application-two-spotted-spider-mite-tetranychus-urticae-for-plant

Application of Two-spotted Spider Mite <em>Tetranychus urticae</em> for Plant-pest Interaction Studies

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a ubiquitous polyphagous arthropod herbivore that feeds on a remarkably broad array of species, with ...

The University of Western Ontario

Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y el Vino

Pure Polymorph C of Zeolite Beta Synthesized by Using Framework Isomorphous Substitution as a Structure-Directing Mechanism We thank the Spanish CICYT for financial support (Project MAT2000-1392). One of authors (J.R.) thanks the "Dirección General de Investigación" of the MCYT for financial help (PB98-0483). M.T.N thanks to the Fundación José y Ana Royo for a postdoctoral grant.

Two CBF (CRT/DRE-binding factor) homologues isolated from Eucalyptus gunnii were designated EguCBF1a and EguCBF1b and belong to a gene family which includes at least five members. Both promoter and coding sequences were found to exhibit the main characteristics of a CBF transcription activator gene and, as expected, the corresponding protein targeted the nucleus. Gene expression was quantitatively analysed using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) after a short exposure to different environmental conditions or along a two-step cold acclimation programme with either short or long daylengths. A very strong and fast response to cold was observed, with dark conditions and cold intensity (down to 0 degrees C) having a positive effect on the magnitude of induction. The two genes under study exhibited several similar features such as light response. However, interestingly, their regulation by cold proved differential and complementary as EguCBF1a was more transiently induced by a direct and intense exposure while EguCBF1b responded to milder treatments and exhibited a longer (i.e. which started earlier and finished later) time course. During acclimation, the short daylength positively affected the freezing tolerance in the same way as it positively affected the CBF transcript accumulation, suggesting a potential involvement of these genes in the adaptive response. Although very quick after the first signal, the up-regulation of the two EguCBF1 genes unexpectedly lasted throughout the chilling culture, and new inductions were seen during the thermoperiod transitions. Using a quantitative and highly sensitive measurement of gene expression combined with the application of a cold treatment consistent with natural environmental conditions, this study provides new information on the regulation of CBF-like genes by cold in planta.

Expression profile of CBF-like transcriptional factor genes from Eucalyptus in response to cold.

Two C-repeat binding factor genes (EguCBF1a/b), isolated from E. gunnii and differentially cold-regulated, were constitutively overexpressed in a cold-sensitive Eucalyptus hybrid. In addition to the expected improvement on freezing tolerance, some resulting transgenic lines (EguCBF1a-OE and EguCBF1b-OE) exhibited a decrease in stomata density and an over-accumulation of anthocyanins also observed to a lesser extent in a cold-acclimated control plant. Given that the induction of five putative CBF target genes was observed in CBF-overexpressing lines as well as in the cold-acclimated control line, these phenotypes might be related to cold acclimation. In comparison with the control plant, the most altered transgenic line (EguCBF1a-OE A1 line), exhibited reduced growth and better water retention capacity. This modified phenotype includes reduced leaf area and thickness associated with a decrease in cell size, as well as a higher oil gland density and a wax deposition on the cuticle. Surprisingly, the EguCBF1b-OE B9 line, with a level of transgene expression equivalent to the A1 line, showed a less marked phenotype, suggesting a difference in transactivation efficiency between EguCBF1A and B factors. The features of these transgenic lines provide the first signs of adaptive mechanisms controlled by CBF transcription factors in an evergreen broad-leaved tree. These data also open new prospects towards genetic improvement on Eucalyptus for freezing tolerance.

Two EguCBF1 genes overexpressed in Eucalyptus display a different impact on stress tolerance and plant development.

The spider mite Tetranychus urticae is a cosmopolitan agricultural pest with an extensive host plant range and an extreme record of pesticide resistance. Here we present the completely sequenced and annotated spider mite genome, representing the first complete chelicerate genome. At 90 megabases T. urticae has the smallest sequenced arthropod genome. Compared with other arthropods, the spider mite genome shows unique changes in the hormonal environment and organization of the Hox complex, and also reveals evolutionary innovation of silk production. We find strong signatures of polyphagy and detoxification in gene families associated with feeding on different hosts and in new gene families acquired by lateral gene transfer. Deep transcriptome analysis of mites feeding on different plants shows how this pest responds to a changing host environment. The T. urticae genome thus offers new insights into arthropod evolution and plant-herbivore interactions, and provides unique opportunities for developing novel plant protection strategies.

