stimulated-stokes-antistokes-raman-scattering-microspherical

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres ...

IFAC-CNR

Polarization independence in a one-dimensional resonant grating waveguide structure involves the simultaneous excitation of two guided modes propagating in different directions. Possible simultaneous excitations occur when the two excited guided modes have either the same polarization, i.e., TE-TE (transverse electric) or TM-TM (transverse magnetic), or different polarizations, i.e., TE-TM. Simultaneous excitations may result in bandgaps and singularities. We confirm and show that in order to achieve polarization independence, it is necessary to find the conditions that minimize the effects of such bandgaps and singularities and experimentally demonstrate tunable polarization independence for simultaneously excited TE-TM-guided modes.

Role of photonic bandgaps in polarization-independent grating waveguide structures.

We report for the first time the use of two photon fluorescence as detection method of affinity binding reactions. We use a resonant grating waveguide structure as platform enhancement for detecting the interaction between fluorescent labeled Boldenone, a non-natural androgenic hormone, and a specific anti-anabolic antibody. We were able to detect a surface coverage of approximately 0.7 ng/mm(2).

Nonlinear immunofluorescent assay for androgenic hormones based on resonant structures.

We report on the application of an optically tunable coherent white light source, based on the supercontinuum generation from microstructured optical fibres, to fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) microscopy and Foerster resonance energy transfer (FRET). A prototype lens based on monotonic longitudinal chromatic aberration is used for tuning the supercontinuum wavelengths from 400 to 1000 nm and acts as an axial monochromator, suitable for fibre delivery in confocal microscopy.

Supercontinuum source tuned by an on-axis monochromator for fluorescence lifetime imaging.

Electronic Kerr effect in a polyfluorene derivative is used to reversibly switch near infrared probe beam resonantly coupled to a hybrid polymer-silica microspherical resonator. NIR pumping at 780 nm in pulsed laser regime is used for non-linear switching of the WGM resonances that shift as much as 2 GHz for 50 mW of average pump power, compared to a shift of 250 MHz for the same average pump power at CW regime. The absence of temporal drift and the magnitude of this shift confirm the Kerr nature of the switching, ruling out thermooptical effects.

Hybrid microspheres for nonlinear Kerr switching devices.

The interaction of amyloid aggregates with the cell plasma membrane is currently considered among the basic mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction in amyloid neurodegeneration. We used amyloid oligomers and fibrils grown from the yeast prion Sup35p, responsible for the specific prion trait [PSI(+)], to investigate how membrane lipids modulate fibril interaction with the membranes of cultured H-END cells and cytotoxicity. Sup35p shares no homology with endogenous mammalian polypeptide chains. Thus, the generic toxicity of amyloids and the molecular events underlying cell degeneration can be investigated without interference with analogous polypeptides encoded by the cell genome. Sup35 fibrils bound to the cell membrane without increasing its permeability to Ca(2+). Fibril binding resulted in structural reorganization and aggregation of membrane rafts, with GM1 clustering and alteration of its mobility. Sup35 fibril binding was affected by GM1 or its sialic acid moiety, but not by cholesterol membrane content, with complete inhibition after treatment with fumonisin B1 or neuraminidase. Finally, cell impairment resulted from caspase-8 activation after Fas receptor translocation on fibril binding to the plasma membrane. Our observations suggest that amyloid fibrils induce abnormal accumulation and overstabilization of raft domains in the cell membrane and provide a reasonable, although not unique, mechanistic and molecular explanation for fibril toxicity.

Toxic effects of amyloid fibrils on cell membranes: the importance of ganglioside GM1.

Optical resonators play an ubiquitous role in modern optics. A particular class of optical resonators is constituted by spherical dielectric structures, where optical rays are total internal reflected. Due to minimal reflection losses and to potentially very low material absorption, these guided modes, known as whispering gallery modes, can confer the resonator an exceptionally high quality factor Q, leading to high energy density, narrow resonant-wavelength lines and a lengthy cavity ringdown. These attractive characteristics make these miniaturized optical resonators especially suited as laser cavities and resonant filters, but also as very sensitive sensors. First, a brief analysis is presented of the characteristics of microspherical resonators, of their fabrication methods, and of the light coupling techniques. Then, we attempt to overview some of the recent advances in the development of microspherical biosensors, underlining a number of important applications in the biomedical field.

