treatment.

Here, we present a protocol to detach corneal endothelial cells (CEC) from Descemet&#8217;s membrane (DM) using a neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser as an ex vivo disease model for bullous keratopathy (BK).

角膜内皮细胞损失非侵入性激光辅助实验模型的发展

Nd:YAG lasers have been used to perform noninvasive intraocular surgery, such as capsulotomy for several decades now. The incisive effect relies on the ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>用于在小鼠模型中诱导 CNS 损伤的定制超压空气系统

System for Focal, Closed-System Central Nervous System Injury

The prevalence of closed-system central nervous system (CNS) injuries underscores the need for an enhanced understanding of these traumas to improve protective and therapeutic interventions. Crucial to this research are animal models that replicate closed-system CNS injuries. In this context, a custom overpressure air system was engineered to reproduce a range of closed-system CNS injuries in murine models, including ocular, brain, and spinal cord trauma. To date, the system has been used to administer eye-, head-, or spine-directed overpressure air to model anteroposterior pole injury in the eye, indirect traumatic optic neuropathy (ITON), focal traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury. This paper provides a detailed protocol outlining the system&#39;s design and operation and shares representative results demonstrating its effectiveness. The robust framework presented here provides a strong foundation for ongoing research in CNS trauma. By leveraging the system&#8217;s flexible attributes, investigators can modify and carefully control the location, severity, and timing of injuries. This allows for comprehensive comparisons of molecular mechanisms and therapeutic efficacy across multiple closed-system CNS injuries.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦:开发精确且临床相关的模型来研究创伤性视神经病变的继发性变性

This protocol describes a custom overpressure air system designed to induce closed-system central nervous system (CNS) injuries in mice, including ocular, brain, and spinal cord traumas. The goal of this protocol is to provide a framework for researchers to easily adapt and expand the system for their unique CNS trauma studies.

局灶性、闭路系统中枢神经系统损伤系统

The prevalence of closed-system central nervous system (CNS) injuries underscores the need for an enhanced understanding of these traumas to improve ...