use-battery-chemical-ecotoxicological-methods-for-assessment-efficacy

Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in ...

Brunel University London

Whilst the effects of oestrogenic contaminants in the aquatic environment are well documented in fish, effects in invertebrate species has been subject to debate, possibly due to differences in experimental conditions (temperature, timing and duration of exposure) between studies. It has been suggested that molluscs are only susceptible to oestrogens in periods either following the main spawning or leading up to the maturation of gametes. To investigate this possibility, two temperate, seasonally reproducing gastropods (Planorbarius corneus and Viviparus viviparus) were exposed to two concentrations of 17β-oestradiol (E2; 10ng/l and 100ng/l nominal) in an outdoor mesocosm (subject to natural seasons). In addition, P. corneus was also exposed to E2 (1, 10 and 100ng/l) in the laboratory at temperatures and photoperiods to simulate summer and autumn. In the mesocosm, both snail species produced similar numbers of eggs/embryos as reference groups in the summer, but the groups exposed to 10ngE2/l (nominal) had significantly higher productivities after the onset of autumn, when entering their quiescent phase, whilst the snails exposed to a higher concentration (100ng/l, nominal) had an increased rate of mortality, and did not experience increased reproduction. In the laboratory, the rate of egg laying in P. corneus was unaffected in simulated summer (20°C, 16h photoperiod), but snails exposed to 10 and 100ng/l (nominal) in simulated autumn (15°C, 12h photoperiod) showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of the natural decline in egg laying observed in the control snails. Overall, rather than an increase in reproductive rate, the response of this species was a perpetuation of summer reproductive rates into autumn. We conclude that exposure to E2 can affect reproduction in the freshwater gastropods studied, but in P. corneus at least, this is dependent on the seasonal conditions (temperature and photoperiod) at which exposures are made.

17β-Oestradiol may prolong reproduction in seasonally breeding freshwater gastropod molluscs.

&#x7C7B;&#x56FA;&#x9187;&#x96CC;&#x6FC0;&#x7D20;&#x88AB;&#x8BA4;&#x4E3A;&#x662F;&#x91CE;&#x751F;&#x9C7C;&#x7C7B;&#x4E2D;&#x5973;&#x6027;&#x5316; (&#x96CC;&#x96C4;&#x540C;&#x4F53;) &#x7684;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x539F;&#x56E0;&#x3002;&#x5E7F;&#x6CDB;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x6C61;&#x6C34;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x6280;&#x672F;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x6709;&#x6548;&#x5730;&#x53BB;&#x9664;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x6C61;&#x67D3;&#x7269;&#x6D53;&#x5EA6;&#x601D;&#x60F3;&#x4F1A;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x4FDD;&#x62A4;&#x6C34;&#x751F;&#x91CE;&#x751F;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x3002;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x5148;&#x8FDB;&#x7684;&#x6CBB;&#x7597;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x6709;&#x62DF;&#x51CF;&#x5C11;&#x8FDB;&#x5165;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x96CC;&#x6FC0;&#x7D20;&#x6D53;&#x5EA6;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x5728;&#x4F5C;&#x51FA;&#x6295;&#x8D44;&#x524D;&#xFF0C;&#x6709;&#x5FC5;&#x8981;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x5176;&#x836F;&#x6548;&#x65B9;&#x9762;&#x6D88;&#x9664;&#x7C7B;&#x56FA;&#x9187;&#x96CC;&#x6FC0;&#x7D20;&#x548C;&#x5176;&#x5973;&#x6027;&#x5316;&#x7684;&#x5F71;&#x54CD;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0E;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x6CBB;&#x7597;&#x7684;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x9879;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x8BC4;&#x4F30;&#x4E86;&#x7C7B;&#x56FA;&#x9187;&#x7684;&#x53BB;&#x9664;&#x548C;&#x96CC;&#x96C4;&#x540C;&#x4F53;&#x8BF1;&#x5BFC;&#x6210;&#x4EBA;&#x548C;&#x65E9;&#x671F;&#x751F;&#x547D;&#x9636;&#x6BB5;&#x9C7C;&#x7F57;&#x5947; Rutilus rutilus&#xFF09; &#x4E2D;&#x3002;&#x7F57;&#x5947;&#x88AB;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x66B4;&#x9732;&#x4E8E;&#x4EFB;&#x4E00;&#x4E2D;&#x5B66; (&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x7684;&#x6C61;&#x6CE5;&#x6CD5; (ASP)&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x7B2C;&#x4E09;&#x7EAA; (&#x7802;&#x6EE4;&#x8FC7; (SF)&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x6216;&#x9AD8;&#x7EA7; &#xFF08;&#x6C2F;&#x6C27;&#x5316; &#xFF08;&#x9897;&#x7C92;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x70AD; (GAC &#x4E2D;)&#xFF0C;ClO(2))) &#x6CBB;&#x7597;&#x6C61;&#x6C34;&#x4E3A;&#x516D;&#x4E2A;&#x6708;&#x3002;&#x5947;&#x602A;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#xFF0C;&#x65E2;&#x5148;&#x8FDB;&#x7684; GAC &#x548C;&#x4E13;&#x4E0A; SF &#x6CBB;&#x7597; &#xFF08;&#x4F46;&#x4E0D;&#x662F; ClO(2) &#x6CBB;&#x7597;&#xFF09; &#x5927;&#x5927;&#x5220;&#x9664; ASP &#x6C61;&#x6C34; &#xFF1B; &#x4E0E;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x7684;&#x96CC;&#x96C4;&#x540C;&#x4F53;&#x611F;&#x5E94;&#x8FD9;&#x662F;&#x4E0D;&#x53EF;&#x9884;&#x6D4B;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x56FA;&#x9187;&#x96CC;&#x6FC0;&#x7D20;&#x7684;&#x6D4B;&#x91CF;&#xFF0C;&#x9AD8;&#x4E8E;&#x7B2C;&#x4E09;&#x4EA7;&#x4E1A;&#x7684; SF &#x5728; gac &#x4E2D;&#x6216; ClO(2)&#x3002;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x7A81;&#x51FA;&#x4E86;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x6CBB;&#x7597;&#x6280;&#x672F;&#x5728;&#x8BC4;&#x4F30;&#x65F6;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x751F;&#x7269;&#x548C;&#x5316;&#x5B66;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x7684;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x6027;&#x3002;

