Diese Arbeit wurde durch Fördermittel aus dem Medical Research Council, dem Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, und der Canadian Stroke Network unterstützt. GAM wurde auch von der Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research unterstützt.

Leitersprosse Fuß Testgerät Die horizontale Leitersprosse Gehtest Apparatur bestand aus Seitenwände aus klarem Plexiglas und Metall Sprossen (3 mm Durchmesser), die eingefügt werden, um eine Etage mit einem Mindestabstand von 1 cm zwischen den Sprossen (siehe Abb. 1 schaffen könnte gemacht werden;. Metz und Whishaw , 2003). Die Seitenwände waren 1 m lang und 19 cm hoch von der Höhe der Sprossen gemessen. Die Leiter war 30 cm über dem Boden mit einem neutralen Start Käfig und ein Refugium (home Käfig) am Ende erhöht. Weil Tiere während des Trainings gewöhnt waren, war die Höhe des Gerätes kaum beunruhigen. Die Breite der Gasse war es, die Größe des Tieres angepasst, so dass es etwa 1 cm breiter als ein Tier, das Tier aus umzudrehen verhindern. Die Schwierigkeit der Aufgabe wurde durch Verändern der Position des Metalls Sprossen geändert. Ein regelmäßiges Muster der Sprossen konnten die Tiere, um das Muster über mehrere Trainingseinheiten zu lernen und die Position der Sprossen (Abb. 1, Muster A) zu antizipieren. Ein unregelmäßiges Muster, die von Versuch zu Versuch verändert wurde verhindert das Tier vom Lernen der Muster (Abb. 1, Muster B). Für die regelmäßige Anordnung wurden die Sprossen in 2 cm Abständen. Für das unregelmäßige Muster, abwechslungsreichen der Abstand der Sprossen systematisch von 1 bis 5 cm. Fünf Vorlagen von unregelmäßigen Sprosse Muster verwendet wurden, so dass die gleichen Muster, alle Tiere wurden angewandt, um die Schwierigkeit des Tests zu standardisieren sowie die Vergleichbarkeit der Ergebnisse (siehe Ergebnisse). Videoaufnahme Eine Kamera (Canovision, Canon Inc.) wurde in einem leichten Winkel ventral positioniert, so die Positionen aller vier Gliedmaßen könnten gleichzeitig aufgezeichnet werden. Die Verschlusszeit wurde auf 500 - 2000 s. Die Videoaufzeichnungen wurden mittels Frame-by-Frame-Analyse bei 30 f / sec. Verhaltenstraining und Testanalyse Die Tiere darauf trainiert wurden, um die Leiter von einem neutralen Käfig überqueren, um ihren eigenen Käfig zu erreichen, so die Heimat Käfig mit Geschwistern, sofern die positive Verstärkung für das Gehen. Alle Tiere überquerten die Leiter in die gleiche Richtung. Keine weiteren Verstärkung wurde gegeben, um die Tiere zu motivieren, die Leiter zu überqueren. Alle Tiere wurden trainiert und getestet fünfmal pro Sitzung. Fußfehler Scoring Die qualitative Auswertung der Vorderbein und Hinterbein Platzierung erfolgte mit einem Fußfehler Scoring-System, wie früher (Metz und Whishaw, 2003) beschrieben. Die Analyse erfolgte durch Inspektion der Videoaufnahmen Frame-by-Frame gemacht. Nur aufeinander folgenden Schritten von jedem Schenkel wurden analysiert. Deshalb wurden die letzte Stufe vor der Gangart Unterbrechung, wie einen Anschlag oder einen Fuß Fehler, und der erste Schritt nach einer Unterbrechung nicht gewertet. Der letzte Stepping Zyklus am Ende der Leiter durchgeführt wurde ebenfalls von Scoring ausgeschlossen. Limb Platzierung war im Hinblick auf die Gliedmaßen Platzierung auf einer Sprosse und Gliederschmerzen Vorsprung zwischen Sprossen, wenn ein Verlust trat erzielt. Die Arten der zu Fuß oder Pfote Platzierung auf den Sprossen wurden bewertet mit einem 7-Kategorie Skala (siehe Abb. 2).. Fuß oder Pfote Platzierung auf der Sprosse wurde nach ihrer Position und Fehler, die in Bestückgenauigkeit aufgetreten bewertet. (0) insgesamt vermissen. 