The genome of Tetranychus urticae reveals herbivorous pest adaptations.

&#x53F6;&#x87A8;&#x87A8;&#x662F;&#x5927;&#x90FD;&#x4F1A;&#x7684;&#x519C;&#x4E1A;&#x5BB3;&#x866B;&#x4E0E;&#x5E7F;&#x6CDB;&#x7684;&#x5BC4;&#x4E3B;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x8303;&#x56F4;&#x548C;&#x6781;&#x7AEF;&#x6297;&#x836F;&#x6027;&#x7684;&#x8BB0;&#x5F55;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x63D0;&#x51FA;&#x7684;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x987A;&#x5E8F;&#x548C;&#x9644;&#x52A0;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;&#x87A8;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE3;&#x8868;&#x7B2C;&#x4E00;&#x6B21;&#x5B8C;&#x6574;&#x7684; chelicerate &#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x3002;90 Megabases T.&#x4E8C;&#x6591;&#x53F6;&#x87A8;&#x6709;&#x5E8F;&#x6700;&#x5C0F;&#x8282;&#x80A2;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x3002;&#x76F8;&#x6BD4;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x8282;&#x80A2;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#xFF0C;&#x87A8;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x4E2D;&#x6FC0;&#x7D20;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x548C;&#x7EC4;&#x7EC7; Hox &#x7684;&#x552F;&#x4E00;&#x53D8;&#x5316;&#x590D;&#x6742;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x8FD8;&#x63ED;&#x793A;&#x4E86;&#x6E10;&#x8FDB;&#x521B;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x4E1D;&#x7EF8;&#x751F;&#x4EA7;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x53D1;&#x73B0; polyphagy &#x548C;&#x89E3;&#x6BD2;&#x7684;&#x5F3A;&#x7B7E;&#x540D;&#x4E0E;&#x9972;&#x5582;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x4E3B;&#x673A;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x5BB6;&#x65CF;&#x4E2D;&#x83B7;&#x5F97;&#x7684;&#x6A2A;&#x5411;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x8F6C;&#x79FB;&#x7684;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x5BB6;&#x65CF;&#x4E2D;&#x3002;&#x9972;&#x5582;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x7684;&#x87A8;&#x6DF1;&#x8F6C;&#x5F55;&#x7EC4;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#x6B64;&#x866B;&#x5BB3;&#x5982;&#x4F55;&#x54CD;&#x5E94;&#x4E0D;&#x65AD;&#x53D8;&#x5316;&#x7684;&#x4E3B;&#x673A;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x3002;T.&#x4E8C;&#x6591;&#x53F6;&#x87A8;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x4E86;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x89C1;&#x89E3;&#x8282;&#x80A2;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x8FDB;&#x5316;&#x548C;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x866B;&#x5BB3;&#x4EA4;&#x4E92;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x72EC;&#x7279;&#x7684;&#x673A;&#x4F1A;&#xFF0C;&#x4E3A;&#x53D1;&#x5C55;&#x4E2D;&#x56FD;&#x5BB6;&#x7684;&#x65B0;&#x578B;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x4FDD;&#x62A4;&#x6218;&#x7565;&#x3002;

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L&#x26;#39;acarien Tetranychus urticae est un ravageur cosmopolite agricole avec une gamme &#xE9;tendue de la plante h&#xF4;te et un record extr&#xEA;me de la r&#xE9;sistance aux pesticides. Ici, nous pr&#xE9;sentons le g&#xE9;nome enti&#xE8;rement s&#xE9;quenc&#xE9; araign&#xE9;e et annot&#xE9; acariens, ce qui repr&#xE9;sente le premier g&#xE9;nome complet chelicerate. &#xC0; 90 m&#xE9;gabases T. urticae a le plus petit g&#xE9;nome s&#xE9;quenc&#xE9; arthropodes. En comparaison avec d&#x26;#39;autres arthropodes, le g&#xE9;nome araign&#xE9;e montre les modifications uniques dans l&#x26;#39;environnement hormonal et l&#x26;#39;organisation du complexe Hox, et r&#xE9;v&#xE8;le &#xE9;galement l&#x26;#39;innovation &#xE9;volutive de la production de soie. Nous trouver des signatures fortes de polyphagie et de d&#xE9;sintoxication dans des familles de g&#xE8;nes associ&#xE9;s &#xE0; l&#x26;#39;alimentation sur des h&#xF4;tes diff&#xE9;rents et dans des familles de g&#xE8;nes nouveaux acquis par transfert lat&#xE9;ral de g&#xE8;nes. Profonde analyse du transcriptome des acariens se nourrissent de plantes diff&#xE9;rentes montre comment ce ravageur r&#xE9;pond &#xE0; un milieu d&#x26;#39;accueil de changer. Le g&#xE9;nome T. urticae offre ainsi de nouvelles perspectives sur l&#x26;#39;&#xE9;volution des arthropodes et des interactions plantes-herbivores, et offre des possibilit&#xE9;s uniques pour d&#xE9;velopper de nouvelles strat&#xE9;gies phytosanitaires.

Le g&#xE9;nome de Tetranychus urticae r&#xE9;v&#xE8;le Adaptations Pest herbivores

Die Spinnmilben Gemeine Spinnmilbe ist eine kosmopolitische landwirtschaftlichen Sch&auml;dlingsbek&auml;mpfung mit einer umfangreichen Anlage Wirtsbereich und eine extreme Aufzeichnung der Pestizid-Resistenz. Hier pr&auml;sentieren wir das Genom vollst&auml;ndig sequenziert und kommentierten Spinnmilben, das erste vollst&auml;ndige chelicerate Genom darstellt. 90 Megabases hat T. Urticae kleinster sequenzierte gliederf&uuml;&szlig;ler Genom. Verglichen mit anderen Arthropoden, das Spinnmilben-Genom zeigt einzigartige Ver&auml;nderungen in der hormonellen Umgebung und Organisation von der Hox komplexe und offenbart auch evolution&auml;re Innovation der Seidenherstellung. Wir finden starke Signaturen von Polyphagy und Entgiftung in gen-Familien, die F&uuml;tterung auf unterschiedlichen Hosts zugeordnet und in neuen Gen-Familien von lateralen Gentransfer erworben. Tiefe Transkriptom-Analyse der Milben fressen verschiedene Pflanzen zeigt wie diese Pest auf einem sich wandelnden Umfeld Host reagiert. T. Urticae Genom somit bietet neue Einblicke in gliederf&uuml;&szlig;ler Evolution und Interaktionen von Pflanzen-Pflanzenfresser und bietet einzigartige M&ouml;glichkeiten f&uuml;r die Entwicklung neuartiger Pflanze Schutzstrategien.

Das Genom der Gemeine Spinnmilbe enth&uuml;llt pflanzenfressenden Pest Anpassungen.

Il ragno acaro Tetranychus urticae &egrave; un parassita cosmopolito agricolo con un&#39;ampia gamma di pianta e un record di estremo di resistenza ai pesticidi. Qui vi presentiamo il genoma completamente sequenziato ed annotata ragnetto, che rappresenta il primo genoma di chelicerati completo. 90 Megabasi T. urticae ha il pi&ugrave; piccolo genoma degli artropodi sequenziato. Confrontato con altri artropodi, il genoma del ragnetto Mostra uniche modifiche nell&#39;ambiente ormonale e organizzazione della Hox complessi e rivela anche l&#39;innovazione evolutiva della produzione di seta. Troviamo forte firme di polyphagy e di disintossicazione in famiglie gene associate con alimentazione su diversi host e in nuove famiglie di gene acquisite da trasferimento genico laterale. Transcriptome profonda analisi di acari sulle piante differenti di alimentazione mostra come questo parassita risponde a un mutevole ambiente host. Cos&igrave; il genoma di T. urticae offre nuove intuizioni evoluzione degli artropodi e interazioni pianta-erbivoro e offre opportunit&agrave; uniche per impianto di romanzo in via di sviluppo le strategie di protezione.

