<ol>
	<li>Wales, P. W., Christison-Lagay, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short+bowel+syndrome:+epidemiology+and+etiology.">Short bowel syndrome: epidemiology and etiology.</a> Semin Pediatr Surg. 19 (1), 3-9 (2010).</li><li>Spencer, A. U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pediatric+short+bowel+syndrome:+redefining+predictors+of+success.">Pediatric short bowel syndrome: redefining predictors of success.</a> Ann Surg. 242 (3), 403-409 (2005).</li><li>Goulet, O., Pigneur, B., Charbit-Henrion, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Congenital+enteropathies+involving+defects+in+enterocyte+structure+or+differentiation.">Congenital enteropathies involving defects in enterocyte structure or differentiation.</a> Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 56-57, 101784 (2022).</li><li>Koglmeier, J., Lindley, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Congenital+diarrhoeas+and+enteropathies.">Congenital diarrhoeas and enteropathies.</a> Nutrients. 16 (17), 2971 (2024).</li><li>Duggan, C. P., Jaksic, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pediatric+intestinal+failure.">Pediatric intestinal failure.</a> N Engl J Med. 377 (7), 666-675 (2017).</li><li>Spence, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+differentiation+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+into+intestinal+tissue+in+vitro.">Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into intestinal tissue in vitro.</a> Nature. 470 (7332), 105-109 (2011).</li><li>McCracken, K. W., Howell, J. C., Wells, J. M., Spence, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generating+human+intestinal+tissue+from+pluripotent+stem+cells+in+vitro.">Generating human intestinal tissue from pluripotent stem cells in vitro.</a> Nat Protoc. 6 (12), 1920-1928 (2011).</li><li>Bajpai, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CHD7+cooperates+with+PBAF+to+control+multipotent+neural+crest+formation.">CHD7 cooperates with PBAF to control multipotent neural crest formation.</a> Nature. 463 (7283), 958-962 (2010).</li><li>Workman, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineered+human+pluripotent-stem-cell-derived+intestinal+tissues+with+a+functional+enteric+nervous+system.">Engineered human pluripotent-stem-cell-derived intestinal tissues with a functional enteric nervous system.</a> Nat Med. 23 (1), 49-59 (2017).</li><li>Schlieve, C. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+crest+cell+implantation+restores+enteric+nervous+system+function+and+alters+the+gastrointestinal+transcriptome+in+human+tissue-engineered+small+intestine.">Neural crest cell implantation restores enteric nervous system function and alters the gastrointestinal transcriptome in human tissue-engineered small intestine.</a> Stem Cell Rep. 9 (3), 883-896 (2017).</li><li>Fattahi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deriving+human+ENS+lineages+for+cell+therapy+and+drug+discovery+in+Hirschsprung+disease.">Deriving human ENS lineages for cell therapy and drug discovery in Hirschsprung disease.</a> Nature. 531 (7592), 105-109 (2016).</li><li>Barber, K., Studer, L., Fattahi, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derivation+of+enteric+neuron+lineages+from+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Derivation of enteric neuron lineages from human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Nat Protoc. 14 (4), 1261-1279 (2019).</li><li>Finkbeiner, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptome-wide+analysis+reveals+hallmarks+of+human+intestine+development+and+maturation+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Transcriptome-wide analysis reveals hallmarks of human intestine development and maturation in vitro and in vivo.</a> Stem Cell Rep. 4 (6), 1140-1155 (2015).</li><li>Boyle, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+transplantation+of+human+intestinal+organoids+enhances+select+tight+junction+gene+expression.">In vivo transplantation of human intestinal organoids enhances select tight junction gene expression.</a> J Surg Res. 259, 500-508 (2021).</li><li>Finkbeiner, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+tissue-engineered+small+intestine+using+embryonic+stem+cell-derived+human+intestinal+organoids.">Generation of tissue-engineered small intestine using embryonic stem cell-derived human intestinal organoids.</a> Biol Open. 4 (11), 1462-1472 (2015).</li><li>Mahe, M. M., Brown, N. E., Poling, H. M., Helmrath, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+model+of+small+intestine.">In vivo model of small intestine.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1597, 229-245 (2017).</li><li>McNeill, E. P., Gupta, V. S., Sequeira, D. J., Shroyer, N. F., Speer, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+murine+host+sex+as+a+biological+variable+in+transplanted+human+intestinal+organoid+development.">Evaluation of murine host sex as a biological variable in transplanted human intestinal organoid development.</a> Dig Dis Sci. 67 (12), 5511-5521 (2022).</li><li>Singh, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+transplantation+sites+for+human+intestinal+organoids.">Evaluation of transplantation sites for human intestinal organoids.</a> PLoS One. 15 (8), e0237885 (2020).</li><li>Watson, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+in+vivo+model+of+human+small+intestine+using+pluripotent+stem+cells.">An in vivo model of human small intestine using pluripotent stem cells.</a> Nat Med. 20 (11), 1310-1314 (2014).</li><li>Cortez, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+of+human+intestinal+organoids+into+the+mouse+mesentery:+A+more+physiologic+and+anatomic+engraftment+site.">Transplantation of human intestinal organoids into the mouse mesentery: A more physiologic and anatomic engraftment site.</a> Surgery. 164 (4), 643-650 (2018).</li></ol>

