We would like to thank the URMC Flow Cytometry Core. This work was supported by American Society of Hematology Scholar Award, Leukemia Research Foundation award and NIH grants R01DK133131 and R01CA266617 awarded to J.B.

All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with protocols approved by the University of Rochester University Committee on Animal Resources. Mice were bred and maintained in the animal care facilities at the University of Rochester. To model high-risk MDS, the commercially available NHD13 murine model19 is employed. In this model, bone marrow stromal cells are analyzed in female NHD13 mice at 8 weeks of age, before disease onset. De novo AML is generated as previously described<su...

Isolation and Characterization of Bone Marrow Microenvironment in Myeloid Neoplasms

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Murine leukemia models have been extensively used to identify cell intrinsic and niche-driven signals that promote aggressive myeloid leukemia progression6,19,21. Here, a comprehensive flow cytometry-based protocol to define the cellular composition of the bone marrow microenvironment in murine models of MDS and AML is presented.
Prior to acquiring flow cytometric data from experimental samples, it is...

The bone marrow microenvironment consists of hematopoietic cells, non-hematopoietic stromal cells, and the extracellular matrix1,2. This microenvironment can promote hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal, regulate lineage differentiation, and provide structural and mechanical support to the bone tissue1,2,3,4,5. The stromal niche includes osteolineage cells, fibroblasts, nerve cells, and endothelial cells6, while the hematopoietic niche consists of the lymphoid and myeloid populations1,2,3. In addition to supporting normal HSCs, the bone marrow microenvironment can also play a role in the development of hematopoietic stem cell disorders such as MDS and AML7,8,9,10,11. Mutations in osteolineage cells have been shown to promote the development of MDS, AML, and other myeloproliferative neoplasms10,12,13,14.
Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of pre-leukemic disorders that arise from mutations in hematopoietic stem cells. MDS is frequently associated with a block in HSC differentiation and the production of dysplastic cells, which can often lead to bone marrow failure. MDS is the most commonly diagnosed myeloid neoplasm in the United States and is associated with a 3-year survival rate of 35%-45%15. MDS is often associated with a high risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia. This can be a fatal complication, as MDS-derived AML is resistant to most therapies and likely to relapse. AML that arises de novo due to translocations or mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitors is also often resistant to standard chemotherapy16,17. Since MDS and AML are primarily diseases of the elderly, with the majority diagnosed over the age of 60 years, most patients are ineligible for curative bone marrow transplants. There is, thus, a significant need to identify novel regulators of disease progression. Since the bone marrow microenvironment can provide support for malignant cells14, defining changes in the bone marrow niche with disease progression may lead to the identification of novel therapeutics aimed at inhibiting tumor niche remodeling. There is, therefore, a significant need to identify novel regulators of disease progression. To this end, it is critical to identify and characterize changes in the bone marrow stromal cell populations that may provide support for the malignant cells.
Several murine models of AML and MDS have been generated and can be used to study changes in the bone marrow microenvironment during disease initiation and progression6,1,19,20,21,22. Here, protocols to identify changes in the bone marrow stromal cell populations using murine models of retrovirally induced AML6,20, as well as the commercially available Nup98-HoxD13 (NHD13) model of high-risk MDS to AML transformation19, are described. Mice transplanted with de novo AML cells succumb to the disease in 20-30 days6. The NHD13 mice develop cytopenias and bone marrow dysplasia around 15-20 weeks, which eventually transforms into AML, and nearly 75% of the mice succumb to the disease around 32 weeks. To analyze the murine model bone marrow microenvironment populations, bones are harvested, bone marrow and bone spicules are digested using enzymatic digestion, and the cells are then enriched for CD45-/Ter119- non-hematopoietic populations by magnetic sorting. While similar analyses have been previously described11,13,22,23,24,25, they often focus on either the bone marrow or the bone and do not incorporate cells from both sources in their analyses. The combined characterization of these populations, in conjunction with gene expression analyses, can provide a comprehensive understanding of how the cellular hematopoietic microenvironment provides support for disease initiation and progression (Figure 1). While the protocol described below focuses on retrovirally induced AML model and a genetic MDS model, these strategies can be easily adapted to study changes in the bone marrow niche of any murine model of interest.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
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		<tr>
			<td>1 mL pipette Tips&#160;</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>24-165RL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.7 mL Microcentrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>AVANT</td>
			<td>L211511-CS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 &#181;L pipette Tips</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>24-140RL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL Individually Wrapped Sterile Serological Pipettes</td>
			<td>Globe scientific</td>
			<td>1760</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1000 mL Vacuum Filtration Flask</td>
			<td>NEST</td>
			<td>344021</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>15 mL Centrifuge Tube</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10026-076</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL Aspirating Pipette</td>
			<td>NEST</td>
			<td>325011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 &#181;L pipette Tips</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>24-150-RL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 mL Individually Wrapped Sterile Serological Pipettes</td>
			<td>Globe scientific</td>
			<td>1780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Individually Wrapped Sterile Serological Pipettes</td>
			<td>Globe scientific</td>
			<td>1740</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Polystyrene Round-Bottom Tube&#160; 12 x 75 mm style</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Polystyrene Round-Bottom Tube with Cell Strainer Cap 12 x 75 mm style</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL Centrifuge Tube</td>
			<td>NEST</td>
			<td>602052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 Well, Flat Bottom with Low Evaporation Lid</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absorbent Underpads with Waterproof Moisture Barrier</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>56616-031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APC MicroBeads</td>
			<td>Miltenyi&#160;</td>
			<td>130-090-855</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>autoMACS Pro Separator</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmBH</td>
			<td>4425745</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Pharmingen Purified Rat Anti-Mouse CD16/CD32 (Mouse BD Fc Block)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>553141</td>
			<td>0.5 mg/mL&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td>66.000 g/mol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brilliant Violet 421 anti-mouse Ly-6A/E (Sca-1) Antibody (D7)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>404-5981</td>
			<td>0.2 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6J Mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratory&#160;</td>
			<td>664</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon Dioxide Gas Tank</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>CD50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD31 (PECAM-1) Monoclonal Antibody (390), PE-Cyanine7</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25-0311-82</td>
			<td>0.2 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD45 Monoclonal Antibody (30-F11), APC</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>17-0451-82</td>
			<td>0.2 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainer 70 &#181;m Nylon&#160;</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cole-Parmer Essentials Mortar and Pestle; Agate, 125 mL</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>EW-63100-62</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5138-500MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase Type I</td>
			<td>STEMCELL</td>
			<td>7415</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Mini Centrifuge</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>6770</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Stripettor Ultra Pipet Controller</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>4099</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deoxyribonuclease I from bovine pancreas</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D4513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dispase II, powder</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>117105041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS 10x</td>
			<td>gibco</td>
			<td>14200-075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>eBioscience 1x RBC Lysis Buffer</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>00-4333-57</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol absolute, KOPTEC, meets analytical specification of BP, Ph. Eur., USP (200 Proof)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89125-174</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine scissors - sharp</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14061-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foundation B Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>GeminiBio</td>
			<td>900-208</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gilson&#160;PIPETMAN L Pipette Starter Kits</td>
			<td>FisherScientific&#160;</td>
			<td>F167370G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graefe Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11051-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) 10x</td>
			<td>gibco</td>
			<td>14185-052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>02-671-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator&#160;</td>
			<td>BINDER</td>
			<td>C150-UL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
			<td>KIMTECH</td>
			<td>K222101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LABGARD Class II, Type A2 Biological Safety Cabinet</td>
			<td>Nuaire</td>
			<td>NU-425-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LD Columns</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmBH</td>
			<td>130-042-901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LSE Vortex Mixer</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>6775</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LSRII/Fortessa/Symphony A1</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>647800L6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS MULTI STAND&#160;</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmBH</td>
			<td>130-042-303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACsmix Tube Rotator&#160;</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmBH</td>
			<td>130-090-753</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mIgG</td>
			<td>Millipore-Sigma</td>
			<td>18765-10mg</td>
			<td>2 mg/mL&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nup98-HoxD13 (NHD13) Mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratory&#160;</td>
			<td>010505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE anti-mouse CD51 Antibody (RMV-7)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>104106</td>
			<td>0.2 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE/Cyanine5 anti-mouse CD140a Antibody (RUO)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>135920</td>
			<td>0.2 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>10,000 U/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastipak 3 mL Syringe</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>309657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propidium Iodide - 1.0 mg/mL Solution in Water</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P3566</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QuadroMACS&#160; Separator&#160;</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmBH</td>
			<td>130-090-976</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sorvall X Pro / ST Plus Series Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>75009521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TER-119 Monoclonal Antibody (TER-119), APC</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>17-5921-82</td>
			<td>0.2 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Solution 0.4%</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15-250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrapure 0.5 M EDTA, pH 8.0&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15575-038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

identifying bone marrow microenvironmental populations in myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia

The bone marrow microenvironment consists of distinct cell populations, such as mesenchymal stromal cells, endothelial cells, osteolineage cells, and fibroblasts, which provide support for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In addition to supporting normal HSCs, the bone marrow microenvironment also plays a role in the development of hematopoietic stem cell disorders, such as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). MDS-associated mutations in HSCs lead to a block in differentiation and progressive bone marrow failure, especially in the elderly. MDS can often progress to therapy-resistant AML, a disease characterized by a rapid accumulation of immature myeloid blasts. The bone marrow microenvironment is known to be altered in patients with these myeloid neoplasms. Here, a comprehensive protocol to isolate and phenotypically characterize bone marrow microenvironmental cells from murine models of myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia is described. Isolating and characterizing changes in the bone marrow niche populations can help determine their role in disease initiation and progression and may lead to the development of novel therapeutics targeting cancer-promoting alterations in the bone marrow stromal populations.

Author Spotlight: Analyzing Bone Marrow Microenvironment in Murine Hematological Malignancies 

Identifying Bone Marrow Microenvironmental Populations in Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Our research aims to explore how the bone marrow's changing environment influences tumor growth. We developed a flow cytometry protocol to analyze the non-immune cells in bone marrow and bone tissues, focusing on murine hematological malignancies. This method is adaptable for studying bone marrow in various murine models.Our study focuses on isolating and identifying alterations in bone marrow stromal populations during cancer progression. Understanding their impact on disease onset and advancement could pave the way for new treatments that target these cancer-facilitating changes in the bone marrow stromal cells. Our protocol uniquely combines mechanical and enzymatic digestions, magnetic depletions, and flow cytometry to delineate the bone marrow microenvironment cellular makeup.It stands out by employing magnetic separation and incorporating cells from both bone and marrow, offering a more comprehensive representation of this microenvironment.

This article describes a flow cytometry-based method for analyzing bone marrow microenvironmental populations, such as the endothelial and mesenchymal stromal cells, from MDS and leukemia murine models (Figure 1). Figure 2 depicts the gating strategy for detection of populations of interest, beginning with the selection of cells (P1) in the digested and CD45/Ter119 depleted fraction through forward and side scatter profile. Example gating of cells in a leukemia ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analyzing Bone Marrow Microenvironment in Murine Hematological Malignancies at JoVE.com

Here a detailed protocol to isolate and characterize bone marrow microenvironmental populations from murine models of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia is presented. This technique identifies changes in the non-hematopoietic bone marrow niche, including the endothelial and mesenchymal stromal cells, with disease progression.

The bone marrow microenvironment consists of distinct cell populations, such as mesenchymal stromal cells, endothelial cells, osteolineage cells, and ...

identifying-bone-marrow-microenvironmental-populations