这项工作是支持部分由美国国立癌症研究所奖5R01CA133229 - 03。

1。动物注射静脉注射尾静脉注射前，尾部皮肤，应清洗与杀菌的目的异丙醇磨砂。然后应注射0.2 mL/20 g的20毫克碘/毫升的碘bloodpool造影剂（能天使160XL; Binito生物医学公司，ON，加拿大渥太华）通过使用低死腔静脉远端尾半消委会ü小鼠-100 28G半胰岛素注射器（＃329461产品，碧迪公司，新泽西州，美国）。 2。动物的制备注射10分钟后，动物应准备microCT成像。首先，动物应麻醉在使用2％异氟醚在每分钟2.5升的速度在100％的氧气箱。应适用于一个眼润滑软膏，以防止在麻醉角膜干燥。体温应保持在37 ° C散热片。 3。 MicroCT成像小鼠，然后应在microCT单位能够执行活体动物扫描扫描。为了尽量减少运动伪影和稳定，老鼠可以被放置在提供空气和排气（Numira生物科学，盐湖城，UT斯达康）市售的多模腔。为了避免动物在低温情节microCT扫描，凝胶垫（热冷疗梅开二度，CVS药房Woonsocket，RI），脚尖暖（热厂，Vista中，加利福尼亚州）或Thermipaq粘土垫（热离子，斯普林菲尔德，IL），可使用。这些加热垫下放置泡沫床鼠标保持在37 ° C，同时避免与动物直接接触。使用小动物的监测和门控系统，如SA，德州仪器（石溪分校，纽约州）的动物，应监测生命体征，如体温，呼吸和心率。 下面的成像协议可以作为一个准则，以帮助确定合适的扫描参数为任何microCT单位。在本实验中使用的动物进行扫描，在一个容积CT扫描仪GE的93微米的分辨率探索轨迹（通用电气医疗集团，伦敦，安大略省）。这容积扫描仪采用Feldkamp锥形束重建的3500 x 1750 CCD探测器。平台独立的电流，电压和曝光时间参数保持不变，分别在450μA，80 KVP和100毫秒，。曝光时间的标准参数，每个视图的若干意见框架可以是多种多样的，可能是100毫秒，5-8，360-720，分别与总扫描时间约20分钟。图像重建与制造商的专有EVSBeam软件。 4。图像渲染重建microCT数据可用于先进的等值面，一维，或传递函数二维渲染图像，使用Seg3D图像处理软件（Seg3D <a href="http://www.sci.utah.edu/cibc/software">，</a> http://www.sci.utah.edu/cibc/software） 。 5。代表性的成果 eXIA160XL扫描方法一节中提到的设置一个野生型小鼠，请参阅附图。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2377/2377fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1。使用Seg3D图像处理软件（Seg3D，创建一个野生型小鼠的二维传输功能（2DTF）渲染<a href="http://www.sci.utah.edu/cibc/software">图像</a> http://www.sci.utah.edu/cibc/software） 。 eXIA160XL动物注射10分钟后microCT在93微米与方法一节中提到的设置等轴测分辨率扫描。 视频1。二维传递函数（2DTF）渲染的360 °旋转使用Imagevis3D图像处理软件（Imagevis3D，http://www.sci.utah.edu/cibc/software）创建一个野生型小鼠的电影。 eXIA160XL动物注射10分钟后microCT在93微米与方法一节中提到的设置等轴测分辨率扫描。 <a href="/files/ftp_upload/2377/2377_Suresh_Prajapati_Representative_Results.mov">点击此处观看视频</a>

<ol>
	<li>Holdsworth, D. W., Thornton, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micro-CT+in+small+animal+and+specimen+imaging.">Micro-CT in small animal and specimen imaging.</a> Trends in Biotechnology. 20, 417-424 (2002).</li><li>Kindlmann, G. L., Weinstein, D. M., Jones, G. M., Johnson, C. R., Capecchi, M. R., Keller, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Practical+Vessel+Imaging+by+Computed+Tomography+in+Live+Transgenic+Mouse+Models+for+Human+Tumors.">Practical Vessel Imaging by Computed Tomography in Live Transgenic Mouse Models for Human Tumors.</a> Molecular Imaging. 4, 417-424 (2005).</li></ol>

根据实验动物的照顾和使用指引，所有动物的程序进行，被批准的机构动物护理和使用委员会（IACUC）在得克萨斯大学健康科学中心在圣安东尼奥大学。

这种增强血管成像使用microCT技术的首要目标是提供高质量数据集的分析在活体小鼠的血管网络生成的最佳方法。对于microCT更好的信号噪声比软组织是由较长的扫描时间实现意见和按次 2帧的数量增加数字成像，。 船只识别严重依赖准确的软组织鉴定，并从骨分化后。能天使160XL是碘基于属性无线电高度不透明的财产和密度是不同形式的软组织和骨的。这使得它方便，...