<table><tbody><tr><td>100x Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution (NEAA)</td><td>ThermoFischer Scientific</td><td>11140050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 mL conical tubes</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>12565269</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Accutase</td><td>STEMCELL Technologies</td><td>07920</td><td>&quot;enzymatic cell detachment reagent&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>B-27 Supplement (50x), minus vitamin A</td><td>ThermoFischer Scientific</td><td>12587010</td><td>For ENCC</td></tr><tr><td>B-27 Supplement (50x), serum free</td><td>Gibco</td><td>17504044</td><td>For HIO</td></tr><tr><td>Bright-Line Hemacytometer</td><td>Hausser Scientific</td><td>3120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corning Costar Ultra-Low Attachment Microplates</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>07-200-601</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corning Flat-Bottom Plate 24-well, TC treated</td><td>VWR</td><td>29442-044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corning Flat-Bottom Plate 3516 6 well</td><td>VWR</td><td>29442-042</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Essential 6 Media</td><td>Thermo Fischer</td><td>A1516401</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Essential 8 Media</td><td>Thermo Fischer</td><td>A2858501</td><td>Alternative stem cell media, used for ENCC plates.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Fine-tip forceps</td><td>Dumont</td><td>11223-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forma Steri-Cycle i160</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>50145522</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gibco Advanced DMEM/F12</td><td>ThermoFischer Scientific</td><td>12634-010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gibco HEPES 1 M</td><td>ThermoFischer Scientific</td><td>15630-080</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gibco Neurobasal Medium</td><td>ThermoFischer Scientific</td><td>21103-049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glutagro, 200 mM, 100x</td><td>Corning</td><td>25-015-CI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glutamax</td><td>ThermoFischer Scientific</td><td>35050061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>H9 human ESC</td><td>Wicell International Stem Cell Bank</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HyCloneTM FBS Defined</td><td>VWR</td><td>16777-002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LabGard Biological Safety Cabinet</td><td>Nuaire</td><td>Nu-430-400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Matrigel GFR Basement Membrane Matrix, Phenol Red-Free, LDEV-Free</td><td>Corning</td><td>356231</td><td>&quot;Clear 3D basement membrane matrix&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Matrigel hESC-Qualified Matrix, LDEV-Free</td><td>Corning</td><td>354277</td><td>&quot;3D basement membrane matrix&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Micropipettes</td><td>Eppendorf (100-1000, 20-200, 10-100, 2-20, 0.5-10, 0.1-2.5 uL)</td><td>2231300008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mTeSR 1</td><td>STEMCELL Technologies</td><td>85850</td><td>&quot;stem cell media&quot;&lt;br/&gt; Catalog number includes the 5x supplement, to be added in bulk in advance.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>N-2 Supplement (100x)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>17502048</td><td>For HIO</td></tr><tr><td>N-2 Supplement, CTS (Cell Therapy Systems)</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>A1370701</td><td>For ENCC. Slightly different formulation.</td></tr><tr><td>Nikon DS-Fi2 TS-100 microscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td>TS100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Noggin-conditioned media</td><td>Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center GEMS Core, Enteroid/Organoid Sub-core</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td><td>ThermoFischer Scientific</td><td>15140-122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant Human Activin A</td><td>Cell Guidance Systems</td><td>GFH6-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant Human BMP-4</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>314BP010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant Human EGF Protein, CF</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>236-EG-200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant Human FGF basic/FGF2 (146 aa) Protein</td><td>ThermoFischer Scientific</td><td>233-FB-010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant Human FGF-4</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>100-31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ReLeSR</td><td>STEMCELL Technologies</td><td>5872</td><td>&quot;Stem cell dissociation reagent&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Retinoic acid</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>R2625-50MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rnase-free Microfuge tubes, 2 mL</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>AM12425</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640 Medium</td><td>ThermoFischer Scientific</td><td>11875093</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R-Spondin conditioned media</td><td>Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center GEMS Core, Enteroid/Organoid Sub-core</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SB 431542, Tocris Bioscience</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>16-141-0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sorvall ST 16R Centrifuge</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Standard Wide Orifice Pipettor Tips</td><td>VWR</td><td>89049-166</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stemolecule Chir99021 in Solution</td><td>Stemgent</td><td>04-0004-02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile filter pipette tips</td><td>VWR (1000uL, 200uL, 10uL)</td><td>76322-154, 76322-150, 89174-520</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vitronectin XF</td><td>Stem Cell Technologies</td><td>7180</td><td>Alternative 3D basement membrane matrix, used for ENCC plates.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