&#x989D;&#x5916;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x5E9F;&#x6C34;&#x51CF;&#x5C11;&#x91CE;&#x751F;&#x9C7C; &mdash; &mdash; &#x9AD8;&#x7B49;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x548C;&#x5148;&#x8FDB;&#x7684;&#x6CBB;&#x7597;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x7684;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5206;&#x6CCC;&#x7D0A;&#x4E71;&#x3002;

Steroid estrogens are thought to be the major cause of feminization (intersex) in wild fish. Widely used wastewater treatment technologies are not effective at removing these contaminants to concentrations thought to be required to protect aquatic wildlife. A number of advanced treatment processes have been proposed to reduce the concentrations of estrogens entering the environment. Before investment is made in such processes, it is imperative that we compare their efficacy in terms of removal of steroid estrogens and their feminizing effects with other treatment options. This study assessed both steroid removal and intersex induction in adult and early life stage fish (roach, Rutilus rutilus). Roach were exposed directly to either secondary (activated sludge process (ASP)), tertiary (sand filtrated (SF)), or advanced (chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)), granular activated charcoal (GAC)) treated effluents for six months. Surprisingly, both the advanced GAC and tertiary SF treatments (but not the ClO(2) treatment) significantly removed the intersex induction associated with the ASP effluent; this was not predicted by the steroid estrogen measurements, which were higher in the tertiary SF than either the GAC or the ClO(2). Therefore our study highlights the importance of using both biological and chemical analysis when assessing new treatment technologies.

Additional treatment of wastewater reduces endocrine disruption in wild fish--a comparative study of tertiary and advanced treatments.