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contrast enhanced vessel imaging using microct

显微计算机断层扫描（microCT）提供高分辨率容积成像的生活小动物的解剖结构。然而，本质上是不同的软组织和体液之间的对比差，微型CT图像1。在这种情况下，血管的可视化将成为一个几乎不可能完成的任务。为了克服这一外生造影剂可用于改善血管的可视化。在这里，我们提出了一个可视化在啮齿类动物模型的血管网的方法。通过使用一种长效的水性胶体多分散碘化血池造影剂，能天使160XL，我们发现在活的动物血管的图像采集参数和体积渲染技术优化。我们的研究结果表明，实现了出色的对比度血管的骨和软组织之间，多帧（至少5-8 /每帧视图），360-720意见（一个完整的360 °旋转）收购是强制性的。我们也展示了一个两维的传递函数的使用（体素的颜色和透明度是在CT值和梯度幅度按比例分配），在可视化的解剖和突出的利息，血管网络结构。这个有前途的工作奠定了使用转基因或异种荷瘤小鼠的抗血管生成的临床前研究的定性和定量评估的基础。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Contrast Enhanced Vessel Imaging using MicroCT at JoVE.com

Contrast Enhanced Vessel Imaging using MicroCT

对比度增强小动物microCT血管成像是一种快速，成本效益和高吞吐量的串行技术<em&gt;原位</em&gt;检查肿瘤的发展，分析血管，滋养他们的网络，并为干预治疗的临床前研究（S）以下的肿瘤的反应。

增强容器成像MicroCT

Microscopic computed tomography (microCT) offers high-resolution volumetric imaging of the anatomy of living small animals. However, the contrast between ...

contrast-enhanced-vessel-imaging-using-microct

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.5K 次观看.  University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. 对比度增强小动物microCT血管成像是一种快速，成本效益和高吞吐量的串行技术原位检查肿瘤的发展，分析血管，滋养他们的网络，并为干预治疗的临床前研究（S）以下的肿瘤的反应。

视频: Contrast Enhanced Vessel Imaging using MicroCT

In vivo Macrophage Imaging Using MR Targeted Contrast Agent for Longitudinal Evaluation of Septic Arthritis

Macrophages are key-cells in the initiation, the development and the regulation of the inflammatory response to bacterial infection. Macrophages are intensively and increasingly recruited in septic joints from the early phases of infection and the infiltration is supposed to regress once efficient removal of the pathogens is obtained. The ability to identify in vivo macrophage activity in an infected joint can therefore provide two main applications: early detection of acute synovitis and monitoring of therapy.
In vivo noninvasive detection of macrophages can be performed with magnetic resonance imaging using iron nanoparticles such as ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO). After intravascular or intraarticular administration, USPIO are specifically phagocytized by activated macrophages, and, due to their magnetic properties, induce signal changes in tissues presenting macrophage infiltration. A quantitative evaluation of the infiltrate is feasible, as the area with signal loss (number of dark pixels) observed on gradient echo MR images after particles injection is correlated with the amount of iron within the tissue and therefore reflects the number of USPIO-loaded cells.
We present here a protocol to perform macrophage imaging using USPIO-enhanced MR imaging in an animal model of septic arthritis, allowing an initial and longitudinal in vivo noninvasive evaluation of macrophages infiltration and an assessment of therapy action.

In vivo Macrophage Imaging Using MR Targeted Contrast Agent for Longitudinal Evaluation of Septic Arthritis

We demonstrate how to perform macrophage MR imaging using ultrasmall superparamagnetic contrast agent (USPIO) in septic arthritis, allowing an initial and longitudinal in vivo non-invasive evaluation of macrophages infiltration and an assessment of therapy efficacy.

在体内的巨噬细胞成像采用MR靶向造影剂化脓性关节炎的纵向评价

Macrophages are key-cells in the initiation, the development and the regulation of the inflammatory response to bacterial infection. Macrophages are ...

科研

医学

MR Molecular Imaging of Prostate Cancer with a Small Molecular CLT1 Peptide Targeted Contrast Agent

Tumor extracellular matrix has abundance of cancer related proteins that can be used as biomarkers for cancer molecular imaging. In this work, we demonstrated effective MR cancer molecular imaging with a small molecular peptide targeted Gd-DOTA monoamide complex as a targeted MRI contrast agent specific to clotted plasma proteins in tumor stroma. We performed the experiment of evaluating the effectiveness of the agent for non-invasive detection of prostate tumor with MRI in a mouse orthotopic PC-3 prostate cancer model. The targeted contrast agent was effective to produce significant tumor contrast enhancement at a low dose of 0.03 mmol Gd/kg. The peptide targeted MRI contrast agent is promising for MR molecular imaging of prostate tumor.