innervation of human intestinal organoids

人肠道类器官的神经支配

The complexity of intestinal cytoarchitecture and function poses significant challenges for the creation of the bioengineered small intestine. Techniques ...

innervation-of-human-intestinal-organoids

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Innervation of Human Intestinal Organoids

379 次观看.  The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. 必须对人类肠道类器官进行神经支配，才能更好地概括天然人类肠道的结构和功能。在这里，我们提出了一种将肠道神经系统整合到这些结构中的方法。 

视频: 人肠道类器官的神经支配

Generation of iPSC-derived Human Brain Organoids to Model Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders

The restricted availability of suitable in vitro models that can reliably represent complex human brain development is a significant bottleneck that limits the translation of basic brain research into clinical application. While induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have replaced the ethically questionable human embryonic stem cells, iPSC-based neuronal differentiation studies remain descriptive at the cellular level but fail to adequately provide the details that could be derived from a complex, 3D human brain tissue. 
This gap is now filled through the application of iPSC-derived, 3D brain organoids, "Brains in a dish," that model many features of complex human brain development. Here, a method for generating iPSC-derived, 3D brain organoids is described. The organoids can help with modeling autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH), a rare human neurodevelopmental disorder. A widely accepted explanation for the brain malformation in MCPH is a depletion of the neural stem cell pool during the early stages of human brain development, a developmental defect that is difficult to recreate or prove in vitro. 
To study MCPH, we generated iPSCs from patient-derived fibroblasts carrying a mutation in the centrosomal protein CPAP. By analyzing the ventricular zone of microcephaly 3D brain organoids, we showed the premature differentiation of neural progenitors. These 3D brain organoids are a powerful in vitro system that will be instrumental in modeling congenital brain disorders induced by neurotoxic chemicals, neurotrophic viral infections, or inherited genetic mutations.

Modeling human brain development has been hindered due to the unprecedented complexity of neural epithelial tissue. Here, a method for the robust generation of brain organoids to delineate early events of human brain development and to model microcephaly in vitro is described.

源自iPSC的人脑组织体的一代新型早期神经发育障碍

The restricted availability of suitable in vitro models that can reliably represent complex human brain development is a significant bottleneck that ...

科研

发育生物学

Immuno-fluorescent Labeling of Microtubules and Centrosomal Proteins in Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue and 3D In Vitro Intestinal Organoids

The advent of 3D in vitro organoids that mimic the in vivo tissue architecture and morphogenesis has greatly advanced the ability to study key biological questions in cell and developmental biology. In addition, organoids together with recent technical advances in gene editing and viral gene delivery promises to advance medical research and development of new drugs for treatment of diseases. Organoids grown in vitro in basement matrix provide powerful model systems for studying the behavior and function of various proteins and are well suited for live-imaging of fluorescent-tagged proteins. However, establishing the expression and localization of the endogenous proteins in ex vivo tissue and in in vitro organoids is important to verify the behavior of the tagged proteins. To this end we have developed and modified tissue isolation, fixation, and immuno-labeling protocols for localization of microtubules, centrosomal, and associated proteins in ex vivo intestinal tissue and in in vitro intestinal organoids. The aim was for the fixative to preserve the 3D architecture of the organoids/tissue while also preserving antibody antigenicity and enabling good penetration and clearance of fixative and antibodies. Exposure to cold depolymerizes all but stable microtubules and this was a key factor when modifying the various protocols. We found that increasing the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) concentration from 3 mM to 30 mM gave efficient detachment of villi and crypts in the small intestine while 3 mM EDTA was sufficient for colonic crypts. The developed formaldehyde/methanol fixation protocol gave very good structural preservation while also preserving antigenicity for effective labeling of microtubules, actin, and the end-binding (EB) proteins. It also worked for the centrosomal protein ninein although the methanol protocol worked more consistently. We further established that fixation and immuno-labeling of microtubules and associated proteins could be achieved with organoids isolated from or remaining within the basement matrix.

