high-resolution-thermal-micro-imaging-using-europium-chelate

High-resolution Thermal Micro-imaging Using Europium Chelate Luminescent Coatings

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient ...

university of tsukuba

Subterahertz radiation emitted from a variety of short rectangular-, square-, and disk-shaped mesas of intrinsic Josephson junctions fabricated from a Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8+δ) single crystal was studied from the observed I-V characteristics, far-infrared spectra, and spatial radiation patterns. In all cases, the radiation frequency satisfies the conditions both for the ac Josephson effect and for a mesa cavity resonance mode. The integer higher harmonics observed in all spectra imply that the ac Josephson effect plays the dominant role in the novel dual-source radiation mechanism.

Geometrical resonance conditions for THz radiation from the intrinsic Josephson junctions in Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8+δ).

In this paper, we report intense electromagnetic wave emissions generated by the rectangular mesa structure of intrinsic Josephson junctions with high-T(c) superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O(8+δ). The radiated power is an order of magnitude stronger than that of the previously observed power of a few μW. Two emission regions, reversible (R-type) and irreversible (IR-type), with comparable intensities can be observed at different I-V curve locations in the same mesa. We find peculiar temperature dependences of the emission power in both the R- and IR-type radiations, suggesting that a non-equilibrium thermodynamic state may be realized through the dc input current. The R-type emission is quite stable, whereas the IR-type emission is rather unstable. Although the emitted frequency for both cases obey the cavity resonance conditions, this sharp contrast in emission stability is indicative of two different states in a multi-stacked intrinsic Josephson junction system.

High-power terahertz electromagnetic wave emission from high-T(c) superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O(8+δ) mesa structures.

The angular dependence of the radiation-zone output power and electric polarization of stimulated terahertz amplified radiation (STAR) emitted from a dc voltage applied across cylindrical and rectangular stacks of intrinsic Josephson junctions is calculated. The boundary conditions are obtained from Love's equivalence principles. During coherent emission, a spatially uniform ac Josephson current density in the stack acts as a surface electric current density antenna source, leading to a harmonic radiation frequency spectrum, as in experiment, but absent in all cavity models of cylindrical mesas. Spatial fluctuations of the ac Josephson current allow its fundamental mode to lock onto the lowest finite energy cylindrical cavity mode, causing it to resonate, leading to a non-uniform magnetic surface current density radiation source, and a non-trivial combined fundamental frequency output power with linear polarization for general radiation directions, which may be fully or partially coherent. The higher ac Josephson harmonics do not excite other cylindrical cavity modes. For rectangular mesas, the lowest energy modes are empirically not excited, but the non-uniform ac Josephson current can excite the harmonic sequence of modes with spatial variation across the rectangular widths, leading to combined radiation outputs both for the fundamental and the higher harmonics, which combinations also may be either fully or partially coherent. The superconducting substrate is modeled as a perfect magnetic conductor, greatly reducing the STAR emitter power and modifying its angular dependence, especially parallel to the substrate. Based upon this substrate model, existing Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8 + δ) crystals atop perfect electric conductors could have STAR emitter power in excess of 5 mW, acceptable for many device applications.

Output from a Josephson stimulated terahertz amplified radiation emitter.

We re-examined the angular dependence of the radiation from the intrinsic Josephson junctions in rectangular mesas of Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8 + δ), in order to determine if the cavity mode part of the radiation arises from waves across the width w or along the length l of the mesas, associated with 'hot spots' (Wang et al 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 057002). We derived analytical forms for the angular dependence expected in both cases for a general cavity mode in which the width of the mesa corresponds to an integer multiple of one-half the wavelength of the radiation. Assuming the coherent radiation from the ac Josephson current source and the cavity magnetic surface current density source combine incoherently, fits to the data of Kadowaki et al (2010 J. Phys. Soc. Japan 79 023703) on a mesa with mean l/ω = 5.17 for both wave directions using two models for the incoherent combination were made, which correspond to standing and traveling waves, respectively. The results suggest that the combined output from the uniform ac Josephson current source plus a cavity wave forming along the rectangle length is equally probable as that of the combined output from the uniform ac Josephson current plus a cavity wave across the width. However, for mesas in which nl/2ω is integral, where n is the index of the rectangular TM(z)(n, 0) mode, it is shown that standing cavity mode waves along the length of the mesa do not radiate in the xz plane perpendicular to the length of the mesa, suggesting experiments on such mesas could help to resolve the question.

Cavity mode waves during terahertz radiation from rectangular Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8 + δ) mesas.

In order to understand the origin of high-temperature superconductivity in copper oxides, we must understand the normal state from which it emerges. Here, we examine the evolution of the normal state electronic excitations with temperature and carrier concentration in Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8+δ) using angle-resolved photoemission. In contrast to conventional superconductors, where there is a single temperature scale T(c) separating the normal from the superconducting state, the high-temperature superconductors exhibit two additional temperature scales. One is the pseudogap scale T(∗), below which electronic excitations exhibit an energy gap. The second is the coherence scale T(coh), below which sharp spectral features appear due to increased lifetime of the excitations. We find that T(∗) and T(coh) are strongly doping dependent and cross each other near optimal doping. Thus the highest superconducting T(c) emerges from an unusual normal state that is characterized by coherent excitations with an energy gap.

Electronic phase diagram of high-temperature copper oxide superconductors.

Continuous, coherent subterahertz radiation arises when a dc voltage is applied across a stack of the many intrinsic Josephson junctions in a Bi2Sr2CaCu2O(8+δ) single crystal. The active junctions produce an equal number of I-V characteristic branches. Each branch radiates at a slightly tunable frequency obeying the Josephson relation. The overall output is broadly tunable and nearly independent of heating effects and internal cavity frequencies. Amplification by a surrounding external cavity to allow for the development of a useful high-power source is proposed.

Broadly tunable subterahertz emission from internal branches of the current-voltage characteristics of superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O(8+δ) single crystals.

Using recently-developed THz emitters constructed from single crystals of the high-Tc superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ, we performed three prototype tests of the devices to demonstrate their unique characteristic properties for various practical applications. The first is a compact and simple transmission type of THz imaging system using a Stirling cryocooler. The second is a high-resolution Michelson interferometer used as a phase-sensitive reflection-type imaging system. The third is a system with precise temperature control to measure the liquid absorption coefficient. The detailed characteristics of these systems are discussed.

Applications using high-Tc superconducting terahertz emitters.

We study the transverse magnetic (TM) electromagnetic cavity mode wave functions for an ideal equilateral triangular microstrip antenna (MSA) exhibiting C 3v point group symmetry. When the C 3v operations are imposed upon the antenna, the TM(m,n) modes with wave vectors [Formula: see text] are much less dense than commonly thought. The R 3 operations restrict the integral n and m to satisfy [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for the modes even and odd under reflections about the three mirror planes, respectively. We calculate the forms of representative wave functions and the angular dependence of the output power when these modes are excited by the uniform and non-uniform ac Josephson current sources in thin, ideally equilateral triangular MSAs employing the intrinsic Josephson junctions in the high transition temperature T c superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2 [Formula: see text], and fit the emissions data from an earlier sample for which the C 3v symmetry was apparently broken.

Kazuo Kadowaki

Institute for Materials Science

university of tsukuba

High-resolution Thermal Micro-imaging Using Europium Chelate Luminescent Coatings