To demonstrate MR cancer molecular imaging with a small peptide targeted MRI contrast agent specific to clotted plasma proteins in tumor stroma in a mouse prostate cancer model.

前列腺癌与小分子肽CLT1靶向造影剂的磁共振分子成像

Tumor extracellular  matrix has abundance of cancer related proteins that can be used as biomarkers  for cancer molecular imaging. In this work,  we ...

Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

Certain classes of chemotherapies may exert acute vascular changes that may progress into long-term conditions that may predispose the patient to an increased risk of vascular morbidity.&#160;Yet, albeit&#160;the mounting clinical evidence, there is a paucity of clear studies of vascular toxicity and therefore the etiology of a heterogeneous group of vascular/cardiovascular disorders remains to be elucidated. Moreover, the mechanism that may underlie vascular toxicity can completely differ from the principles of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity, which is related to direct myocyte injury. We have established a real-time, in vivo molecular imaging platform&#160;to evaluate&#160;the potential&#160;acute&#160;vascular toxicity of anti-cancer therapies.
We have set up a platform of in vivo, high-resolution molecular imaging&#160;in mice,&#160;suitable for visualizing vasculature within confined organs and reference blood vessels within the same individuals whereas each individual serve as its own control. Blood vessel walls were impaired after doxorubicin administration, representing a unique mechanism of vascular toxicity that may be the early event in end-organ injury. Herein, the method of fibered confocal fluorescent microscopy (FCFM) based imaging is described, which provides an innovative mode to understand physiological phenomena at the cellular and sub-cellular levels in animal subjects.

Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

We herein describe the method of fibered confocal fluorescent microscopy (FCFM) based imaging, which provides an innovative mode to understand physiological phenomena at the cellular and sub-cellular levels in animal subjects.

化疗引起的血管毒性 - 实时<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;船舶减值成像

Certain classes of chemotherapies may exert acute vascular changes that may progress into long-term conditions that may predispose the patient to an ...

Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging for Assessment of Spinal Cord Blood Flow in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury

Reduced spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) (i.e., ischemia) plays a key role in traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) pathophysiology and is accordingly an important target for neuroprotective therapies. Although several techniques have been described to assess SCBF, they all have significant limitations. To overcome the latter, we propose the use of real-time contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging (CEU). Here we describe the application of this technique in a rat contusion model of SCI. A jugular catheter is first implanted for the repeated injection of contrast agent, a sodium chloride solution of sulphur hexafluoride encapsulated microbubbles. The spine is then stabilized with a custom-made 3D-frame and the spinal cord dura mater is exposed by a laminectomy at ThIX-ThXII. The ultrasound probe is then positioned at the posterior aspect of the dura mater (coated with ultrasound gel). To assess baseline SCBF, a single intravenous injection (400 &#181;l) of contrast agent is applied to record its passage through the intact spinal cord microvasculature. A weight-drop device is subsequently used to generate a reproducible experimental contusion model of SCI. Contrast agent is re-injected 15 min following the injury to assess post-SCI SCBF changes. CEU allows for real time and in-vivo assessment of SCBF changes following SCI. In the uninjured animal, ultrasound imaging showed uneven blood flow along the intact spinal cord. Furthermore, 15 min post-SCI, there was critical ischemia at the level of the epicenter while SCBF remained preserved in the more remote intact areas. In the regions adjacent to the epicenter (both rostral and caudal), SCBF was significantly reduced. This corresponds to the previously described &#8220;ischemic penumbra zone&#8221;. This tool is of major interest for assessing the effects of therapies aimed at limiting ischemia and the resulting tissue necrosis subsequent to SCI.

Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound imaging is a reliable in-vivo tool for quantifying spinal cord blood flow in an experimental rat spinal cord injury model. This paper contains a comprehensive protocol for application of this technique in association with a contusion model of thoracic spinal cord injury.

超声造影成像脊髓血流量的评估实验脊髓损伤

Reduced spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) (i.e., ischemia) plays a key role in traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) pathophysiology and is accordingly an ...

