<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>使用具有自门控功能的 3T UTE MRI 进行高分辨率肺部成像的方案

<ol>
	<li>Raju, S., Ghosh, S., Mehta, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chest+ct+signs+in+pulmonary+disease:+A+pictorial+review.">Chest ct signs in pulmonary disease: A pictorial review.</a> Chest. 151 (6), 1356-1374 (2017).</li><li>Biederer, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MRI+of+the+lung+(2/3).+Why,+when,+how.">MRI of the lung (2/3). Why, when, how.</a> Insights Imaging. 3 (4), 355-371 (2012).</li><li>Biederer, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MRI+of+the+lung+(3/3)-current+applications+and+future+perspectives.">MRI of the lung (3/3)-current applications and future perspectives.</a> Insights Imaging. 3 (4), 373-386 (2012).</li><li>Johnson, K. M., Fain, S. B., Schiebler, M. L., Nagle, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimized+3D+ultrashort+echo+time+pulmonary+MRI.">Optimized 3D ultrashort echo time pulmonary MRI.</a> Magn Reson Med. 70 (5), 1241-1250 (2013).</li><li>Ma, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-short+echo-time+pulmonary+MRI:+Evaluation+and+reproducibility+in+COPD+subjects+with+and+without+bronchiectasis.">Ultra-short echo-time pulmonary MRI: Evaluation and reproducibility in COPD subjects with and without bronchiectasis.</a> J Magn Reson Imaging. 41 (5), 1465-1474 (2015).</li><li>Roach, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrashort+echo-time+magnetic+resonance+imaging+is+a+sensitive+method+for+the+evaluation+of+early+cystic+fibrosis+lung+disease.">Ultrashort echo-time magnetic resonance imaging is a sensitive method for the evaluation of early cystic fibrosis lung disease.</a> Ann Am Thorac Soc. 13 (11), 1923-1931 (2016).</li><li>Tibiletti, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multistage+three-dimensional+UTE+lung+imaging+by+image-based+self-gating.">Multistage three-dimensional UTE lung imaging by image-based self-gating.</a> Magn Reson Med. 75 (3), 1324-1332 (2016).</li><li>Weick, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dc-gated+high-resolution+three-dimensional+lung+imaging+during+free-breathing.">Dc-gated high-resolution three-dimensional lung imaging during free-breathing.</a> J Magn Reson Imaging. 37 (3), 727-732 (2013).</li><li>Fischer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-gated+non-contrast-enhanced+functional+lung+imaging+(SENCEFUL)+using+a+quasi-random+fast+low-angle+shot+(FLASH)+sequence+and+proton+MRI.">Self-gated non-contrast-enhanced functional lung imaging (SENCEFUL) using a quasi-random fast low-angle shot (FLASH) sequence and proton MRI.</a> NMR Biomed. 27 (8), 907-917 (2014).</li><li>Tibiletti, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Respiratory+self-gated+3D+UTE+for+lung+imaging+in+small+animal+MRI.">Respiratory self-gated 3D UTE for lung imaging in small animal MRI.</a> Magn Reson Med. 78 (2), 739-745 (2017).</li><li>Jiang, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motion+robust+high+resolution+3D+free-breathing+pulmonary+MRI+using+dynamic+3D+image+self-navigator.">Motion robust high resolution 3D free-breathing pulmonary MRI using dynamic 3D image self-navigator.</a> Magn Reson Med. 79 (6), 2954-2967 (2018).</li><li>Higano, N. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retrospective+respiratory+self-gating+and+removal+of+bulk+motion+in+pulmonary+UTE+MRI+of+neonates+and+adults.">Retrospective respiratory self-gating and removal of bulk motion in pulmonary UTE MRI of neonates and adults.</a> Magn Reson Med. 77 (3), 1284-1295 (2016).</li><li>Metze, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-uniform+self-gating+in+2D+lung+imaging.">Non-uniform self-gating in 2D lung imaging.</a> Front Phys. 10, (2022).</li><li>Gandhi, D. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+weighting+algorithms+to+mitigate+respiratory+motion+in+free-breathing+neonatal+pulmonary+radial+UTE-MRI.">Comparison of weighting algorithms to mitigate respiratory motion in free-breathing neonatal pulmonary radial UTE-MRI.</a> Biomed Phys Eng Express. 10 (3), 035030 (2024).</li><li>Fauveau, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Performance+of+spiral+UTE-MRI+of+the+lung+in+post-covid+patients.">Performance of spiral UTE-MRI of the lung in post-covid patients.</a> Magn Reson Imaging. 96, 135-143 (2023).</li><li>Metz, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+diagnostic+quality+of+3D+ultrashort-echo-time+techniques+for+pulmonary+magnetic+resonance+imaging+in+free-breathing.">Comparison of diagnostic quality of 3D ultrashort-echo-time techniques for pulmonary magnetic resonance imaging in free-breathing.</a> Acta Radiologica. 64 (5), 1851-1858 (2023).</li><li>Periaswamy, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+ultrashort+TE+lung+MRI+and+HRCT+lungs+for+detection+of+pulmonary+nodules+in+oncology+patients.">Comparison of ultrashort TE lung MRI and HRCT lungs for detection of pulmonary nodules in oncology patients.</a> Indian J Radiol Imaging. 32 (04), 497-504 (2022).</li><li>Dar&#231;ot, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+between+magnetic+resonance+imaging+and+computed+tomography+in+the+detection+and+volumetric+assessment+of+lung+nodules:+A+prospective+study.">Comparison between magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in the detection and volumetric assessment of lung nodules: A prospective study.