0 Punkte gegeben wurden, wenn das Bein völlig verfehlt eine Sprosse, hat also nicht berühren, und ein Rückgang eingetreten. Ein Rückgang war, als ein Glied tief fallen in-zwischen Sprossen und Körperhaltung und das Gleichgewicht gestört wurden definiert. (1) Tief rutschen. Das Glied wurde zunächst auf einer Sprosse gesetzt, dann rutschte ab, wenn Belastung und verursacht einen Rückgang. (2) Leichte rutschen. Das Glied auf eine Sprosse gelegt wurde, rutschte ab, wenn Belastung, aber nicht in einen Sturz zur Folge, noch unterbrechen den Gangzyklus. In diesem Fall war das Tier in der Lage, das Gleichgewicht zu halten und weiterhin eine koordinierte Gang. (3) Ersatz. Das Glied wurde auf einer Sprosse gesetzt, aber bevor es Belastung war, war es schnell angehoben und auf eine andere Stufe. (4) Korrektur. Das Glied für eine Sprosse ausgerichtet, wurde dann aber auf einer anderen Stufe, ohne das erste gelegt. Alternativ wurde eine Punktzahl von 4 aufgezeichnet, wenn ein Glied auf einer Sprosse platziert wurde und schnell positioniert, während weiter im gleichen Stufe. (5) Teilweise Platzierung. Das Glied wurde auf einer Sprosse entweder mit Handgelenk oder Ziffern der Vordergliedmaße oder die Ferse und Zehen der hinteren Gliedmaßen gelegt. (6) Die korrekte Platzierung. Der Mittelteil der Handfläche einer Gliedmaße wurde auf der Sprosse mit vollem Gewicht Unterlage gelegt. Wenn verschiedene Fehler zur gleichen Zeit aufgetreten ist, war die niedrigste der Werte aufgezeichnet. So wurde, wenn ein Fuß wurde zum ersten Mal auf einer Sprosse gesetzt und legte dann auf einem anderen im gleichen Schritt (score 3), und dann rutschte aus und fiel in-zwischen den Sprossen (Score 1), eine Punktzahl von 1 aufgezeichnet. When ein Rückgang eingetreten ist, nur die Extremität Einleitung des Fehlers bewertet wurde und keiner der anderen Glieder erzielt wurde, bis das Tier alle Gliedmaßen neu positioniert hatten. Fehler Punktzahl von fünf Studien wurden für die Analyse gemittelt. Fuß Bestückgenauigkeit Analyse (Anzahl der Fehler) Die Anzahl der Fehler in den einzelnen Kreuzungen gezählt. Fehler wurden auf Basis der Fußfehler Scoring-System ermittelt. Ein Fehler, wie jedes Glied Platzierung, die einen Wert von 0, 1 oder 2 Punkte erhielt, war definiert, dh ein Fehler ist jede Art von Fuß rutschen oder total vermissen. Die Anzahl der Fehler und die Anzahl der Schritte wurde für jedes Glied gesondert erfasst. Aus diesen Daten wurde die mittlere Anzahl der Fehler pro Schritt berechnet und gemittelt über fünf Versuche. Die zweite quantitative Parameter analysiert wurde der durchschnittliche Zeitaufwand für die gesamte Länge der Leiter Aufgabe zu überqueren. Zeitmessung gestartet, nachdem das Tier auf der Leiter platziert wurde und ging über die gesamte Länge davon. Die Zeit, ein Tier in einen Anschlag verbracht wurde nicht in die Messung einbezogen. Vorderpfote stellige Punktzahl Die Vorderpfote stellige Score erfasst, wenn die Pfote richtig war mit seinem Mittelabschnitt auf eine Stufe (dh Note 6 in der Fußfehler Scoring-System) platziert. Das Ausmaß, in dem die Ziffern der Vorderpfote um eine Sprosse werden konnte gebeugt wurde in einem Drei-Punkte-Skala bewertet (Abb. 2). Die Partitur war es, die Position mit dem maximalen Gewicht Träger aufgebracht, dh die Vorderbeine senkrecht auf einer Sprosse positioniert. Die Werte wurden wie folgt angegeben: (0) Digits geschlossen in einem ungefähren 90-Grad-Winkel. (1) Stellen geschlossen in einem ungefähren Winkel von 45 Grad. (2) Ziffern vollständig gebeugt um die Sprosse. Scores von fünf Schritte wurden gemittelt und für die Analyse. Abbildung Legenden <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/1204_2009_1_20_6/Fig 1 Grid.png" alt="Abbildung 1" /> Abb. 1. Der gelernte Leitersprosse Fuß Testgerät in der frontolateralen Blick, mit dem spezifische Messungen des Gerätes angezeigt. Zwei verschiedene Sprosse Muster wurden in der vorliegenden Studie verwendet: Muster A, regelmäßige Sprosse Anordnung, Muster B, unregelmäßige Sprosse Anordnung. Die unregelmäßige Sprosse Anordnung zwischen zwei aufeinander folgenden Studien variiert. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/1204_2009_1_20_7/Fig 2 (angle lines).png" alt="Abbildung 2" /> Abb.. 2. Representative Fotografien illustrieren die drei Kategorien der Ziffer des Gastes. Beachten Sie den Winkel der Ziffern in Bezug auf die Vorderbeine, wenn in vollem Gewicht zu tragen.

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Die vorliegende Studie stellt die Leitersprosse Walking Aufgabe als eine neue Prüfung zur qualifizierten Fuß, Körper Platzierung Leib und Koordination zu beurteilen. Die Leitersprosse Walking Task ermöglicht Diskriminierung zwischen subtiler Störungen der motorischen Funktion durch die Kombination von qualitativen und quantitativen Analyse von Fachkräften zu Fuß. Die Video-Analyse Verfahren kann für eine beschreibende Darstellung von Beeinträchtigungen genutzt werden, und die einfache Rating-Skala in diesem Pap...

the ladder rung walking task: a scoring system and its practical application.

Fortschritte bei der Entwicklung von Tiermodellen für / Schlaganfall, Rückenmarksverletzungen und anderen neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen erfordert Tests mit hoher Empfindlichkeit, um verschiedene Aspekte der motorischen Funktion zu erarbeiten und auch subtile Verlust der Bewegung Kapazität bestimmen. Zur Verbesserung der Wirksamkeit und der Auflösung der Prüfung sollten die Versuche erlauben qualitative und quantitative Maßnahmen der motorischen Funktion und sensibel auf Veränderungen in der Leistung in der Rekonvaleszenz. Die vorliegende Studie beschreibt eine neue Aufgabe, qualifizierte Fuß in der Ratte zu bewerten, sowohl Vorderbein und Hinterbein Funktion zur gleichen Zeit zu messen. Tiere sind erforderlich, um entlang einer horizontalen Leiter, auf der der Abstand der Sprossen ist variabel und wird regelmäßig geändert Fuß. Änderungen in Sprossenabstand verhindern Tiere vom Lernen der absoluten und relativen Lage der Sprossen und so verringert die Möglichkeit für die Tiere für die Beeinträchtigungen durch Lernen kompensieren. Darüber hinaus verändert der Abstand zwischen den Sprossen ermöglicht den Test wiederholt in langfristigen Studien verwendet werden. Es werden Methoden zur quantitativen und qualitativen Beschreibung der beiden Vorder-und Hinterbein Leistung, einschließlich des Körpers platzieren, Stepping, Koordination beschrieben. Darüber hinaus ist die Verwendung von kompensatorischen Strategien durch Fehltritte oder kompensatorische Maßnahmen in Reaktion auf ein anderes Glied der Abhandenkommen angegeben.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Ladder Rung Walking Task: A Scoring System and its Practical Application. at JoVE.com

The Ladder Rung Walking Task: A Scoring System and its Practical Application.

Die Leitersprosse Walking Aufgabe ist es, eine neue Prüfung zur qualifizierten Fuß beurteilen und zu messen sowohl Vorderbein und Hinterbein platzieren, Stepping, und inter-Schenkel Koordination.

Die Leitersprosse Walking-Aufgabe: Ein Scoring-System und seine praktische Anwendung.

Progress in the development of animal models for/stroke, spinal cord injury, and other neurodegenerative disease requires tests of high sensitivity to ...

the-ladder-rung-walking-task-scoring-system-its-practical

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Biology

25.9K Aufrufe.  University of Lethbridge. Die Leitersprosse Walking Aufgabe ist es, eine neue Prüfung zur qualifizierten Fuß beurteilen und zu messen sowohl Vorderbein und Hinterbein platzieren, Stepping, und inter-Schenkel Koordination.