Il genoma di Tetranychus urticae rivela gli adattamenti dei parassiti erbivori.

&#x30CF;&#x30C0;&#x30CB;&#x30CA;&#x30DF;&#x30CF;&#x30C0;&#x30CB;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x5E83;&#x7BC4;&#x306A;&#x5BBF;&#x4E3B;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x306E;&#x7BC4;&#x56F2;&#x53CA;&#x3073;&#x8FB2;&#x85AC;&#x62B5;&#x6297;&#x6027;&#x306E;&#x6975;&#x7AEF;&#x306A;&#x30EC;&#x30B3;&#x30FC;&#x30C9;&#x3092;&#x6301;&#x3064;&#x56FD;&#x969B;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x8FB2;&#x696D;&#x5BB3;&#x866B;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x3053;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6700;&#x521D;&#x306E;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x306A;&#x92CF;&#x89D2;&#x3092;&#x6301;&#x3064;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x3092;&#x8868;&#x3059;&#x3001;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x306B;&#x914D;&#x5217;&#x6C7A;&#x5B9A;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x6CE8;&#x91C8;&#x4ED8;&#x304D;&#x306E;&#x30CF;&#x30C0;&#x30CB;&#x306E;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002; 90&#x30E1;&#x30AC;&#x3067;&#x306E;&#x30CA;&#x30DF;&#x30CF;&#x30C0;&#x30CB;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6700;&#x5C0F;&#x30B7;&#x30FC;&#x30B1;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x7BC0;&#x8DB3;&#x52D5;&#x7269;&#x306E;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x3092;&#x6301;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x4ED6;&#x306E;&#x7BC0;&#x8DB3;&#x52D5;&#x7269;&#x3068;&#x6BD4;&#x8F03;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x30CF;&#x30C0;&#x30CB;&#x306E;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x306F;&#x3001;Hox&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x8907;&#x5408;&#x4F53;&#x306E;&#x30DB;&#x30EB;&#x30E2;&#x30F3;&#x74B0;&#x5883;&#x3068;&#x7D44;&#x7E54;&#x5185;&#x3067;&#x4E00;&#x610F;&#x306E;&#x5909;&#x5316;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x307E;&#x305F;&#x3001;&#x7D79;&#x751F;&#x7523;&#x306E;&#x9032;&#x5316;&#x306E;&#x6280;&#x8853;&#x9769;&#x65B0;&#x3092;&#x660E;&#x3089;&#x304B;&#x306B;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x3005;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x7570;&#x306A;&#x308B;&#x30DB;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x4E0A;&#x3067;&#x6442;&#x98DF;&#x306B;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x30D5;&#x30A1;&#x30DF;&#x30EA;&#x30FC;&#x3084;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x6C34;&#x5E73;&#x8EE2;&#x79FB;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x53D6;&#x5F97;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x65B0;&#x305F;&#x306A;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x30D5;&#x30A1;&#x30DF;&#x30EA;&#x30FC;&#x306E;&#x591A;&#x98DF;&#x3068;&#x89E3;&#x6BD2;&#x306E;&#x5F37;&#x529B;&#x306A;&#x7F72;&#x540D;&#x3092;&#x898B;&#x3064;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x7570;&#x306A;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x3092;&#x98DF;&#x3079;&#x3066;&#x30C0;&#x30CB;&#x306E;&#x6DF1;&#x3044;&#x30C8;&#x30E9;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x30AF;&#x30EA;&#x30D7;&#x30C8;&#x30FC;&#x30E0;&#x89E3;&#x6790;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x5BB3;&#x866B;&#x304C;&#x5909;&#x5316;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x30DB;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x74B0;&#x5883;&#x306B;&#x5FDC;&#x7B54;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x30CA;&#x30DF;&#x30CF;&#x30C0;&#x30CB;&#x306E;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x3088;&#x3046;&#x306B;&#x7BC0;&#x8DB3;&#x52D5;&#x7269;&#x306E;&#x9032;&#x5316;&#x3068;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x8349;&#x98DF;&#x52D5;&#x7269;&#x306E;&#x76F8;&#x4E92;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x306B;&#x65B0;&#x305F;&#x306A;&#x6D1E;&#x5BDF;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x65B0;&#x305F;&#x306A;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x4FDD;&#x8B77;&#x6226;&#x7565;&#x3092;&#x958B;&#x767A;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306E;&#x30E6;&#x30CB;&#x30FC;&#x30AF;&#x306A;&#x6A5F;&#x4F1A;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