Immuno-fluorescent Labeling of Microtubules and Centrosomal Proteins in Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue and 3D In Vitro Intestinal Organoids

We present protocols for isolation of intestinal 3D structures from in vivo tissue and in vitro basement matrix embedded organoids, and detail different fixation and staining protocols optimized for immuno-labeling of microtubule, centrosomal, and junctional proteins as well as cell markers including the stem cell protein Lgr5.

免疫荧光标记的微管和中心蛋白在体内肠道组织和 3D体外肠道 Organoids

The advent of 3D in vitro organoids that mimic the in vivo tissue architecture and morphogenesis has greatly advanced the ability to study key biological ...

Generation of Standardized and Reproducible Forebrain-type Cerebral Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The human cortex is highly expanded and exhibits a complex structure with specific functional areas, providing higher brain function, such as cognition. Efforts to study human cerebral cortex development have been limited by the availability of model systems. Translating results from rodent studies to the human system is restricted by species differences and studies on human primary tissues are hampered by a lack of tissue availability as well as ethical concerns. Recent development in human pluripotent stem cell (PSC) technology include the generation of three-dimensional (3D) self-organizing organotypic culture systems, which mimic to a certain extent human-specific brain development in vitro. Currently, various protocols are available for the generation of either whole brain or brain-region specific organoids. The method for the generation of homogeneous and reproducible forebrain-type organoids from induced PSC (iPSC), which we previously established and describe here, combines the intrinsic ability of PSC to self-organize with guided differentiation towards the anterior neuroectodermal lineage and matrix embedding to support the formation of a continuous neuroepithelium. More specifically, this protocol involves: (1) the generation of iPSC aggregates, including the conversion of iPSC colonies to a confluent monolayer culture; (2) the induction of anterior neuroectoderm; (3) the embedding of neuroectodermal aggregates in a matrix scaffold; (4) the generation of forebrain-type organoids from neuroectodermal aggregates; and (5) the fixation and validation of forebrain-type organoids. As such, this protocol provides an easily applicable system for the generation of standardized and reproducible iPSC-derived cortical tissue structures in vitro.

Cerebral organoids represent a new model system to investigate early human brain development in vitro. This article provides the detailed methodology to efficiently generate homogeneous dorsal forebrain-type organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells including critical characterization and validation steps.

人诱导多能干细胞的前脑型脑 Organoids 标准化和可再生性的生成

The human cortex is highly expanded and exhibits a complex structure with specific functional areas, providing higher brain function, such as cognition. ...

Real-time Measurement of Epithelial Barrier Permeability in Human Intestinal Organoids

Advances in 3D culture of intestinal tissues obtained through biopsy or generated from pluripotent stem cells via directed differentiation, have resulted in sophisticated in vitro models of the intestinal mucosa. Leveraging these emerging model systems will require adaptation of tools and techniques developed for 2D culture systems and animals. Here, we describe a technique for measuring epithelial barrier permeability in human intestinal organoids in real-time. This is accomplished by microinjection of fluorescently-labeled dextran and imaging on an inverted microscope fitted with epifluorescent filters. Real-time measurement of the barrier permeability in intestinal organoids facilitates the generation of high-resolution temporal data in human intestinal epithelial tissue, although this technique can also be applied to fixed timepoint imaging approaches. This protocol is readily adaptable for the measurement of epithelial barrier permeability following exposure to pharmacologic agents, bacterial products or toxins, or live microorganisms. With minor modifications, this protocol can also serve as a general primer on microinjection of intestinal organoids and users may choose to supplement this protocol with additional or alternative downstream applications following microinjection.

This protocol describes the measurement of epithelial barrier permeability in real-time following pharmacologic treatment in human intestinal organoids using fluorescent microscopy and live cell microscopy.

人肠道 Organoids 上皮屏障通透性的实时测量

Advances in 3D culture of intestinal tissues obtained through biopsy or generated from pluripotent stem cells via directed differentiation, have resulted ...