Serie: The Ladder Rung Walking Task: A Scoring System and its Practical Application.

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that commonly affects young adults. It is characterized by demyelination and glial scaring in areas disseminated in the brain and spinal cord. These lesions alter nerve conduction and induce the disabling neurological deficits that vary with the location of the demyelinated plaques in the CNS (e.g. paraparesis, paralysis, blindness, incontinence).
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a model for MS. EAE was first induced accidentally in humans during vaccination against rabies, using viruses grown on rabbit spinal cords. Residues of spinal injected with the inactivated virus induced the CNS disease. Following these observations, a first model of EAE was described in non-human primates immunized with a CNS homogenate by Rivers and Schwenther in 1935. EAE has since been generated in a variety of species and can follow different courses depending on the species/strain and immunizing antigen used. For example, immunizing Lewis rats with myelin basic protein in emulsion with adjuvant induces an acute model of EAE, while the same antigen induces a chronic disease in guinea pigs.
The EAE model described here is induced by immunizing DA rats against DA rat spinal cord in emulsion in complete Freund's adjuvant. Rats develop an ascending flaccid paralysis within 7-14 days post-immunization. Clinical signs follow a relapsing-remitting course over several weeks. Pathology shows large immune infiltrates in the CNS and demyelination plaques. Special considerations for taking care for animals with EAE are described at the end of the video.

This video demonstrates the induction and clinical scoring of an animal model of multiple sclerosis: chronic-relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in DA rats. The disease, induced by immunizing rats with an emulsion containing whole rat spinal cord and complete Freund's adjuvant, presents clinical signs resembling the human disease.

Induction and Clinical Scoring von chronisch-rezidivierende experimentellen autoimmunen Enzephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that commonly affects young adults. It is characterized by ...

Forschung

Biologie

Use of Rotorod as a Method for the Qualitative Analysis of Walking in Rat

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a rotorod, animals remain in approximately the same place making repetitive movements of stepping. Thus the task provides a rich source of information on the details of foot stepping movements. Subjects were hemi-Parkinson analogue rats, produced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right nigrostriatal bundle to deplete nigrostriatal dopamine (DA). The present report provides a video analysis illustration of animals previously were filmed from frontal, lateral, and posterior views as they walked (15). Rating scales and frame-by-frame replay of the video records of stepping behavior indicated that the hemi-Parkinson rats were chronically impaired in posture and limb use contralateral to the DA-depletion. The contralateral limbs participated less in initiating and sustaining propulsion than the ipsilateral limbs. These deficits secondary to unilateral DA-depletion show that the rotorod provides a use task for the analysis of stepping movements.

The rotorod test is used to assess motor status in the walking movement of hemi-Parkinson analogue rats.

Verwendung von Drehstabtest als Methode für die qualitative Analyse von Walking in Rat

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a ...

Lens Transplantation in Zebrafish and its Application in the Analysis of Eye Mutants

The lens plays an important role in the development of the optic cup[1,2]. Using the zebrafish as a model organism, questions regarding lens development can be addressed. The zebrafish is useful for genetic studies due to several advantageous characteristics, including small size, high fecundity, short lifecycle, and ease of care. Lens development occurs rapidly in zebrafish. By 72 hpf, the zebrafish lens is functionally mature [3]. Abundant genetic and molecular resources are available to support research in zebrafish. In addition, the similarity of the zebrafish eye to those of other vertebrates provides basis for its use as an excellent animal model of human defects[4-7]. Several zebrafish mutants exhibit lens abnormalities, including high levels of cell death, which in some cases leads to a complete degeneration of lens tissues [8]. To determine whether lens abnormalities are due to intrinsic causes or to defective interactions with the surrounding tissues, transplantation of a mutant lens into a wild-type eye is performed. Using fire-polished metal needles, mutant or wild-type lenses are carefully dissected from the donor animal, and transferred into the host. To distinguish wild-type and mutant tissues, a transgenic line is used as the donor. This line expresses membrane-bound GFP in all tissues, including the lens. This transplantation technique is an essential tool in the studies of zebrafish lens mutants.

Lens development involves interactions with other tissues. Several zebrafish eye mutants are characterized by an abnormally small lens size. Here we demonstrate a lens transplantation experiment to determine whether this phenotype is due to intrinsic causes or defective interactions with tissues that surround the lens.

Objektiv Transplantation in Zebrafisch und ihre Anwendung in der Analyse von Eye-Mutanten

The lens plays an important role in the development of the optic cup[1,2]. Using the zebrafish as a model organism, questions regarding lens development ...

Tomato Analyzer: A Useful Software Application to Collect Accurate and Detailed Morphological and Colorimetric Data from Two-dimensional Objects

Measuring fruit morphology and color traits of vegetable and fruit crops in an objective and reproducible way is important for detailed phenotypic analyses of these traits. Tomato Analyzer (TA) is a software program that measures 37 attributes related to two-dimensional shape in a semi-automatic and reproducible manner1,2. Many of these attributes, such as angles at the distal and proximal ends of the fruit and areas of indentation, are difficult to quantify manually. The attributes are organized in ten categories within the software: Basic Measurement, Fruit Shape Index, Blockiness, Homogeneity, Proximal Fruit End Shape, Distal Fruit End Shape, Asymmetry, Internal Eccentricity, Latitudinal Section and Morphometrics. The last category requires neither prior knowledge nor predetermined notions of the shape attributes, so morphometric analysis offers an unbiased option that may be better adapted to high-throughput analyses than attribute analysis. TA also offers the Color Test application that was designed to collect color measurements from scanned images and allow scanning devices to be calibrated using color standards3. 
TA provides several options to export and analyze shape attribute, morphometric, and color data. The data may be exported to an excel file in batch mode (more than 100 images at one time) or exported as individual images. The user can choose between output that displays the average for each attribute for the objects in each image (including standard deviation), or an output that displays the attribute values for each object on the image. TA has been a valuable and effective tool for indentifying and confirming tomato fruit shape Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL), as well as performing in-depth analyses of the effect of key fruit shape genes on plant morphology. Also, TA can be used to objectively classify fruit into various shape categories. Lastly, fruit shape and color traits in other plant species as well as other plant organs such as leaves and seeds can be evaluated with TA.

Tomato Analyzer (TA) quantifies attributes of two dimensional shapes and color in a reproducible and accurate manner. A step-by-step procedure for obtaining high quality digitalized images of tomato fruit, morphological and color analyses of these images and several applications using the data generated through this software are described.

Tomato Analyzer: A Useful Software-Anwendung, um genaue und detaillierte morphologische und farbmetrischen Daten von zweidimensionalen Objekten sammeln

Measuring fruit morphology and color traits of vegetable and fruit crops in an objective and reproducible way is important for detailed phenotypic ...

Visualization of Caenorhabditis elegans Cuticular Structures Using the Lipophilic Vital Dye DiI

The cuticle of C. elegans is a highly resistant structure that surrounds the exterior of the animal1-4. The cuticle not only protects the animal from the environment, but also determines body shape and plays a role in motility4-6. Several layers secreted by epidermal cells comprise the cuticle, including an outermost lipid layer7.
Circumferential ridges in the cuticle called annuli pattern the length of the animal and are present during all stages of development8. Alae are longitudinal ridges that are present during specific stages of development, including L1, dauer, and adult stages2,9. Mutations in genes that affect cuticular collagen organization can alter cuticular structure and animal body morphology5,6,10,11. While cuticular imaging using compound microscopy with DIC optics is possible, current methods that highlight cuticular structures include fluorescent transgene expression12, antibody staining13, and electron microscopy1. Labeled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) has also been used to visualize cuticular glycoproteins, but is limited in resolving finer cuticular structures14. Staining of cuticular surface using fluorescent dye has been observed, but never characterized in detail15. We present a method to visualize cuticle in live C. elegans using the red fluorescent lipophilic dye DiI (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate), which is commonly used in C. elegans to visualize environmentally exposed neurons. This optimized protocol for DiI staining is a simple, robust method for high resolution fluorescent visualization of annuli, alae, vulva, male tail, and hermaphrodite tail spike in C. elegans.

Visualization of Caenorhabditis elegans Cuticular Structures Using the Lipophilic Vital Dye DiI

We present a method to visualize cuticle in live C. elegans using the red fluorescent lipophilic dye DiI (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate), which is commonly used in C. elegans to visualize environmentally exposed neurons. With this optimized protocol, alae and annular cuticular structures are stained by DiI and observed using compound microscopy.

Visualisierung von Caenorhabditis elegans Cuticle Strukturen mit der lipophilen Vital Dye, DiI

The cuticle of C. elegans is a highly resistant structure that surrounds the exterior of the animal1-4. The cuticle not only protects the animal from the ...

RNAi Screening to Identify Postembryonic Phenotypes in C. elegans

C. elegans has proven to be a valuable model system for the discovery and functional characterization of many genes and gene pathways1. More sophisticated tools and resources for studies in this system are facilitating continued discovery of genes with more subtle phenotypes or roles. 
Here we present a generalized protocol we adapted for identifying C. elegans genes with postembryonic phenotypes of interest using RNAi2. This procedure is easily modified to assay the phenotype of choice, whether by light or fluorescence optics on a dissecting or compound microscope. This screening protocol capitalizes on the physical assets of the organism and molecular tools the C. elegans research community has produced. As an example, we demonstrate the use of an integrated transgene that expresses a fluorescent product in an RNAi screen to identify genes required for the normal localization of this product in late stage larvae and adults. First, we used a commercially available genomic RNAi library with full-length cDNA inserts. This library facilitates the rapid identification of multiple candidates by RNAi reduction of the candidate gene product. Second, we generated an integrated transgene that expresses our fluorecently tagged protein of interest in an RNAi-sensitive background. Third, by exposing hatched animals to RNAi, this screen permits identification of gene products that have a vital embryonic role that would otherwise mask a post-embryonic role in regulating the protein of interest. Lastly, this screen uses a compound microscope equipped for single cell resolution.

RNAi Screening to Identify Postembryonic Phenotypes in C. elegans

We describe a sensitized method to identify postembryonic regulators of protein expression and localization in C. elegans using an RNAi-based genomic screen and an integrated transgene that expresses a functional, fluorescently tagged protein.

RNAi-Screening auf postembryonalen Phänotypen in Identifizieren C elegans</em

C. elegans has proven to be a valuable model system for the discovery and functional characterization of many genes and gene pathways1. More sophisticated ...

A Fluorescence-based Exonuclease Assay to Characterize DmWRNexo, Orthologue of Human Progeroid WRN Exonuclease, and Its Application to Other Nucleases

WRN exonuclease is involved in resolving DNA damage that occurs either during DNA replication or following exposure to endogenous or exogenous genotoxins. It is likely to play a role in preventing accumulation of recombinogenic intermediates that would otherwise accumulate at transiently stalled replication forks, consistent with a hyper-recombinant phenotype of cells lacking WRN. In humans, the exonuclease domain comprises an N-terminal portion of a much larger protein that also possesses helicase activity, together with additional sites important for DNA and protein interaction. By contrast, in Drosophila, the exonuclease activity of WRN (DmWRNexo) is encoded by a distinct genetic locus from the presumptive helicase, allowing biochemical (and genetic) dissection of the role of the exonuclease activity in genome stability mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate a fluorescent method to determine WRN exonuclease activity using purified recombinant DmWRNexo and end-labeled fluorescent oligonucleotides. This system allows greater reproducibility than radioactive assays as the substrate oligonucleotides remain stable for months, and provides a safer and relatively rapid method for detailed analysis of nuclease activity, permitting determination of nuclease polarity, processivity, and substrate preferences.

Exonucleases play critical roles in ensuring genome stability. Loss of WRN exonuclease function results in premature aging. Studying substrates and other requirements of the nuclease in vitro can help elucidate its role in vivo. Here we demonstrate a rapid and reproducible fluorescence-based assay to measure its nuclease activity.

Ein Fluoreszenz-basierte Exonuklease Assay zu DmWRNexo, Ortholog der Menschen Progeroid WRN Exonuclease, und ihre Anwendung auf andere Nukleasen Charakterisieren

WRN exonuclease is involved in resolving DNA damage that occurs either during DNA replication or following exposure to endogenous or exogenous genotoxins. ...

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

Many researchers, across incredibly diverse foci, are applying phylogenetics to their research question(s). However, many researchers are new to this topic and so it presents inherent problems. Here we compile a practical introduction to phylogenetics for nonexperts.&#160;We outline in a step-by-step manner, a pipeline for generating reliable phylogenies from gene sequence datasets. We begin with a user-guide for similarity search tools via online interfaces as well as local executables. Next, we explore programs for generating multiple sequence alignments followed by protocols for using software to determine best-fit models of evolution. We then outline protocols for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships via maximum likelihood and Bayesian criteria&#160;and finally describe tools for visualizing phylogenetic trees. While this is not by any means an exhaustive description of phylogenetic approaches, it does provide the reader with practical starting information on key software applications commonly utilized by phylogeneticists. The vision for this article would be that it could serve as a practical training tool for researchers embarking on phylogenetic studies&#160;and also serve as an educational resource that could be incorporated into a classroom or teaching-lab.

Here we describe a step-by-step pipeline for generating reliable phylogenies from nucleotide or amino acid sequence datasets. This guide aims to serve researchers or students new to phylogenetic analysis.&#160;

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics für Nichtexperten

Many researchers, across incredibly diverse foci, are applying phylogenetics to their research question(s). However, many researchers are new to this ...

Design and Analysis of Temperature Preference Behavior and its Circadian Rhythm in Drosophila

The circadian clock regulates many aspects of life, including sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature (BTR) rhythms1,2. We recently identified a novel Drosophila circadian output, called the temperature preference rhythm (TPR), in which the preferred temperature in flies rises during the day and falls during the night 3. Surprisingly, the TPR and locomotor activity are controlled through distinct circadian neurons3. Drosophila locomotor activity is a well&#160;known circadian behavioral output and has provided strong contributions to the discovery of many conserved mammalian circadian clock genes and mechanisms4. Therefore, understanding TPR will lead to the identification of hitherto unknown molecular and cellular circadian mechanisms. Here, we describe how to perform and analyze the TPR assay. This technique not only allows for dissecting the molecular and neural mechanisms of TPR, but also provides new insights into the fundamental mechanisms of the brain functions that integrate different environmental signals and regulate animal behaviors. Furthermore, our recently published data suggest that the fly TPR shares features with the mammalian BTR3. Drosophila are ectotherms, in which the body temperature is typically behaviorally regulated. Therefore, TPR is a strategy used to generate a rhythmic body temperature in these flies5-8. We believe that further exploration of Drosophila TPR will facilitate the characterization of the mechanisms underlying body temperature control in animals.

Design and Analysis of Temperature Preference Behavior and its Circadian Rhythm in Drosophila

We recently identified a novel Drosophila circadian output, temperature preference rhythm (TPR), in which the preferred temperature in flies rises during the day and falls during the night. TPR is regulated independently from another circadian output, locomotor activity. Here&#160;we describe the design and analysis of TPR in Drosophila.

Design und Analyse des Temperaturpräferenzverhaltens und seines circadianen Rhythmus in Drosophila

The circadian clock regulates many aspects of life, including sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature (BTR) rhythms1,2. We recently identified a ...

Reconstruction of 3-Dimensional Histology Volume and its Application to Study Mouse Mammary Glands

Histology volume reconstruction facilitates the study of 3D shape and volume change of an organ at the level of macrostructures made up of cells. It can also be used to investigate and validate novel techniques and algorithms in volumetric medical imaging and therapies. Creating 3D high-resolution atlases of different organs1,2,3 is another application of histology volume reconstruction. This provides a resource for investigating tissue structures and the spatial relationship between various cellular features. We present an image registration approach for histology volume reconstruction, which uses a set of optical blockface images. The reconstructed histology volume represents a reliable shape of the processed specimen with no propagated post-processing registration error. The Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&#38;E) stained sections of two mouse mammary glands were registered to their corresponding blockface images using boundary points extracted from the edges of the specimen in histology and blockface images. The accuracy of the registration was visually evaluated. The alignment of the macrostructures of the mammary glands was also visually assessed at high resolution.
This study delineates the different steps of this image registration pipeline, ranging from excision of the mammary gland through to 3D histology volume reconstruction. While 2D histology images reveal the structural differences between pairs of sections, 3D histology volume provides the ability to visualize the differences in shape and volume of the mammary glands.

We present an image registration approach for 3-dimensional (3D) histology volume reconstruction, which facilitates the study of the changes of an organ at the level of macrostructures made up of cells . Using this approach, we studied the 3D changes between wild-type and Igfbp7-null mammary glands.

Die Rekonstruktion der 3-Dimensional Histologie Volume und seine Anwendung auf Maus Milchdrüsen Studieren

Histology volume reconstruction facilitates the study of 3D shape and volume change of an organ at the level of macrostructures made up of cells. It can ...