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&#xAC70;&#xBBF8; &#xC9C4;&#xB4DC;&#xAE30; Tetranychus urticae &#xAD11;&#xBC94;&#xC704; &#xD55C; &#xD638;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; &#xACF5;&#xC7A5; &#xBC94;&#xC704;&#xC640; &#xB18D;&#xC57D; &#xC800;&#xD56D;&#xC758; &#xADF9;&#xB2E8;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xAE30;&#xB85D; &#xAD6D;&#xC81C; &#xB18D;&#xC5C5; &#xD574;&#xCDA9; &#xC774;&#xB2E4;. &#xC5EC;&#xAE30;&#xC5D0; &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xAC00; &#xD604;&#xC7AC; &#xC644;&#xC804;&#xD788; &#xC2DC;&#xD000;&#xC2A4; &#xBC0F; &#xC8FC;&#xC11D; &#xB2EC;&#xB9B0; &#xAC70;&#xBBF8; &#xB9C8;&#xC774;&#xD2B8; &#xAC8C;&#xB188; &#xB098;&#xD0C0;&#xB0B4;&#xB294; &#xCCAB; &#xBC88;&#xC9F8; &#xC644;&#xC804; &#xD55C; chelicerate &#xAC8C;&#xB188;. 90 Megabases T. urticae&#xB294; &#xAC00;&#xC7A5; &#xC791;&#xC740; &#xC2DC;&#xD000;&#xC2A4; arthropod &#xAC8C;&#xB188;. &#xB2E4;&#xB978; arthropods&#xC5D0; &#xBE44;&#xD574;, &#xAC70;&#xBBF8; &#xC9C4;&#xB4DC;&#xAE30; &#xAC8C;&#xB188; &#xBCF5;&#xC7A1; &#xD558; &#xACE0;, &#xD638;&#xB974;&#xBAAC; &#xD658;&#xACBD;&#xACFC; Hox&#xC758; &#xC870;&#xC9C1;&#xC5D0; &#xC788;&#xB294; &#xACE0;&#xC720; &#xBCC0;&#xACBD; &#xD45C;&#xC2DC; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xB610;&#xD55C; &#xC2E4;&#xD06C; &#xC0DD;&#xC0B0;&#xC758; &#xC9C4;&#xD654; &#xD601;&#xC2E0;&#xC744; &#xBCF4;&#xC5EC;. &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xB294; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xD638;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC218; &#xC720;&#xC640; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xB41C; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xAC00;&#xC871; &#xADF8;&#xB9AC;&#xACE0; &#xC0C8;&#xB85C;&#xC6B4; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xAC00;&#xC871; &#xC606; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xC774;&#xB3D9;&#xC5D0; &#xC758;&#xD574; &#xC778;&#xC218; polyphagy&#xC640; &#xD574;&#xB3C5;&#xC758; &#xAC15;&#xB825;&#xD55C; &#xC11C;&#xBA85;&#xC758; &#xCC3E;&#xC744;. &#xBA39;&#xC774; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xC2DD;&#xBB3C;&#xC5D0; &#xC9C4;&#xB4DC;&#xAE30;&#xC758; &#xAE4A;&#xC740; transcriptome &#xBD84;&#xC11D;&#xC774;&#xC774; &#xD574;&#xCDA9; &#xBCC0;&#xD654; &#xD638;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; &#xD658;&#xACBD;&#xC5D0; &#xC751;&#xB2F5; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xBC29;&#xBC95;&#xC744; &#xBCF4;&#xC5EC; &#xC90D;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xB530;&#xB77C;&#xC11C; T. urticae &#xAC8C;&#xB188; arthropod &#xC9C4;&#xD654;&#xC640; &#xC2DD;&#xBB3C; &#xCD08; &#xC2DD; &#xB3D9;&#xBB3C; &#xC0C1;&#xD638; &#xC791;&#xC6A9;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xC0C8;&#xB85C;&#xC6B4; &#xD1B5;&#xCC30;&#xB825;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xACF5; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xBCF4;&#xD638; &#xC804;&#xB7B5; &#xAC1C;&#xBC1C; &#xC18C;&#xC124; &#xACF5;&#xC7A5;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xB3C5;&#xD2B9;&#xD55C; &#xAE30;&#xD68C;&#xB97C; &#xC81C;&#xACF5; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