Oestrog&egrave;nes st&eacute;ro&iuml;des sont consid&eacute;r&eacute;s comme la principale cause de f&eacute;minisation (intersexu&eacute;s) chez les poissons sauvages. Couramment wastewater treatment technologies ne sont pas efficaces pour &eacute;liminer ces contaminants dans des concentrations consid&eacute;r&eacute;es comme n&eacute;cessaire pour prot&eacute;ger la faune aquatique. Un certain nombre de proc&eacute;d&eacute;s de traitement avanc&eacute;es ont &eacute;t&eacute; propos&eacute; pour r&eacute;duire les concentrations d&#39;oestrog&egrave;nes p&eacute;n&egrave;trent dans l&#39;environnement. Avant les investissements sont effectu&eacute;s dans ces processus, il est imp&eacute;ratif que nous comparer leur efficacit&eacute; en termes d&#39;&eacute;limination des oestrog&egrave;nes st&eacute;ro&iuml;des et de leurs effets feminizing avec d&#39;autres options de traitement. Cette &eacute;tude a &eacute;valu&eacute; les st&eacute;ro&iuml;de enl&egrave;vement et induction d&#39;intersexualit&eacute; chez les poissons du stade adulte et au d&eacute;but de la vie (roach, Rutilus rutilus). Gardon &eacute;tait expos&eacute;s directement &agrave; soit secondaire (proc&eacute;d&eacute; des boues activ&eacute;es (ASP)), tertiaire (sable filtr&eacute; (SF)), ou avanc&eacute;e (chlore Dioxyde (ClO(2)), charbon granulaire (GAC)) trait&eacute; dans les usines pour six mois. &Eacute;tonnamment, le GAC avanc&eacute; et traitements tertiaires de SF (mais pas le traitement de la ClO(2)) sensiblement supprim&eacute; l&#39;induction d&#39;intersexes associ&eacute;e &agrave; l&#39;effluent ASP ; ce n&#39;est pas pr&eacute;dite par les mesures d&#39;oestrog&egrave;nes st&eacute;ro&iuml;des, qui &eacute;taient plus &eacute;lev&eacute;es dans le tertiaire SF que le GAC ou le ClO(2). Donc notre &eacute;tude souligne l&#39;importance d&#39;utiliser des analyses chimiques et biologiques lors de l&#39;&eacute;valuation des nouvelles technologies de traitement.

Un traitement suppl&eacute;mentaire des eaux us&eacute;es r&eacute;duit les perturbations endocriniennes chez les poissons sauvages--une &eacute;tude comparative de traitements tertiaires et avanc&eacute;s.

Steroid &Ouml;strogene werden gedacht, um die Hauptursache der Feminisierung (Intersex) in Wildfisch. Behandlung von Abwasser, die Technologien nicht wirksam auf die Beseitigung dieser Verunreinigungen Konzentrationen gedacht werden mussten, aquatische Tierwelt zu sch&uuml;tzen sind weit verbreitet. Eine Reihe von erweiterten Aufbereitungsverfahren sind vorgeschlagen worden, um die Konzentrationen von &Ouml;strogenen in die Umwelt zu reduzieren. Bevor Investitionen in solche Prozesse gemacht wird, ist es unerl&auml;sslich, dass wir ihre Wirksamkeit im Hinblick auf die Entfernung von Steroid &Ouml;strogene und ihre verweiblichenden Effekte mit anderen Behandlungsoptionen vergleichen. Diese Studie untersucht Steroid-Entfernung und Intersex Induktion im erwachsenen Leben B&uuml;hne Fisch (Roach, Rutilus Rutilus). Pl&ouml;tze wurden direkt entweder Sekund&auml;r (Belebtschlamm-Prozess (ASP)), Terti&auml;r (Sand filtriert (SF)), ausgesetzt oder erweiterte (Chlor Kohlendioxid (ClO(2)), Aktivkohle (GAC)) behandelten Abw&auml;sser f&uuml;r sechs Monate. Erweiterte GAC und terti&auml;ren SF-Behandlungen (aber nicht die ClO(2)-Behandlung) entfernt &uuml;berraschend deutlich die Intersex-Induktion zugeordnet das ASP-Abwasser; Dies wurde nicht von der Steroid &Ouml;strogen-Messungen, die h&ouml;her in der terti&auml;ren SF entweder im GAC oder die ClO(2) als waren vorhergesagt. Daher unterstreicht unsere Studie die Bedeutung der Verwendung sowohl biologische und chemische Analyse, bei der Beurteilung der neuen Behandlungstechniken.

Zus&auml;tzliche Behandlung von Abwasser reduziert hormonellen in Wildfisch--eine vergleichende Studie der terti&auml;ren und erweiterte Behandlungen.

Steroidi estrogeni sono pensati per essere la causa principale di femminilizzazione (intersex) nei pesci selvatici. Ampiamente utilizzato il trattamento delle acque reflue tecnologie non sono efficaci nel rimuovere questi contaminanti a concentrazioni pensati sia necessaria per proteggere la fauna acquatica. Un certo numero di processi di trattamento avanzate &egrave; state proposte per ridurre le concentrazioni di estrogeni entrando l&#39;ambiente. Prima di investimento viene effettuata in tali processi, &egrave; imperativo che compariamo la loro efficacia in termini di rimozione di estrogeni steroidi e dei loro effetti femminilizzante con altre opzioni di trattamento. Questo studio ha valutato sia rimozione steroidi e intersex induzione in pesci di vita adulta e l&#39;inizio del palco (roach, Rutilus rutilus). Roach erano esposti direttamente a o secondaria (processo del fango attivato (ASP)), terziario (sabbia filtrato (SF)), o avanzata (cloro biossido (ClO(2)), carbone attivo granulare (GAC)) trattata effluenti per sei mesi. Sorprendentemente, sia il GAC avanzato e terziari SF trattamenti (ma non il trattamento ClO(2)) significativamente rimosso l&#39;induzione di intersessualit&agrave; associato con l&#39;effluente ASP; Questo non era previsto da misurazioni steroidi estrogeni, che erano in SF terziaria superiore o Global Assembly Cache o il ClO(2). Pertanto il nostro studio evidenzia l&#39;importanza di usando l&#39;analisi biologiche e chimiche nel valutare nuove tecnologie di trattamento.

Ulteriore trattamento delle acque reflue riduce endocrino nei pesci selvatici - uno studio comparativo dei trattamenti terziari e avanzate.