Optical microspherical resonators for biomedical sensing.

Whispering gallery mode resonators (WGMR), as silica microspheres, have been recently proposed as an efficient tool for the realisation of optical biosensors. In this work we present a functionalization procedure based on the DNA-aptamer sequence immobilization on WGMR, able to recognize specifically thrombin or VEGF protein, preserving a high Q factor. The protein binding was optically characterized in terms of specificity in buffer solution or in 10% diluted human serum. Simulation of the protein flow was found in good agreement with experimental data. The aptasensor was also chemically regenerated and tested again, demonstrating the reusability of our system.

Whispering gallery mode aptasensors for detection of blood proteins.

Cell-to-cell contacts are crucial for cell differentiation. The promyogenic cell surface protein, Cdo, functions as a component of multiprotein clusters to mediate cell adhesion signaling. Connexin 43, the main connexin forming gap junctions, also plays a key role in myogenesis. At least part of its effects is independent of the intercellular channel function, but the mechanisms underlying are unknown. Here, using multiple optical approaches, we provided the first evidence that Cx43 physically interacts with Cdo to form dynamic complexes during myoblast differentiation, offering clues for considering this interaction a structural basis of the channel-independent function of Cx43.

A molecular imaging analysis of Cx43 association with Cdo during skeletal myoblast differentiation.

Whispering gallery mode resonators (WGMR) are an efficient tool for the realization of optical biosensors. A high Q factor preservation is a crucial requirement for good biosensor performances. In this work we present an Eudragit®L100 coated microspherical WGMR as an efficient immunosensor. The developed resonator was morphologically characterized using fluorescence microscopy. The functionalization process was tuned to preserve the high Q factor of the resonator. The protein binding assay was optically characterized in terms of specificity in buffer solution.

Performance of Eudragit coated whispering gallery mode resonator-based immunosensors.

In this paper we report on a new use for dark-field microscopy in order to retrieve two-dimensional maps of optical parameters of a thin sample such as a cryptograph, a histological section, or a cell monolayer. In particular, we discuss the construction of quantitative charts of light absorbance and scattering coefficients of a polyvinyl alcohol film that was embedded with gold nanorods and then etched using a focused mode-locked Ti:Sapphire oscillator. Individual pulses from this laser excite plasmonic oscillations of the gold nanorods, thus triggering plastic deformations of the particles and their environment, which are confined within a few hundred nm of the light focus. In turn, these deformations modify the light absorbance and scattering landscape, which can be measured with optical resolution in a dark-field microscope equipped with an objective of tuneable numerical aperture. This technique may prove to be valuable for various applications, such as the fast readout of optically encoded data or to model functional interactions between light and biological tissue at the level of cellular organelles, including the photothermolysis of cancer.

Quantitative readout of optically encoded gold nanorods using an ordinary dark-field microscope.

Efficient stimulated anti-Stokes Raman scattering has been observed in silica microspherical resonators pumped by CW laser. This process is observed in the normal dispersion regime. The lack of correlation between stimulated anti-Stokes and Stokes scattering spectra indicates that the signal has to be resonant with the cavity.

Stimulated anti-Stokes Raman scattering resonantly enhanced in silica microspheres.

Cavity resonant enhanced stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), four-wave mixing, and broadband hyper-parametric oscillation in silica microbubble whispering gallery mode resonators (WGMR) in forward and backward directions are reported in this Letter. We show that microbubbles can operate not only in a highly ideal two-photon emission regime, but also generate combs, both natively and multi-mode spaced. The nonlinear process is phase matched because of the interaction of different mode families of the resonator.

Silvia Soria

Institute of Applied Physics “N. Carrara”

IFAC-CNR

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators