Julian Rotter introduced the concept of locus of control, a cognitive factor that significantly influences personality development and learning. Locus of control refers to an individual's beliefs about the extent of control they have over events in their lives. According to Rotter, this belief system can be categorized into two types: internal and external locus of control.

Individuals with an internal locus of control believe that their personal efforts and decisions directly affect their outcomes. They tend to attribute success or failure to their own actions and characteristics. For example, if a person with an internal locus of control performs poorly on an exam, they are likely to acknowledge their lack of preparation as the primary cause and aim to improve by studying harder. This belief fosters a sense of responsibility and self-efficacy, as these individuals feel they can influence their future outcomes through personal effort.

In contrast, individuals with an external locus of control perceive their lives as being influenced by external factors such as luck, fate, or the actions of others. They are more likely to attribute success or failure to forces beyond their control. For instance, after performing poorly on a test, they might blame the difficulty of the exam or other external circumstances rather than their own actions. This external attribution can lead to a sense of helplessness, where the individual believes their efforts are futile in changing their situation.

Rotter suggested that individuals with an internal locus of control are generally more resilient to emotional stressors as they feel empowered to address problems. On the other hand, an external locus of control has been associated with higher rates of psychological distress, including anxiety and depression.