Kapitel 15
Transmembrantransport im endoplasmatischen Retikulum und in Peroxisomen
Das endoplasmatische Retikulum
The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary ...
Glattes endoplasmatisches Retikulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum or smooth ER is a sub-organelle with specialized functions in animal cells and plant cells. It is often associated with the ...
Die Rolle des ER im sekretorischen Weg
Eukaryotic cells have a special pathway that enables communication between various intracellular membrane-bound compartments and also with the ...
Die Lenkung von Proteinen zum rauen endoplasmatischen Retikulum
The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. ...
Mechanismen der Proteintranslokation an der ER-Membran
The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides ...
Cotranslationale Translokation von Proteinen
Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the ...
Posttranslationale Translokation von Proteinen in das RER
A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process ...
Einbringung von Single-Pass-Transmembranproteinen in das RER
Integral membrane proteins are proteins adhered to the lipid bilayer of a cell organelle or membrane. They can be of two types: transmembrane integral ...
Einbringung von Multi-Pass-Transmembranproteinen in das RER
The rough ER membrane synthesizes, assembles, and embeds transmembrane proteins in diverse topologies. These proteins function as transporters or channels ...
Endverankerung von Proteinen in der ER-Membran
Tail-anchored, or TA, proteins are estimated to make up to 3-5% of membrane proteins found in the eukaryotic cell. Such proteins have a single ...
GPI-Verankerung von Proteinen in der ER-Membran
GPI-anchoring is a post-translational, reversible protein modification that is ubiquitous in eukaryotes. Such proteins are primarily present on the ...
Proteinmodifikationen im RER
Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and ...
Qualitätskontrolle der Proteinfaltung im RER
ER is the primary site for the maturation and folding of soluble and transmembrane secretory proteins. The calnexin cycle is a specific chaperone system ...
Export von fehlgefalteten Proteinen aus dem ER
After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for ...
Die ungefaltete Proteinantwort
The ER is the hub of protein synthesis in a cell. It has robust systems to quality control protein folding and also for degradation of terminally ...
Regulierung der ungefalteten Proteinantwort
Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein ...
Synthese von Phosphatidylcholin in der ER-Membran
The ER synthesizes lipids for building cell membranes and performing cellular functions such as energy storage and signaling. The lipid synthesis ...
Aufbau der Lipiddoppelschicht im ER
Biological membranes are more than just a barrier separating cell cytoplasm from the outside environment. They are highly dynamic and help maintain the ...
Peroxisomen
Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the ...
Proteinimport in die Peroxisomen
Cells contain membrane-bound organelles called peroxisomes that oxidize organic molecules by transferring hydrogen atoms to oxygen, producing hydrogen ...
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