Genetic Engineering of Primary Mouse Intestinal Organoids Using Magnetic Nanoparticle Transduction Viral Vectors for Frozen Sectioning

Intestinal organoid cultures provide a unique opportunity to investigate intestinal stem cell and crypt biology in vitro, although efficient approaches to manipulate gene expression in organoids have made limited progress in this arena. While CRISPR/Cas9 technology allows for precise genome editing of cells for organoid generation, this strategy requires extensive selection and screening by sequence analysis, which is both time-consuming and costly. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for efficient viral transduction of intestinal organoids. This approach is rapid and highly efficient, thus decreasing the time and expense inherent in CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We also present a protocol to generate frozen sections from intact organoid cultures for further analysis with immunohistochemical or immunofluorescent staining, which can be used to confirm gene expression or silencing. After successful transduction of viral vectors for gene expression or silencing is achieved, intestinal stem cell and crypt function can be rapidly assessed. Although most organoid studies employ in vitro assays, organoids can also be delivered to mice for in vivo functional analyses. Moreover, our approaches are advantageous for predicting therapeutic responses to drugs because currently available therapies generally function by modulating gene expression or protein function rather than altering the genome.

We describe step-by-step instructions to: 1) efficiently engineer intestinal organoids using magnetic nanoparticles for lenti- or retroviral transduction, and, 2) generate frozen sections from engineered organoids. This approach provides a powerful tool to efficiently alter gene expression in organoids for investigation of downstream effects.

使用磁纳米粒子转导病毒载体进行冷冻切片的原小鼠肠道器官的遗传工程

Intestinal organoid cultures provide a unique opportunity to investigate intestinal stem cell and crypt biology in vitro, although efficient approaches to ...

A Static Self-Directed Method for Generating Brain Organoids from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Human brain organoids differentiated from embryonic stem cells offer the unique opportunity to study complicated interactions of multiple cell types in a three-dimensional system. Here we present a relatively straightforward and inexpensive method that yields brain organoids. In this protocol human pluripotent stem cells are broken into small clusters instead of single cells and grown in basic media without a heterologous basement membrane matrix or exogenous growth factors, allowing the intrinsic developmental cues to shape the organoid&#39;s growth. This simple system produces a diversity of brain cell types including glial and microglial cells, stem cells, and neurons of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Organoids generated from this protocol also display hallmarks of appropriate temporal and spatial organization demonstrated by brightfield images, histology, immunofluorescence and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Because these organoids contain cell types from various parts of the brain, they can be utilized for studying a multitude of diseases. For example, in a recent paper we demonstrated the use of organoids generated from this protocol for studying the effects of hypoxia on the human brain. This approach can be used to investigate an array of otherwise difficult to study conditions such as neurodevelopmental handicaps, genetic disorders, and neurologic diseases.

This protocol was generated as a means to produce brain organoids in a simplified, low cost manner without exogenous growth factors or basement membrane matrix while still maintaining the diversity of brain cell types and many features of cellular organization.

一种从人类胚胎干细胞中生成脑器官的静态自导方法

Human brain organoids differentiated from embryonic stem cells offer the unique opportunity to study complicated interactions of multiple cell types in a ...

Generation of Multicellular Human Primary Endometrial Organoids

The human endometrium is one of the most hormonally responsive tissues in the body and is essential for the establishment of pregnancy. This tissue can also become diseased and cause morbidity and even death. Model systems to study human endometrial biology have been limited to in vitro culture systems of single cell types. In addition, the epithelial cells, one of the major cell types of the endometrium, do not propagate well or retain their physiological traits in culture, and thus our understanding of endometrial biology remains limited. We have generated, for the first time, endometrial organoids that consist of both epithelial and stromal cells of the human endometrium. These organoids do not require any exogenous scaffold materials and specifically organize so that epithelial cells encompass the spheroid-like structure and become polarized with stromal cells in the center that produce and secrete collagen. Estrogen, progesterone and androgen receptors are expressed in the epithelial and stromal cells and treatment with physiological levels of estrogen and testosterone promote the organization of the organoids. This new model system can be used to study normal endometrial biology and disease in ways that were not possible before.

A protocol to generate human primary endometrial organoids that consist of epithelial and stromal cells and retain characteristics of the native endometrial tissue is presented. This protocol describes methods from uterine tissue acquisition to the histologic processing of endometrial organoids.

多细胞人类原发性子宫内膜器官的生成

The human endometrium is one of the most hormonally responsive tissues in the body and is essential for the establishment of pregnancy. This tissue can ...