</a> Frontiers in Medicine. 9, 858731 (2022).</li><li>Dournes, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+ultrashort+echo+time+MRI+of+the+lung+using+stack-of-spirals+and+spherical+k-space+coverages:+Evaluation+in+healthy+volunteers+and+parenchymal+diseases.">3D ultrashort echo time MRI of the lung using stack-of-spirals and spherical k-space coverages: Evaluation in healthy volunteers and parenchymal diseases.</a> J Magn Reson Imaging. 48 (6), 1489-1497 (2018).</li><li>Campbell-Washburn, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2019+American+Thoracic+Society+Bear+Cage+winning+proposal:+Lung+imaging+using+high-performance+low-field+magnetic+resonance+imaging.">2019 American Thoracic Society Bear Cage winning proposal: Lung imaging using high-performance low-field magnetic resonance imaging.</a> Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 201 (11), 1333-1336 (2020).</li><li>Robison, R. K., Anderson, A. G., Pipe, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+ultrashort+echo-time+imaging+using+a+FLORET+trajectory.">Three-dimensional ultrashort echo-time imaging using a FLORET trajectory.</a> Magn Reson Med. 78 (3), 1038-1049 (2017).</li><li>Willmering, M. M., Robison, R. K., Wang, H., Pipe, J. G., Woods, J. 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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+lung+T2*+during+free-breathing+at+1.5+T+and+3.0+T+with+ultrashort+echo+time+imaging.">Comparison of lung T2* during free-breathing at 1.5 T and 3.0 T with ultrashort echo time imaging.</a> Magn Reson Med. 66 (1), 248-254 (2011).</li><li>Otsu, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+threshold+selection+method+from+gray-level+histograms.">A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms.</a> IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern. 9 (1), 62-66 (1979).</li><li>Martin Uecker, F. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Berkely+advanced+reconstruction+toolbox.">Berkely advanced reconstruction toolbox.</a> Proc Intl Soc Magn Reson Med. 23, 2486 (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Bart Toolbox for Computational Magnetic Resonance Imaging. , (2024).</li><li>Munidasa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Treatment monitoring of pediatric cystic fibrosis lung disease using free breathing lung MRI. , (2024).</li><li>Zhu, X., Chan, M., Lustig, M., Johnson, K. M., Larson, P. E. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iterative+motion-compensation+reconstruction+ultra-short+TE+(IMOCO+UTE)+for+high-resolution+free-breathing+pulmonary+MRI.">Iterative motion-compensation reconstruction ultra-short TE (IMOCO UTE) for high-resolution free-breathing pulmonary MRI.</a> Magn Reson Med. 83 (4), 1208-1221 (2020).</li><li>Tan, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motion-compensated+low-rank+reconstruction+for+simultaneous+structural+and+functional+UTE+lung+MRI.">Motion-compensated low-rank reconstruction for simultaneous structural and functional UTE lung MRI.</a> Magn Reson Med. 90 (3), 1101-1113 (2023).</li><li>Bhattacharya, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxygen-enhanced+functional+lung+imaging+using+a+contemporary+0.55+T+MRI+system.">Oxygen-enhanced functional lung imaging using a contemporary 0.55 T MRI system.</a> NMR Biomed. 34 (8), e4562 (2021).</li><li>Kim, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Feasibility+of+dynamic+T2*-based+oxygen-enhanced+lung+MRI+at+3T.">Feasibility of dynamic T2*-based oxygen-enhanced lung MRI at 3T.</a> Magn Reson Med. 91 (3), 972-986 (2024).</li><li>Klime&#353;, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+phase-resolved+functional+lung+ventilation+MR+imaging+in+healthy+volunteers+and+patients+with+chronic+pulmonary+disease.">3D phase-resolved functional lung ventilation MR imaging in healthy volunteers and patients with chronic pulmonary disease.</a> Magn Reson Med. 85 (2), 912-925 (2021).</li></ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Chest MRI Coil</td>
			<td>Siemens, GE, Philips,, Other Clinical MRI Imaging Coil Vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>A 26 - 32 channel Chest coil should be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Performance Workstation</td>
			<td>HP, Apple, or other Computer Hardware company</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>A computer with a minimum of 64 GB of Memory is needed for image reconstruction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matlab</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td>R2016A or newer</td>
			<td>A Matlab license is needed to run the provided computer code</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MRI Phantom</td>
			<td>Siemens, GE, Philips, or Other MRI Phantom Vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Any Phantom can be used to test the MRI sequence prior to its use in human subjects.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MRI Scanner</td>
			<td>Siemens, GE, Philips, or Other Clinical MRI Scanner Vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>The protocol was developed on a 3T scanner, but 1.5T or 0.55T would also work with minimal adaptation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