&#x30B9;&#x30C6;&#x30ED;&#x30A4;&#x30C9;&#x306E;&#x30A8;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30ED;&#x30B2;&#x30F3;&#x3067;&#x91CE;&#x751F;&#x306E;&#x9B5A; &#xFF08;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x30BF;&#x30FC; &#x30BB;&#x30C3;&#x30AF;&#x30B9;&#xFF09; &#x5973;&#x6027;&#x5316;&#x306E;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x306A;&#x539F;&#x56E0;&#x3068;&#x8003;&#x3048;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x6392;&#x6C34;&#x51E6;&#x7406;&#x6280;&#x8853;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6C34;&#x751F;&#x91CE;&#x6027;&#x751F;&#x7269;&#x3092;&#x4FDD;&#x8B77;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x5FC5;&#x8981;&#x304C;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3068;&#x8003;&#x3048;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x6FC3;&#x5EA6;&#x306B;&#x3053;&#x308C;&#x3089;&#x306E;&#x6C5A;&#x67D3;&#x7269;&#x8CEA;&#x306E;&#x9664;&#x53BB;&#x306B;&#x52B9;&#x679C;&#x7684;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x306A;&#x3044;&#x5E83;&#x304D;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x9AD8;&#x5EA6;&#x51E6;&#x7406;&#x30D7;&#x30ED;&#x30BB;&#x30B9;&#x306E;&#x6570;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x74B0;&#x5883;&#x30A8;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30ED;&#x30B2;&#x30F3;&#x6FC3;&#x5EA6;&#x3092;&#x524A;&#x6E1B;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x63D0;&#x6848;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;.&#x6295;&#x8CC7;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x3088;&#x3046;&#x306A;&#x30D7;&#x30ED;&#x30BB;&#x30B9;&#x3067;&#x884C;&#x308F;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x524D;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x9664;&#x53BB;&#x30B9;&#x30C6;&#x30ED;&#x30A4;&#x30C9; &#x30A8;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30ED;&#x30B2;&#x30F3;&#x3068;&#x4ED6;&#x306E;&#x6CBB;&#x7642;&#x30AA;&#x30D7;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x3068;&#x5973;&#x6027;&#x5316;&#x52B9;&#x679C;&#x306E;&#x9762;&#x3067;&#x306E;&#x52B9;&#x679C;&#x3092;&#x6BD4;&#x8F03;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x4E0D;&#x53EF;&#x6B20;&#x3067;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30B9;&#x30C6;&#x30ED;&#x30A4;&#x30C9;&#x306E;&#x9664;&#x53BB;&#x3068;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x30BF;&#x30FC; &#x30BB;&#x30C3;&#x30AF;&#x30B9; &#x30A2;&#x30C0;&#x30EB;&#x30C8;&#x3068;&#x521D;&#x671F;&#x751F;&#x547D;&#x6BB5;&#x968E;&#x9B5A; &#xFF08;&#x30B4;&#x30AD;&#x30D6;&#x30EA;&#x3001;rutilus&#xFF09; &#x306E;&#x8A98;&#x5C0E;&#x8A55;&#x4FA1;&#x3002;&#x30ED;&#x30FC;&#x30C1;&#x3044;&#x305F;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x3044;&#x305A;&#x308C;&#x304B;&#x30BB;&#x30AB;&#x30F3;&#x30C0;&#x30EA;&#x306B; &#xFF08;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x6C5A;&#x6CE5;&#x30D7;&#x30ED;&#x30BB;&#x30B9; &#xFF08;ASP&#xFF09;&#xFF09; &#x7B2C;&#x4E09;&#x7D00;&#x5C64; (&#x7802;&#x6FFE;&#x904E; (SF))&#x3001;&#x9732;&#x51FA;&#x307E;&#x305F;&#x306F; &#xFF08;6 &#x30F6;&#x6708;&#x9593;&#x306E;&#x5869;&#x7D20;&#x6271;&#x308F;&#x308C;&#x308B;&#x4E8C;&#x9178;&#x5316;&#x70AD;&#x7D20; (ClO(2))&#x3001;&#x7C92;&#x72B6;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x70AD; (GAC)) &#x5EC3;&#x6C34;&#x3002; &#x9AD8;&#x5EA6;&#x306A;&#x9A5A;&#x3044;&#x305F;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x4E21;&#x65B9;&#x5148;&#x9032; GAC &#x3068;&#x7B2C;&#x4E09;&#x7D00;&#x306E; SF &#x30C8;&#x30EA;&#x30FC;&#x30C8;&#x30E1;&#x30F3;&#x30C8; (&#x3057;&#x304B;&#x3057; ClO(2) &#x6CBB;&#x7642;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x306A;&#x304F;) &#x306F;&#x3001;&#x5927;&#x5E45;&#x306B; ASP &#x6392;&#x6C34;&#x3068;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x4ED8;&#x3051;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x30BF;&#x30FC; &#x30BB;&#x30C3;&#x30AF;&#x30B9;&#x8A98;&#x5C0E;&#x524A;&#x9664;;&#x3053;&#x308C;&#x306F;&#x3001;GAC &#x304B;&#x3001;ClO(2) &#x3088;&#x308A;&#x3082;&#x7B2C;&#x4E09;&#x7D00;&#x306E; SF &#x306B;&#x9AD8;&#x304B;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x3001;&#x30B9;&#x30C6;&#x30ED;&#x30A4;&#x30C9; &#x30A8;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30ED;&#x30B2;&#x30F3;&#x6E2C;&#x5B9A;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x308B;&#x4E88;&#x6E2C;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x306A;&#x3044;.