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe respiratory motion artifact in the abdominal area. Orthotopic tumor models offer advantages over subcutaneous ones, because those can reflect the primary tumor microenvironment affecting blood supply, neovascularization, and tumor cell invasion. We have recently established a protocol of DCE-MRI of orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mouse models by securing tumors with an orthogonally bent plastic board to prevent motion transfer from the chest region during imaging. The pressure by this board was localized on the abdominal area, and has not resulted in respiratory difficulty of the animals. This article demonstrates the detailed procedure of orthotopic pancreatic tumor modeling using small animals and DCE-MRI of the tumor xenografts. Quantification method of pharmacokinetic parameters in DCE-MRI is also introduced. The procedure described in this article will assist investigators to apply DCE-MRI for orthotopic gastrointestinal cancer mouse models.

The goal of this protocol is to apply dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mice. DCE-MRI is a non-invasive method to analyze microvasculature in a target tissue, and useful to assess vascular response in a tumor following a novel therapy.

原位胰腺癌小鼠模型的动态对比增强磁共振成像

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe ...

Rose Bengal Photothrombosis by Confocal Optical Imaging In Vivo: A Model of Single Vessel Stroke

In vivo imaging techniques have increased in utilization due to recent advances in imaging dyes and optical technologies, allowing for the ability to image cellular events in an intact animal. Additionally, the ability to induce physiological disease states such as stroke in vivo increases its utility. The technique described herein allows for physiological assessment of cellular responses within the CNS following a stroke and can be adapted for other pathological conditions being studied. The technique presented uses laser excitation of the photosensitive dye Rose Bengal in vivo to induce a focal ischemic event in a single blood vessel. 
The video protocol demonstrates the preparation of a thin-skulled cranial window over the somatosensory cortex in a mouse for the induction of a Rose Bengal photothrombotic event keeping injury to the underlying dura matter and brain at a minimum. Surgical preparation is initially performed under a dissecting microscope with a custom-made surgical/imaging platform, which is then transferred to a confocal microscope equipped with an inverted objective adaptor. Representative images acquired utilizing this protocol are presented as well as time-lapse sequences of stroke induction. This technique is powerful in that the same area can be imaged repeatedly on subsequent days facilitating longitudinal in vivo studies of pathological processes following stroke.

Rose Bengal Photothrombosis by Confocal Optical Imaging In Vivo:  A Model of Single Vessel Stroke

Here, we describe a semi-invasive optical microscopy approach for the induction of a Rose Bengal photothrombotic clot in the somatosensory cortex of a mouse in vivo. The technical aspects of the imaging procedure are described from induction of a photothrombotic event to application and data collection.

玫瑰红Photothrombosis共聚焦光学成像<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;:单支脑卒中模型

In vivo imaging techniques have increased in utilization due to recent advances in imaging dyes and optical technologies, allowing for the ability to ...

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

It has been demonstrated that insulin's vascular actions contribute to regulation of insulin sensitivity. Insulin's effects on muscle perfusion regulate postprandial delivery of nutrients and hormones to insulin-sensitive tissues. We here describe a technique for combining intravital microscopy (IVM) and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) of the adductor compartment of the mouse hindlimb to simultaneously visualize muscle resistance arteries and perfusion of the microcirculation in vivo. Simultaneously assessing insulin's effect at multiple levels of the vascular tree is important to study relationships between insulin's multiple vasoactive effects and muscle perfusion. Experiments in this study were performed in mice. First, the tail vein cannula is inserted for the infusion of anesthesia, vasoactive compounds and ultrasound contrast agent (lipid-encapsulated microbubbles). Second, a small incision is made in the groin area to expose the arterial tree of the adductor muscle compartment. The ultrasound probe is then positioned at the contralateral upper hindlimb to view the muscles in cross-section. To assess baseline parameters, the arterial diameter is assessed and microbubbles are subsequently infused at a constant rate to estimate muscle blood flow and microvascular blood volume (MBV). When applied before and during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, combined IVM and CEUS allow assessment of insulin-induced changes of arterial diameter, microvascular muscle perfusion and whole-body insulin sensitivity. Moreover, the temporal relationship between responses of the microcirculation and the resistance arteries to insulin can be quantified. It is also possible to follow-up the mice longitudinally in time, making it a valuable tool to study changes in vascular and whole-body insulin sensitivity.

Insulin-induced vasodilation regulates muscle perfusion and increases the microvascular surface area (microvascular recruitment) available for solute exchange between blood and tissue interstitium. Combined intravital microscopy and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography is presented to simultaneously assess insulin&#39;s action at the larger vessels and the microcirculation in vivo.

小鼠后肢联合活体显微镜和超声造影研究胰岛素诱导的血管舒张和肌肉灌注

It has been demonstrated that insulin's vascular actions contribute to regulation of insulin sensitivity. Insulin's effects on muscle perfusion regulate ...