Recapitulating Suckling-to-Weaning Transition In Vitro using Fetal Intestinal Organoids

At the end of the suckling period, many mammalian species undergo major changes in the intestinal epithelium that are associated with the capability to digest solid food. This process is termed suckling-to-weaning transition and results in the replacement of neonatal epithelium with adult epithelium which goes hand in hand with metabolic and morphological adjustments. These complex developmental changes are the result of a genetic program that is intrinsic to the intestinal epithelial cells but can, to some extent, be modulated by extrinsic factors. Prolonged culture of mouse primary intestinal epithelial cells from late fetal period, recapitulates suckling-to-weaning transition in vitro. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for mouse fetal intestinal organoid culture best suited to model this process in vitro. We describe several useful assays designed to monitor the change of intestinal functions associated with suckling-to-weaning transition over time. Additionally, we include an example of an extrinsic factor that is capable to affect suckling-to-weaning transition in vivo, as a representation of modulating the timing of suckling-to-weaning transition in vitro. This in vitro approach can be used to study molecular mechanisms of the suckling-to-weaning transition as well as modulators of this process. Importantly, with respect to animal ethics in research, replacing in vivo models by this in vitro model contributes to refinement of animal experiments and possibly to a reduction in the use of animals to study gut maturation processes.

This protocol describes how to mimic suckling-to-weaning transition in vitro using mouse late fetal intestinal organoids cultured for 30 days.

使用胎儿肠道有机体在体外重述吸吮到发胶过渡

At the end of the suckling period, many mammalian species undergo major changes in the intestinal epithelium that are associated with the capability to ...

Generation of Mosaic Mammary Organoids by Differential Trypsinization

Organoids offer self-organizing, three-dimensional tissue structures that recapitulate physiological processes in the convenience of a dish. The murine mammary gland is composed of two distinct epithelial cell compartments, serving different functions: the outer, contractile myoepithelial compartment and the inner, secretory luminal compartment. Here, we describe a method by which the cells comprising these compartments are isolated and then combined to investigate their individual lineage contributions to mammary gland morphogenesis and differentiation. The method is simple and efficient and does not require sophisticated separation technologies such as fluorescence activated cell sorting. Instead, we harvest and enzymatically digest the tissue, seed the epithelium on adherent tissue culture dishes, and then use differential trypsinization to separate myoepithelial from luminal cells with ~90% purity. The cells are then plated in an extracellular matrix where they organize into bilayered, three-dimensional (3D) organoids that can be differentiated to produce milk after 10 days in culture. To test the effects of genetic mutations, cells can be harvested from wild type or genetically engineered mouse models, or they can be genetically manipulated prior to 3D culture. This technique can be used to generate mosaic organoids that allow investigation of gene function specifically in the luminal or myoepithelial compartment.

The mammary gland is a bilayered structure, comprising outer myoepithelial and inner luminal epithelial cells. Presented is a protocol to prepare organoids using differential trypsinization. This efficient method allows researchers to separately manipulate these two cell types to explore questions concerning their roles in mammary gland form and function.

通过微分试穿素生成马赛克乳腺有机体

Organoids offer self-organizing, three-dimensional tissue structures that recapitulate physiological processes in the convenience of a dish. The murine ...

A Simplified Method for Generating Kidney Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Kidney organoids generated from hPSCs have provided an unlimited source of renal tissue. Human kidney organoids are an invaluable tool for studying kidney disease and injury, developing cell-based therapies, and testing new therapeutics. For such applications, large numbers of uniform organoids and highly reproducible assays are needed. We have built upon our previously published kidney organoid protocol to improve the overall health of the organoids. This simple, robust 3D protocol involves the formation of uniform embryoid bodies in minimum component medium containing lipids, insulin-transferrin-selenium-ethanolamine supplement and polyvinyl alcohol with GSK3 inhibitor (CHIR99021) for 3 days, followed by culture in knock-out serum replacement (KOSR)-containing medium. In addition, agitating assays allows for reduction in clumping of the embryoid bodies and maintaining a uniform size, which is important for reducing variability between organoids. Overall, the protocol provides a fast, efficient, and cost-effective method for generating large quantities of kidney organoids.

Here we describe a protocol to generate kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). This protocol generates kidney organoids within two weeks. The resulting kidney organoids can be cultured in large-scale spinner flasks or multi-well magnetic stir plates for parallel drug-testing approaches.

一种从人类多能干细胞中生成肾类器官的简化方法

Kidney organoids generated from hPSCs have provided an unlimited source of renal tissue. Human kidney organoids are an invaluable tool for studying kidney ...