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Chapter 7
Memory is a cognitive process that involves retaining information or experiences over time. It is facilitated by three main processes: encoding, storage, ...
Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their ...
Encoding is the process by which information gets input into the memory system. It involves the brain labeling sensory information received from the ...
Sensory memory stores information from the environment, such as sights, sounds, and tastes, in its original sensory form, and it lasts only for a couple ...
Working memory is a dynamic system that combines short-term memory and attention. For example, solving mathematical problems requires temporary retention ...
Chunking and rehearsal are two effective techniques to enhance short-term memory. Chunking involves grouping information into higher-order units that can ...
Storage in memory involves the process of keeping information for future use. Schemas are mental frameworks that help to organize and interpret ...
Long-term memory, or LTM, stores vast amounts of information for extended periods. LTM is categorized into two types: explicit memory and implicit ...
Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, involve conscious recollection of events and facts. Explicit memory can be categorized into two ...
Playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting rely on implicit or non-declarative memory, which includes long-term memories that influence behavior through ...
The serial position effect illustrates that individuals tend to remember the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle. For instance, ...
Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. Retrieval is essential for daily tasks like ...
Autobiographical memory, a form of episodic memory, involves recalling life experiences, such as the excitement of an individual's first job. It is ...
A flashbulb memory is an exceptionally vivid and detailed recollection of an event. It is often associated with significant emotional impact and is ...
A traumatic memory is a vivid and distressing recollection of a traumatic event, such as a car accident, that can intrusively resurface with exceptional ...
Repressed memories involve the unconscious blocking of traumatic experiences from conscious awareness. For example, individuals who have experienced ...
Eyewitness memory refers to a person's recollection of events they have directly witnessed. It is often used as evidence in legal settings. For ...
The amygdala, a small, almond-shaped structure within the brain, plays a crucial role in processing memories of emotionally charged events associated with ...
The hippocampus is a small, seahorse-shaped structure in the brain that plays a crucial role in memory processing, particularly in forming and retrieving ...
The cerebellum is a fist-sized part of the brain located at the back of the head. It is vital for procedural memory, which enables learning motor tasks ...
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that play a crucial role in transmitting signals across synapses in the brain. Neurotransmitter-mediated ...
Forgetting is a process in which memories become inaccessible or lost over time. Hermann Ebbinghaus pioneered studies on forgetting and developed the ...
Interference and decay are two key processes that contribute to forgetting. Interference occurs when competing memories impair the ability to retrieve ...
The Tip-of-the-Tongue phenomenon is a cognitive state in which a person temporarily cannot recall a word or piece of information despite feeling that they ...
Chunking is a cognitive strategy that enhances short-term memory by organizing information into smaller, manageable units, or "chunks." This ...
Elaborative rehearsal is a cognitive strategy that aids in transferring information from short-term to long-term memory by linking new information with ...
Mnemonic devices are memory aids that enhance our memory by associating new information with familiar or organized patterns. Some mnemonic devices are ...
False memories are a cognitive phenomenon in which individuals recall events that never occurred or are distorted versions of actual events. Research into ...
Amnesia is a condition marked by long-term memory loss, which impairs the ability to recall past events or create new memories. There are several types of ...
Dementia is a syndrome characterized by a decline in cognitive function affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. Early symptoms include forgetting ...
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