A Novel Approach to Overcome Movement Artifact When Using a Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging System for Alternating Speeds of Blood Microcirculation

The laser speckle contrast imager (LSCI) provides a powerful yet simple technique for measuring microcirculatory blood flow. Ideal for blood dynamic responses, the LSCI is used in the same way as a conventional Laser Doppler Imager (LDI). However, with a maximum skin depth of approximately 1 mm, the LSCI is designed to focus on mainly superficial blood flow. It is used to measure skin surface areas of up to 15 cm x 20 cm. The new technique introduced in this paper accounts for alternating speeds of microcirculations; i.e. both slow and fast flow flux measurement using the LSCI. The novel technique also overcomes LSCI&#39;s biggest shortcoming, which is high sensitivity to artifact movement. An adhesive opaque patch (AOP) is introduced for satisfactory recording of microcirculatory blood flow, by subtracting the LSCI signal from the AOP from the laser speckle skin signal. The optimal setting is also defined because the LSCI is most powerful when flux changes are measured relative to a reference baseline, with blood microcirculatory flux expressed as a percentage change from the baseline. These changes may be used for analyzing the status of the blood flow system.

This study introduces a novel technique for the measurement and analysis of alternating speeds of blood microcirculation in a single experiment using a laser speckle contrast imager.

用激光散斑对比成像系统克服运动伪影的新方法血液微循环的交替速度

The laser speckle contrast imager (LSCI) provides a powerful yet simple technique for measuring microcirculatory blood flow. Ideal for blood dynamic ...

Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Rat Common Carotid Artery

Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a noninvasive approach that can quantify flow-related parameters such as blood flow. Previous studies have shown that abnormal blood flow may be associated with systemic vascular risk. Thus, PC-MRI can facilitate the translation of data obtained from animal models of cardiovascular diseases to pertinent clinical investigations. In this report, we describe the procedure for measuring blood flow in the common carotid artery (CCA) of rats using cine-gated PC-MRI and discuss relevant analysis methods. This procedure can be performed in a live, anesthetized animal and does not require euthanasia after the procedure. The proposed scanning parameters yield repeatable measurements for blood flow, indicating excellent reproducibility of the results. The PC-MRI procedure described in this article can be used for pharmacological testing, pathophysiological assessment, and cerebral hemodynamics evaluation.

The overall goal of this procedure is to measure the blood flow in the rat common carotid artery by using noninvasive phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging.

大鼠颈总动脉的相位对比磁共振成像

Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a noninvasive approach that can quantify flow-related parameters such as blood flow. Previous ...

Vessel-sparing Excision and Primary Anastomosis

Urethroplasty is considered to be the standard treatment for urethral strictures since it provides excellent long-term success rates. For isolated short bulbar or posterior urethral strictures, urethroplasty by excision and primary anastomosis (EPA) is recommended. As EPA only requires the excision of the narrowed segment and the surrounding spongiofibrosis, a full-thickness transection of the corpus spongiosum, as performed in the traditional transecting EPA (tEPA), is usually unnecessary. Jordan et al. introduced the idea of a vessel-sparing approach in 2007, aiming to reduce surgical trauma, especially to the dual arterial blood supply of the urethra, and, thus, potentially reducing the risk of postoperative erectile dysfunction or glans ischemia. This approach could also be beneficial for subsequent urethral interventions such as redo urethroplasty using a free graft, in which a well-vascularized graft bed is imperative. Nevertheless, these potential benefits are only assumptions as prospective studies comparing the functional outcome of both techniques with validated questionnaires are currently lacking. Moreover, vessel-sparing EPA (vsEPA) should at least be able to provide similar surgical outcomes as tEPA. The aim of this paper is to give an elaborate, step-by-step overview of how to manage patients with isolated short bulbar or posterior urethral strictures with vsEPA. The main objective of this manuscript is to outline the surgical technique and to report the representative surgical outcome. A total of 117 patients were managed according to the described protocol. The analysis was performed on the entire patient cohort and on the bulbar (n = 91) and posterior (n = 26) vsEPA group separately. Success rates were 93.4% and 88.5% for the bulbar and posterior vsEPA, respectively. To conclude, vsEPA, as outlined in the protocol, provides excellent success rates with low complication rates for isolated short bulbar and posterior urethral strictures.

Here, we present an elaborate and efficient protocol to treat isolated short bulbar or posterior urethral strictures with vessel-sparing excision and primary anastomosis.

血管保留切除术与原发性吻合术

Urethroplasty is considered to be the standard treatment for urethral strictures since it provides excellent long-term success rates. For isolated short ...

增强容器成像MicroCT

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