pulmonary structural mri using free-breathing, self-gated ultra-short echo time imaging

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦：使用计算高效的重建方法优化肺 MRI 方案

使用自由呼吸、自门控超短回声时间成像的肺部结构 MRI 

High quality MRI of the lungs is challenged by low tissue density, fast MRI signal relaxation, and respiratory and cardiac motion. For these reasons, ...

pulmonary-structural-mri-using-free-breathing-self-gated-ultra-short

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Pulmonary Structural MRI using Free-Breathing, Self-Gated Ultra-short Echo Time Imaging

246 次观看.  University of Kansas Medical Center. 我的研究集中在用于肺结构和功能成像的 MRI 方法的开发和应用。我们想了解如何最好地对肺部进行成像，然后使用这些技术来了解肺部健康和疾病。肺部 MRI 是一个快速发展的领域。研究人员正在研究收集不同气体制剂 MRI 的新方法，以及使用传统 MRI 对肺结构和功能进行成像的新方法。结构 MRI 已经取得了长足的进步，出现了各种减轻运动和?...

视频: 作者聚焦：使用计算高效的重建方法优化肺 MRI 方案

Contrast Enhanced Vessel Imaging using MicroCT

Microscopic computed tomography (microCT) offers high-resolution volumetric imaging of the anatomy of living small animals. However, the contrast between different soft tissues and body fluids is inherently poor in micro-CT images 1. Under these circumstances, visualization of blood vessels becomes a nearly impossible task. To overcome this and to improve the visualization of blood vessels exogenous contrast agents can be used. Herein, we present a methodology for visualizing the vascular network in a rodent model. By using a long-acting aqueous colloidal polydisperse iodinated blood-pool contrast agent, eXIA 160XL, we optimized image acquisition parameters and volume-rendering techniques for finding blood vessels in live animals. Our findings suggest that, to achieve a superior contrast between bone and soft tissue from vessel, multiple-frames (at least 5-8/ frames per view), and 360-720 views (for a full 360&deg; rotation) acquisitions were mandatory. We have also demonstrated the use of a two-dimensional transfer function (where voxel color and opacity was assigned in proportion to CT value and gradient magnitude), in visualizing the anatomy and highlighting the structure of interest, the blood vessel network. This promising work lays a foundation for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of anti-angiogenesis preclinical studies using transgenic or xenograft tumor-bearing mice.