Tetranychus urticae&#xC758; &#xAC8C;&#xB188; &#xACC4; &#xD574;&#xCDA9;&#xC744; &#xAC01; &#xC0C9; &#xD55C;&#xC744; &#xBCF4;&#xC5EC;&#xC900;&#xB2E4;.

La ara&#xF1;a roja Tetranychus urticae es una plaga cosmopolita agr&#xED;cola con una gama extensa de la planta hospedante y un registro extremo de la resistencia a los pesticidas. Aqu&#xED; se presenta el genoma de ara&#xF1;a roja por completo secuenciado y anotado, lo que representa el primer genoma completo chelicerate. A los 90 megabases T. urticae tiene el m&#xE1;s peque&#xF1;o secuenciado genoma artr&#xF3;podo. En comparaci&#xF3;n con otros artr&#xF3;podos, el genoma de la ara&#xF1;a roja muestra los cambios singulares en el entorno hormonal y la organizaci&#xF3;n del complejo Hox, y tambi&#xE9;n revela la innovaci&#xF3;n evolutiva de la producci&#xF3;n de seda. Encontramos firmas fuertes de polyphagy y la desintoxicaci&#xF3;n de las familias de genes asociados con la alimentaci&#xF3;n en diferentes equipos y en las familias de genes nuevos adquiridos por transferencia lateral de genes. An&#xE1;lisis profundo del transcriptoma de los &#xE1;caros se alimentan de plantas diferentes muestra que esta plaga responde a un entorno de acogida cambiando. El genoma de T. urticae por tanto, ofrece nuevas perspectivas sobre la evoluci&#xF3;n de artr&#xF3;podos y de las interacciones planta-herb&#xED;voro, y proporciona oportunidades &#xFA;nicas para el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias de protecci&#xF3;n de plantas.

El genoma de T. urticae revela adaptaciones herb&#xED;voros plagas

Most molecular-genetic studies of plant defense responses to arthropod herbivores have focused on insects. However, plant-feeding mites are also pests of diverse plants, and mites induce different patterns of damage to plant tissues than do well-studied insects (e.g. lepidopteran larvae or aphids). The two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) is among the most significant mite pests in agriculture, feeding on a staggering number of plant hosts. To understand the interactions between spider mite and a plant at the molecular level, we examined reciprocal genome-wide responses of mites and its host Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Despite differences in feeding guilds, we found that transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis to mite herbivory resembled those observed for lepidopteran herbivores. Mutant analysis of induced plant defense pathways showed functionally that only a subset of induced programs, including jasmonic acid signaling and biosynthesis of indole glucosinolates, are central to Arabidopsis's defense to mite herbivory. On the herbivore side, indole glucosinolates dramatically increased mite mortality and development times. We identified an indole glucosinolate dose-dependent increase in the number of differentially expressed mite genes belonging to pathways associated with detoxification of xenobiotics. This demonstrates that spider mite is sensitive to Arabidopsis defenses that have also been associated with the deterrence of insect herbivores that are very distantly related to chelicerates. Our findings provide molecular insights into the nature of, and response to, herbivory for a representative of a major class of arthropod herbivores.

Marie Navarro

Department of Biology

The University of Western Ontario

Application of Two-spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae for Plant-pest Interaction Studies