&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x304C;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x6211;&#x3005; &#x306E;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x306F;&#x65B0;&#x3057;&#x3044;&#x6CBB;&#x7642;&#x6280;&#x8853;&#x3092;&#x8A55;&#x4FA1;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3068;&#x304D;&#x306E;&#x751F;&#x7269;&#x30FB;&#x5316;&#x5B66;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x3092;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x306E;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x6027;&#x3092;&#x5F37;&#x8ABF;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#x8FFD;&#x52A0;&#x6CBB;&#x7642;&#x6392;&#x6C34;&#x306E;&#x91CE;&#x751F;&#x306E;&#x9B5A; - &#x7B2C;&#x4E09;&#x7D00;&#x3068;&#x9AD8;&#x5EA6;&#x306A;&#x6CBB;&#x7642;&#x6CD5;&#x306E;&#x6BD4;&#x8F03;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x306E;&#x5185;&#x5206;&#x6CCC;&#x64B9;&#x4E71;&#x304C;&#x6E1B;&#x5C11;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#xC2A4;&#xD14C;&#xB85C;&#xC774;&#xB4DC; &#xC5D0;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB85C;&#xAC90; &#xD559;&#xC801; &#xC5EC;&#xC131;&#xD654; (intersex) &#xC57C;&#xC0DD; &#xBB3C;&#xACE0;&#xAE30;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C;&#xC758; &#xC8FC;&#xC694; &#xC6D0;&#xC778;&#xC774; &#xB420; &#xC0DD;&#xAC01; &#xB41C;&#xB2E4;. &#xB110;&#xB9AC; &#xC774;&#xC6A9; &#xB41C;&#xB2E4; &#xD3D0;&#xC218; &#xCC98;&#xB9AC; &#xAE30;&#xC220; &#xC218;&#xC0DD; &#xC57C;&#xC0DD; &#xB3D9;&#xBB3C;&#xC744; &#xBCF4;&#xD638; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xB370; &#xD544;&#xC694;&#xD55C; &#xAC83;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC0DD;&#xAC01; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xB18D;&#xB3C4;&#xC5D0; &#xC774;&#xB7EC;&#xD55C; &#xC624;&#xC5FC; &#xBB3C;&#xC9C8; &#xC81C;&#xAC70;&#xC5D0; &#xD6A8;&#xACFC;&#xAC00; &#xC788;&#xB2E4;. &#xACE0;&#xB3C4; &#xCC98;&#xB9AC; &#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xC138;&#xC2A4; &#xC218;&#xB97C; &#xC785;&#xB825; &#xD658;&#xACBD; &#xC5D0;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB85C;&#xAC90;&#xC758; &#xB18D;&#xB3C4; &#xC904;&#xC774;&#xAE30; &#xC704;&#xD574; &#xC81C;&#xC548; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xADF8;&#xB7F0; &#xACFC;&#xC815;&#xC5D0; &#xD22C;&#xC790; &#xC804;&#xC5D0; &#xADF8;&#xAC83;&#xC740; &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xAC00; &#xC81C;&#xAC70; &#xC2A4;&#xD14C;&#xB85C;&#xC774;&#xB4DC; &#xC5D0;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB85C;&#xAC90;&#xACFC; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xCE58;&#xB8CC; &#xC635;&#xC158;&#xACFC; &#xD568;&#xAED8; &#xADF8;&#xB4E4;&#xC758; &#xC5EC;&#xC131;&#xD654; &#xD6A8;&#xACFC;&#xC758; &#xCE21;&#xBA74;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xADF8;&#xB4E4;&#xC758; &#xD6A8;&#xB2A5;&#xC744; &#xBE44;&#xAD50;. &#xC774; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xB294; &#xBAA8;&#xB450; &#xC2A4;&#xD14C;&#xB85C;&#xC774;&#xB4DC; &#xC81C;&#xAC70; &#xBC0F; intersex &#xC720;&#xB3C4; &#xC131;&#xC778; &#xCD08;&#xAE30; &#xC0DD;&#xD65C; &#xB2E8;&#xACC4; &#xBB3C;&#xACE0;&#xAE30; (&#xBC14;&#xD034;&#xBC8C;&#xB808;, Rutilus rutilus)&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xD3C9;&#xAC00;. &#xBC14;&#xD034;&#xBC8C;&#xB808; &#xC911; 2 &#xCC28; (&#xD65C;&#xC131;&#xB41C; &#xC2AC;&#xB7EC;&#xC9C0; &#xACF5;&#xC815; (ASP)), 3 (&#xBAA8;&#xB798; &#xCE68;&#xD22C; (SF)), &#xCC28;&#xC5D0; &#xC9C1;&#xC811; &#xB178;&#xCD9C; &#xB610;&#xB294; &#xACE0;&#xAE09; (&#xC5FC;&#xC18C; &#xC774;&#xC0B0;&#xD654; (ClO(2)), &#xC138;&#xBD84;&#xD654; &#xB41C; &#xD65C;&#xC131; &#xD0C4; (GAC)) &#xCE58;&#xB8CC; &#xBC30;&#xCD9C;&#xBB3C; 6 &#xAC1C;&#xC6D4;. &#xB180;&#xB78D;&#xAC8C;&#xB3C4;, &#xBAA8;&#xB450; &#xACE0;&#xAE09; GAC &#xBC0F; 3 &#xCC28; SF &#xCE58;&#xB8CC; (&#xD558;&#xC9C0;&#xB9CC; ClO(2) &#xCE58;&#xB8CC; &#xD558;&#xC9C0;)&#xC5D0; &#xD06C;&#xAC8C; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xB41C; ASP &#xC720;&#xCD9C;; intersex &#xC720;&#xB3C4; &#xC81C;&#xAC70; &#xC774; GAC &#xB610;&#xB294; ClO(2) &#xBCF4;&#xB2E4; &#xB192;&#xC740; 3 &#xCC28; SF&#xC5D0; &#xC2A4;&#xD14C;&#xB85C;&#xC774;&#xB4DC;&#xC5D0; &#xC2A4; &#xD2B8;&#xB85C; &#xAC90; &#xCE21;&#xC815;&#xC5D0; &#xC758;&#xD574; &#xC608;&#xCE21; &#xD558;&#xC9C0; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xADF8;&#xB7EC;&#xBBC0;&#xB85C; &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xC758; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xB294; &#xC0C8;&#xB85C;&#xC6B4; &#xCE58;&#xB8CC; &#xAE30;&#xC220;&#xC744; &#xD3C9;&#xAC00;&#xD560; &#xB54C; &#xC0DD;&#xBB3C; &#xBC0F; &#xD654;&#xD559; &#xBD84;&#xC11D;&#xC744; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC;&#xC758; &#xC911;&#xC694;&#xC131;&#xC744; &#xAC15;&#xC870;.