Contrast enhanced small animal vessel imaging by microCT is a rapid, cost-effective and high-throughput technique for serial in situ examination for tumor development, for analyzing the network of blood vessels that nourish them, and for following the response of tumors to preclinical therapeutic intervention(s).

增强容器成像MicroCT

Microscopic computed tomography (microCT) offers high-resolution volumetric imaging of the anatomy of living small animals. However, the contrast between ...

科研

医学

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling

This demonstrates a MR imaging method to measure the spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow in healthy subjects 
during normoxia (inspired O2, fraction (FIO2) = 0.21) hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.125), and hyperoxia 
(FIO2 = 1.00). In addition, the physiological responses of the subject are monitored in the MR scan environment. MR images 
were obtained on a 1.5 T GE MRI scanner during a breath hold from a sagittal slice in the right lung at functional residual capacity. An arterial 
spin labeling sequence (ASL-FAIRER) was used to measure the spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow 1,2 and a multi-echo fast 
gradient echo (mGRE) sequence 3 was used to quantify the regional proton (i.e. H2O) density, allowing the quantification 
of density-normalized perfusion for each voxel (milliliters blood per minute per gram lung tissue). 
With a pneumatic switching valve and facemask equipped with a 2-way non-rebreathing valve, different oxygen concentrations 
were introduced to the subject in the MR scanner through the inspired gas tubing. A metabolic cart collected expiratory gas via expiratory tubing. Mixed expiratory O2 and CO2 concentrations, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratio, 
respiratory frequency and tidal volume were measured. Heart rate and oxygen saturation were monitored using pulse-oximetry. 
Data obtained from a normal subject showed that, as expected, heart rate was higher in hypoxia (60 bpm) than during normoxia (51) or hyperoxia (50) and the arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) was reduced during hypoxia to 86%. Mean ventilation was 8.31 L/min BTPS during hypoxia, 7.04 L/min during normoxia, and 6.64 L/min during hyperoxia. Tidal volume was 0.76 L during hypoxia, 0.69 L during normoxia, and 0.67 L during hyperoxia. 
Representative quantified ASL data showed that the mean density normalized perfusion was 8.86 ml/min/g during hypoxia, 8.26 ml/min/g during normoxia and 8.46 ml/min/g during hyperoxia, respectively. In this subject, the relative dispersion4, an index of global heterogeneity, was increased in hypoxia (1.07 during hypoxia, 0.85 during normoxia, and 0.87 during hyperoxia) while the fractal dimension (Ds), another index of heterogeneity reflecting vascular branching structure, was unchanged (1.24 during hypoxia, 1.26 during normoxia, and 1.26 during hyperoxia). 
Overview. This protocol will demonstrate the acquisition of data to measure the distribution of pulmonary perfusion noninvasively under conditions of normoxia, hypoxia, and hyperoxia using a magnetic resonance imaging technique known as arterial spin labeling (ASL). 
Rationale: Measurement of pulmonary blood flow and lung proton density using MR technique offers high spatial resolution images which can be quantified and the ability to perform repeated measurements under several different physiological conditions. In human studies, PET, SPECT, and CT are commonly used as the alternative techniques. However, these techniques involve exposure to ionizing radiation, and thus are not suitable for repeated measurements in human subjects.

A MR imaging method to study the distribution of pulmonary blood flow under a variety of physiological conditions, in this case exposure to three different inspired oxygen concentrations: hypoxia, normoxia, and hyperoxia, is described. This technique utilizes human pulmonary physiology research techniques in an MR scanning environment.

使用校准动脉自旋标记磁共振肺灌注显像定量

This demonstrates a MR imaging method to measure the spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow in healthy subjects 
during normoxia (inspired O2, ...

Evaluation of Nanoparticle Uptake in Tumors in Real Time Using Intravital Imaging

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle uptake in tumors at the microscopic level1,2,3, highlighting the utility of a suitable xenograft model in which to perform detailed uptake analyses. Here, we use high-resolution intravital imaging to evaluate nanoparticle uptake in human tumor xenografts in a modified, shell-less chicken embryo model. The chicken embryo model is particularly well-suited for these in vivo analyses because it supports the growth of human tumors, is relatively inexpensive and does not require anesthetization or surgery 4,5. Tumor cells form fully vascularized xenografts within 7 days when implanted into the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) 6. The resulting tumors are visualized by non-invasive real-time, high-resolution imaging that can be maintained for up to 72 hours with little impact on either the host or tumor systems. Nanoparticles with a wide range of sizes and formulations administered distal to the tumor can be visualized and quantified as they flow through the bloodstream, extravasate from leaky tumor vasculature, and accumulate at the tumor site. We describe here the analysis of nanoparticles derived from Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) decorated with near-infrared fluorescent dyes and/or polyethylene glycol polymers (PEG) 7, 8, 9,10,11. Upon intravenous administration, these viral nanoparticles are rapidly internalized by endothelial cells, resulting in global labeling of the vasculature both outside and within the tumor7,12. PEGylation of the viral nanoparticles increases their plasma half-life, extends their time in the circulation, and ultimately enhances their accumulation in tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect 7, 10,11. The rate and extent of accumulation of nanoparticles in a tumor is measured over time using image analysis software. This technique provides a method to both visualize and quantify nanoparticle dynamics in human tumors.

We present a novel approach to quantify nanoparticle localization in the vasculature of human xenografted tumors using dynamic, real-time intravital imaging in an avian embryo model.

使用实时活体成像在肿瘤纳米粒子吸收的评价

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle ...

MRI-guided Disruption of the Blood-brain Barrier using Transcranial Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a significant obstacle to pharmaceutical treatments of brain disorders as it limits the passage of molecules from the vasculature into the brain tissue to molecules less than approximately 500 Da in size6. FUS induced BBB disruption (BBBD) is temporary and reversible4 and has an advantage over chemical means of inducing BBBD by being highly localized. FUS induced BBBD provides a means for investigating the effects of a wide range of therapeutic agents on the brain, which would not otherwise be deliverable to the tissue in sufficient concentration. While a wide range of ultrasound parameters have proven successful at disrupting the BBB2,5,7, there are several critical steps in the experimental procedure to ensure successful disruption with accurate targeting. This protocol outlines how to achieve MRI-guided FUS induced BBBD in a rat model, with a focus on the critical animal preparation and microbubble handling steps of the experiment.

Microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a promising technique for non-invasive targeted drug delivery in the brain1-3. This protocol outlines the experimental procedure for MRI-guided transcranial BBB disruption in a rat model.

MRI引导下的破坏血脑屏障在大鼠模型经颅聚焦超声

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a ...

MRI and PET in Mouse Models of Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death in the Western world. The similarity of the mouse heart to the human heart has made it an ideal model for testing novel therapeutic strategies.
In vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gives excellent views of the heart noninvasively with clear anatomical detail, which can be used for accurate functional assessment. Contrast agents can provide basic measures of tissue viability but these are nonspecific. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a complementary technique that is highly specific for molecular imaging, but lacks the anatomical detail of MRI. Used together, these techniques offer a sensitive, specific and quantitative tool for the assessment of the heart in disease and recovery following treatment.
In this paper we explain how these methods are carried out in mouse models of acute myocardial infarction. The procedures described here were designed for the assessment of putative protective drug treatments. We used MRI to measure systolic function and infarct size with late gadolinium enhancement, and PET with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to assess metabolic function in the infarcted region. The paper focuses on practical aspects such as slice planning, accurate gating, drug delivery, segmentation of images, and multimodal coregistration. The methods presented here achieve good repeatability and accuracy maintaining a high throughput.

We describe how to perform MRI and PET imaging of the mouse heart. The protocol is tailored to assess treatment efficacy in models of myocardial infarction and heart failure.

MRI和PET心肌梗死小鼠模型

Myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death in the Western world. The similarity of the mouse heart to the human heart has made it an ...

Candida albicans Biofilm Development on Medically-relevant Foreign Bodies in a Mouse Subcutaneous Model Followed by Bioluminescence Imaging

Candida albicans biofilm development on biotic and/or abiotic surfaces represents a specific threat for hospitalized patients. So far, C. albicans biofilms have been studied predominantly in vitro but there is a crucial need for better understanding of this dynamic process under in vivo conditions. We developed an in vivo subcutaneous rat model to study C. albicans biofilm formation. In our model, multiple (up to 9) Candida-infected devices are implanted to the back part of the animal. This gives us a major advantage over the central venous catheter model system as it allows us to study several independent biofilms in one animal. Recently, we adapted this model to study C. albicans biofilm development in BALB/c mice. In this model, mature C. albicans biofilms develop within 48 hr and demonstrate the typical three-dimensional biofilm architecture. The quantification of fungal biofilm is traditionally analyzed post mortem and requires host sacrifice. Because this requires the use of many animals to perform kinetic studies, we applied non-invasive bioluminescence imaging (BLI) to longitudinally follow up in vivo mature C. albicans biofilms developing in our subcutaneous model. C. albicans cells were engineered to express the Gaussia princeps luciferase gene (gLuc) attached to the cell wall. The bioluminescence signal is produced by the luciferase that converts the added substrate coelenterazine into light that can be measured. The BLI signal resembled cell counts obtained from explanted catheters. Non-invasive imaging for quantifying in vivo biofilm formation provides immediate applications for the screening and validation of antifungal drugs under in vivo conditions, as well as for studies based on host-pathogen interactions, hereby contributing to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of catheter-associated infections.

Candida albicans Biofilm Development on Medically-relevant Foreign Bodies in a Mouse Subcutaneous Model Followed by Bioluminescence Imaging

We present an experimental procedure of Candida albicans biofilm development in a mouse subcutaneous model. Fungal biofilms were quantified by determining the number of colony forming units and by a non-invasive bioluminescence imaging, where the amount of light that is produced corresponds with the number of viable cells.

白色念珠菌生物膜发展在医学上，国外相关机构在小鼠皮下型号其次是生物发光成像

Candida albicans biofilm development on biotic and/or abiotic surfaces represents a specific threat for hospitalized patients. So far, C. albicans ...

MRI Mapping of Cerebrovascular Reactivity via Gas Inhalation Challenges

The brain is a spatially heterogeneous and temporally dynamic organ, with different regions requiring different amount of blood supply at different time. Therefore, the ability of the blood vessels to dilate or constrict, known as Cerebral-Vascular-Reactivity (CVR), represents an important domain of vascular function. An imaging marker representing this dynamic property will provide new information of cerebral vessels under normal and diseased conditions such as stroke, dementia, atherosclerosis, small vessel diseases, brain tumor, traumatic brain injury, and multiple sclerosis. In order to perform this type of measurement in humans, it is necessary to deliver a vasoactive stimulus such as CO2 and/or O2 gas mixture while quantitative brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) are being collected. In this work, we presented a MR compatible gas-delivery system and the associated protocol that allow the delivery of special gas mixtures (e.g., O2, CO2, N2, and their combinations) while the subject is lying inside the MRI scanner. This system is relatively simple, economical, and easy to use, and the experimental protocol allows accurate mapping of CVR in both healthy volunteers and patients with neurological disorders. This approach has the potential to be used in broad clinical applications and in better understanding of brain vascular pathophysiology. In the video, we demonstrate how to set up the system inside an MRI suite and how to perform a complete experiment on a human participant.

Non-invasive imaging of the brain vasculature&#8217;s ability to dilate or constrict may allow a better understanding of cerebrovascular pathophysiology in various neurological diseases. The present report describes a reproducible and patient-comfortable protocol to perform vascular reactivity imaging in humans using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

脑血管反应性通过气体吸入挑战MRI映射

The brain is a spatially heterogeneous and temporally dynamic organ, with different regions requiring different amount of blood supply at different time. ...

Simultaneous PET/MRI Imaging During Mouse Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Dynamic changes in tissue water diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after hypoxia in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia reflecting a bioenergetics disturbance in affected cells. Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identifies regions that are damaged, potentially irreversibly, by hypoxia-ischemia. Alterations in glucose utilization in the affected tissue may be detectable by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-&#7429;-glucose ([18F]FDG) uptake. Due to the rapid and variable nature of injury in this animal model, acquisition of both modes of data must be performed simultaneously in order to meaningfully correlate PET and MRI data. In addition, inter-animal variability in the hypoxic-ischemic injury due to vascular differences limits the ability to analyze multi-modal data and observe changes to a group-wise approach if data is not acquired simultaneously in individual subjects. The method presented here allows one to acquire both diffusion-weighted MRI and [18F]FDG uptake data in the same animal before, during, and after the hypoxic challenge in order to interrogate immediate physiological changes.

The method presented here uses simultaneous positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In the cerebral hypoxia-ischemia model, dynamic changes in diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after injury. The evolving and irreproducible damage in this model necessitates simultaneous acquisition if meaningful multi-modal imaging data are to be acquired.

同时PET / MRI成像在小鼠脑缺氧缺血

Dynamic changes in tissue water diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after hypoxia in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia reflecting a bioenergetics ...

Real-time X-ray Imaging of Lung Fluid Volumes in Neonatal Mouse Lung

At birth, the lung undergoes a profound phenotypic switch from secretion to absorption, which allows for adaptation to breathing independently. Promoting and sustaining this phenotype is critically important in normal alveolar growth and gas exchange throughout life. Several in vitro studies have characterized the role of key regulatory proteins, signaling molecules, and steroid hormones that can influence the rate of lung fluid clearance. However, in vivo examinations must be performed to evaluate whether these regulatory factors play important physiological roles in regulating perinatal lung liquid absorption. As such, the utilization of real time X-ray imaging to determine perinatal lung fluid clearance, or pulmonary edema, represents a technological advancement in the field. Herein, we explain and illustrate an approach to assess the rate of alveolar lung fluid clearance and alveolar flooding in C57BL/6 mice at post natal day 10 using X-ray imaging and analysis. Successful implementation of this protocol requires prior approval from institutional animal care and use committees (IACUC), an in vivo small animal X-ray imaging system, and compatible molecular imaging software.

We present a protocol to assess the rate of alveolar fluid clearance or pulmonary edema in neonatal mouse lung using X-ray imaging technology.

在新生小鼠肺肺流体体积的实时X射线成像

At birth, the lung undergoes a profound phenotypic switch from secretion to absorption, which allows for adaptation to breathing independently. Promoting ...

Extended Time-lapse Intravital Imaging of Real-time Multicellular Dynamics in the Tumor Microenvironment

In the tumor microenvironment, host stromal cells interact with tumor cells to promote tumor progression, angiogenesis, tumor cell dissemination and metastasis. Multicellular interactions in the tumor microenvironment can lead to transient events including directional tumor cell motility and vascular permeability. Quantification of tumor vascular permeability has frequently used end-point experiments to measure extravasation of vascular dyes. However, due to the transient nature of multicellular interactions and vascular permeability, the kinetics of these dynamic events cannot be discerned. By labeling cells and vasculature with injectable dyes or fluorescent proteins, high-resolution time-lapse intravital microscopy has allowed the direct, real-time visualization of transient events in the tumor microenvironment. Here we describe a method for using multiphoton microscopy to perform extended intravital imaging in live mice to directly visualize multicellular dynamics in the tumor microenvironment. This method details cellular labeling strategies, the surgical preparation of a mammary skin flap, the administration of injectable dyes or proteins by tail vein catheter and the acquisition of time-lapse images. The time-lapse sequences obtained from this method facilitate the visualization and quantitation of the kinetics of cellular events of motility and vascular permeability in the tumor microenvironment.

This protocol describes the use of multiphoton microscopy to perform extended time-lapse imaging of multicellular interactions in real time, in vivo at single cell resolution.

实时多细胞动力学延长时间推移活体成像在肿瘤微环境

In the tumor microenvironment, host stromal cells interact with tumor cells to promote tumor progression, angiogenesis, tumor cell dissemination and ...