&#xD3D0;&#xC218;&#xC758; &#xCD94;&#xAC00;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xCE58;&#xB8CC; &#xC57C;&#xC0DD; &#xBB3C;&#xACE0;&#xAE30;-3 &#xCC28; &#xBC0F; &#xACE0;&#xAE09; &#xD2B8;&#xB9AC; &#xD2B8; &#xBA3C; &#xD2B8;&#xC758; &#xBE44;&#xAD50; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xB0B4; &#xBD84; &#xBE44; &#xC7A5;&#xC560;&#xB97C; &#xC904;&#xC77C; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

Estr&oacute;genos esteroides son probablemente la principal causa de feminizaci&oacute;n (intersex) en peces. Ampliamente utilizado tecnolog&iacute;as no son eficaces en la eliminaci&oacute;n de estos contaminantes a concentraciones cree que sea necesario para proteger la fauna acu&aacute;tica de tratamiento de aguas residuales. Han propuesto una serie de procesos de tratamiento avanzado para reducir las concentraciones de estr&oacute;genos en el medio ambiente. Antes de que se hace la inversi&oacute;n en tales procesos, resulta imperativo que comparamos su eficacia en cuanto a eliminaci&oacute;n de estr&oacute;genos esteroides y sus efectos de feminizaci&oacute;n con otras opciones de tratamiento. Este estudio evalu&oacute; tanto retiro esteroide y la inducci&oacute;n de la intersexualidad en peces de la etapa de vida adulta y principios (roach, Rutilus rutilus). Roach fueron expuestos directamente a cualquiera de los dos secundarios (proceso de fangos activados (ASP)), terciaria (arena filtrada (SF)), o avanzado (efluentes de cloro di&oacute;xido (ClO(2)), el carb&oacute;n activado granular (GAC)) tratado durante seis meses. Sorprendentemente, tanto el GAC avanzada y tratamientos terciarios de SF (pero no el tratamiento ClO(2)) eliminado significativamente la inducci&oacute;n de intersexualidad asociada con el efluente de la ASP; Esto no fue predicho por las mediciones de esteroide estr&oacute;geno, que fueron superiores en el SF terciario a la GAC o el ClO(2). Por lo tanto nuestro estudio destaca la importancia del uso de an&aacute;lisis qu&iacute;micos y biol&oacute;gico al evaluar nuevas tecnolog&iacute;as de tratamiento.

Tratamiento adicional de las aguas residuales reduce las alteraciones endocrinas en peces silvestres--un estudio comparativo de los tratamientos terciarios y avanzados.

Amphibians are declining and fertility/fecundity are major drivers of population stability. The development of non-destructive methods to assess reproductive health are needed as destructive measures are fundamentally at odds with conservation goals for declining species. We investigated the utility of body size, nuptial pad size and forelimb width as non-destructive biomarkers of internal reproductive physiology, by analysing correlations with commonly used destructive methods in adult male toads (Bufo bufo) from a low human impact and a high human impact site. Principal component analyses revealed that size was the most important variable for explaining inter-individual differences in other measured endpoints, both non-destructive and destructive, except for hormone levels and nuptial pad, which were independent of size. Toads from the LI and the HI site differed in almost all of the measured endpoints; this was largely driven by the significantly smaller size of toads from the HI site. Correlational analyses within sites revealed that size was correlated with several reproductive endpoints in toads from the HI site but not the LI site, indicating a possible limiting effect of size on reproductive physiology. Intersex was observed in 33% of toads from the HI site and incidence was not related to any other measured endpoint. In conclusion, we provide evidence that size is associated with reproductive physiology and that nuptial pad/hormone levels have potential as additional markers due to their independence from size. We also show that human activities can have a negative effect on reproductive physiology of the common toad.

Body size, nuptial pad size and hormone levels: potential non-destructive biomarkers of reproductive health in wild toads (Bufo bufo).

17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic oestrogen in oral contraceptives, is one of many pharmaceuticals found in inland waterways worldwide as a result of human consumption and excretion into wastewater treatment systems. At low parts per trillion (ppt), EE2 induces feminisation of male fish, diminishing reproductive success and causing fish population collapse. Intended water quality standards for EE2 set a much needed global precedent. Ozone and activated carbon provide effective wastewater treatments, but their energy intensities and capital/operating costs are formidable barriers to adoption. Here we describe the technical and environmental performance of a fast- developing contender for mitigation of EE2 contamination of wastewater based upon small- molecule, full-functional peroxidase enzyme replicas called "TAML activators". From neutral to basic pH, TAML activators with H2O2 efficiently degrade EE2 in pure lab water, municipal effluents and EE2-spiked synthetic urine. TAML/H2O2 treatment curtails estrogenicity in vitro and substantially diminishes fish feminization in vivo. Our results provide a starting point for a future process in which tens of thousands of tonnes of wastewater could be treated per kilogram of catalyst. We suggest TAML/H2O2 is a worthy candidate for exploration as an environmentally compatible, versatile, method for removing EE2 and other pharmaceuticals from municipal wastewaters.

Removal of ecotoxicity of 17α-ethinylestradiol using TAML/peroxide water treatment.

Gastropod mollusks have been proposed as alternative models for male reproductive toxicity testing, due to similarities in their reproductive anatomy compared to mammals, together with evidence that endocrine disrupting chemicals can cause effects in some mollusks analogous to those seen in mammals. To test this hypothesis, we used the freshwater pulmonate snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, for which various genetic tools and a draft genome have recently become available, to investigate the effects of two steroid androgens on the development of mollusk secondary sexual organs. Here we present the results of exposures to two potent androgens, the vertebrate steroid; 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the pharmaceutical anabolic steroid; 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), under continuous flow-through conditions throughout embryonic development and up to sexual maturity. Secondary sexual gland morphology, histopathology and differential gene expression analysis were used to determine whether steroid androgens stimulated or inhibited organ development. No significant differences between tissues from control and exposed snails were identified, suggesting that these androgens elicited no biologically detectable response normally associated with exposure to androgens in vertebrate model systems. Identifying no effect of androgens in this mollusk is significant, not only in the context of the suitability of mollusks as alternative model organisms for testing vertebrate androgen receptor agonists but also, if applicable to other similar mollusks, in terms of the likely impacts of androgens and anti-androgenic pollutants present in the aquatic environment.

Alice Baynes

Institute of Environment Health and Societies

Brunel University London

Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency