eoe sub articles

EoE Sub Articles

All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines.
1. Preparation for and Removal of Brain from Mouse for Slicing
<ol>
	<li>Prepare for perfusion and slice incubation.
	<ol>
		<li>Approximately 30 min before slicing, prepare high sucrose cutting solution and low calcium artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) for incubation of the slice prior to recording or imaging.</li>
		<li>Lay out all necessary tools (large blunt end scissors, small spring scissors, anatomic forceps, large scissors or guillotine, iris scissors, jewelers forceps, 10 ml&#160;syringe with 27G&#160;x 1/2 inch needle, small piece of 1 cm x 2 cm filter paper, and a broken tipped Pasteur pipette for slice transfer) for perfusion and slicing, and prepare perfusion tray.</li>
		<li>Set up incubating chamber with oxygenated aCSF in a 32&#160;oC water bath and a culture dish filled with cutting solution.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Prepare cutting stage for slicing.
	<ol>
		<li>Cut a small piece of 3% agar approximately 1 cm3&#160;to use as a backstop for the brain and 1.5 cm x 1.5 mm x 3 mm for a bump to be used to prop up the inferior colliculus (IC).</li>
		<li>Glue the backstop onto the stage with cyanoacrylate adhesive as well as the bump on the right side of the backstop such that they form an 80o&#160;angle.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Remove the brain.
	<ol>
		<li>Deeply anesthetize a postnatal day 12- postnatal day 20 (p12-p20, ideally p14-18) mouse with ketamine 100 mg/kg and xylaxine 3 mg/kg (or comparable ethics committee approved procedure). 
		Note: Confirm proper anesthesia level via lack of response to toe pinch. As the animal is under anesthesia briefly, ophthalmic ointment is unnecessary.</li>
		<li>Using blunt end scissors, expose the ribcage from the xiphoid process to the neck.
		<ol>
			<li>Find the xiphoid process, and make a horizontal cut of approximately 1.5 cm.</li>
			<li>Make two vertical cuts from the ends of the previous horizontal cut to the shoulders, approximately 1.5 cm each.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Cut through the diaphragm and the costochondral junctions to expose the heart.</li>
		<li>With small spring scissors, make a small, 2-5 mm cut in the right atrium, from the ventral to dorsal side of the heart.</li>
		<li>Using a 10 ml&#160;syringe with a 27G&#160;x 1/2 inch needle, inject the left ventricle and quickly perfuse the animal with high sucrose cutting solution.</li>
		<li>Once the blood runs clear, use larger scissors to remove the head. 
		Note: We have not systematically assessed the utility of perfusion. However, in our experience, transcardiac perfusion in mice this young can be done with nearly 100% success, and does have the benefit of eliminating red blood cells, which can fluoresce and interfere with imaging.</li>
		<li>Cut the skin down the midline to expose the skull.</li>
		<li>Using bent iris scissors, cut the skull between the eyes, then starting from the cut between the eyes, carefully cut from anterior to posterior along the midline suture taking care not to damage the brain underneath. 
		Note: The dura usually comes off with the skull. If necessary, remove the dura before carefully removing the brain.</li>
		<li>Using jewelers forceps, pry open the skull and carefully remove the brain, then place the brain in cutting solution. Take care to avoid damaging the cortices.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Preparing Brain for Slicing
<ol>
	<li>Preparing brain for mounting on vibratome stage.
	<ol>
		<li>Using a slide marked with two lines at 90o&#160;and a diagonal line at 17o&#160;from the top left to bottom right, intersecting where the two lines meet, place the brain dorsal side up, using a razor blade, remove 2-4 mm of the rostral end brain creating a flat surface.</li>
		<li>Place the brain caudal side up on the newly created flat surface, and align the dorsal surface of the brain with the horizontal and the midline of the brain with the vertical line.</li>
		<li>Align the razor blade with the 17o&#160;line, tilt the razor at a 30o&#160;angle and remove approximately 3 mm of the right cortex in a double diagonal cut (17o&#160;from horizontal plane and 60o&#160;from the coronal).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Mounting brain on vibratome stage.
	<ol>
		<li>Place a small piece of filter paper 1 cm x 2 cm on the ventral side of the brain so that the long dimension is perpendicular to the midline.</li>
		<li>Carefully apply a small amount of cyanoacrylate adhesive to the area in front of the backstop (and to the left of the bump).</li>
		<li>Place the double diagonally-cut brain face on to the glue so that the caudal part of the brain and hindbrain are propped upon the bump and the right side of the brain is against the backstop.</li>
		<li>Delicately press down on the brain, ensuring that the entire surface is in contact with the slicing chamber.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Obtaining the Colliculo-thalamocortical Slice
<ol>
	<li>Quickly take the cutting stage and place in the vibratome, fill the stage with cutting solution.</li>
	<li>Align the blade with the top (ventral side) of the brain.</li>
	<li>Remove 1-1.5 mm from the top of the brain, remove 300-500 &#181;m slices and assess depth after removal. 
	Note: When the IC, the medial geniculate body (MGB), and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are all visible, and the dentate gyrus forms a &#39;C&#39; shape take one to two 600 &#181;m slices. See&#160;Figure 1A.</li>
	<li>Place slices in heated (32&#160;oC) holding chamber.</li>
</ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>High sucrose cutting solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>in mM: 206 sucrose, 10.0 MgCl2, 11.0 glucose, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 26 NaHCO3, 0.5 CaCl2, 2.5 KCl, pH 7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low calcium aCSF</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>in mM: 126 NaCl, 3.0 MgCl2, 10.0 glucose, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 26 NaHCO3, 1.0 CaCl2, 2.5 KCl, pH 7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>aCSF</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>in mM: 126 NaCl, 2.0 MgCl2, 10.0 glucose, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 26 NaHCO3, 2.0 CaCl2, 2.5 KCl, pH 7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>D12345</td>
			<td>Lot: 1572C502</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large culture dish</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>08-757-13</td>
			<td>100x15mm culture dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small culture dish</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353001</td>
			<td>35x10mm culture dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Raised culture membrane</td>
			<td>Millicell</td>
			<td>PICMORG50</td>
			<td>Used to maintain oxygenated fluid perfusion on both sides of slice.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar for blocking brain</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3% by weight in water</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of colliculo-thalamocortical slices from a mouse pup brain

Source: Slater, B. J., et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/53067">Modification of a Colliculo-thalamocortical Mouse Brain Slice, Incorporating 3-D printing of Chamber Components and Multi-scale Optical Imaging.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015)
The video demonstrates the preparation of colliculo-thalamocortical brain slices from mouse pup brains. An isolated brain is aligned on a marked slide and cut at an angle to align the auditory midbrain and forebrain in the same plane. The brain is then sliced using a vibratome, and the slices containing the major auditory midbrain and forebrain structures are transferred to a holding chamber for preservation.

<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/22581/22581_Figure 1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging of colliculo-thalamocortical brain slice.&#160;(A)&#160;Connected colliculo-thalamocortical brain slice as confirmed by flavoprotein autofluorescence. Electrical stimulation at 0.05 Hz of IC imaged at 4 Hz and Fourier processed to show power at stimulation frequency. Note activation of MGB, thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) and, aud...

Preparation of Colliculo-Thalamocortical Slices from a Mouse Pup Brain

All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines.
1. Preparation for and Removal of ...

Place the brain of a mouse pup on a slide with its dorsal side facing upward.
Trim the front of the brain and reposition it on the flat surface created.
Align the dorsal surface and midline of the brain on the slide. Cut at an angle to align the connected auditory midbrain and forebrain structures. These structures are the inferior colliculus or IC, medial geniculate body or MGB, thalamic reticular nucleus or TRN, and auditory cortex or AC.
Attach the angularly cut brain surface on a vibratome specimen stage with agar blocks, ensuring the hindbrain is propped up on the thinner block.
Transfer the stage into the vibratome and add a buffer to prevent tissue damage.
Commence slicing to locate the IC, MGB, TRN, and AC.
Retrieve the slice containing the connected regions, termed colliculo-thalamocortical slice, and transfer the slice into a holding chamber to preserve tissue viability.

preparation-of-colliculo-thalamocortical-slices-from-a-mouse-pup-brain

Research

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neuroscience

Neuronal Culture Techniques

Primary Neuronal Culture

34 Aufrufe. Quelle: Slater, B. J., et al., Modifikation einer kollikulo-thalamokortikalen Maushirnschnitte, einschließlich 3D-Druck von Kammerkomponenten und optischer Multiskalenbildgebung. J. Vis. Exp. (2015) Das Video zeigt die Präparation von kollikulo-thalamokortikalen Hirnschnitten aus den Gehirnen von Mäusewelpen. Ein isoliertes Gehirn wird auf einer markierten Folie ausgerichtet und in einem Winkel geschnitten, um das auditorische Mittelhirn und das Vorderhirn in derselben Ebene auszurichten. Da...

Serie: Präparation von kollikulo-thalamokortikalen Schnitten aus dem Gehirn eines Mäusewelpen - Konzept

An Ex Vivo Brain Slice Model to Study and Target Breast Cancer Brain Metastatic Tumor Growth

Brain metastasis is a serious consequence of breast cancer for women as these tumors are difficult to treat and are associated with poor clinical outcomes. Preclinical mouse models of breast cancer brain metastatic (BCBM) growth are useful but are expensive, and it is difficult to track live cells and tumor cell invasion within the brain parenchyma. Presented here is a protocol for ex vivo brain slice cultures from xenografted mice containing intracranially injected breast cancer brain-seeking clonal sublines. MDA-MB-231BR luciferase tagged cells were injected intracranially into the brains of Nu/Nu female mice, and following tumor formation, the brains were isolated, sliced, and cultured ex vivo. The tumor slices were imaged to identify tumor cells expressing luciferase and monitor their proliferation and invasion in the brain parenchyma for up to 10 days. Further, the protocol describes the use of time-lapse microscopy to image the growth and invasive behavior of the tumor cells following treatment with ionizing radiation or chemotherapy. The response of tumor cells to treatments can be visualized by live-imaging microscopy, measuring bioluminescence intensity, and performing histology on the brain slice containing BCBM cells. Thus, this ex vivo slice model may be a useful platform for rapid testing of novel therapeutic agents alone or in combination with radiation to identify drugs personalized to target an individual patient&#39;s breast cancer brain metastatic growth within the brain microenvironment.

An Ex Vivo Brain Slice Model to Study and Target Breast Cancer Brain Metastatic Tumor Growth

We introduce a protocol for measuring real-time drug and radiation response of breast cancer brain metastatic cells in an organotypic brain slice model. The methods provide a quantitative assay to investigate the therapeutic effects of various treatments on brain metastases from breast cancer in an ex vivo manner within the brain microenvironment interface.

Ein Ex-vivo-Gehirnschnittmodell zur Untersuchung und Bekämpfung des metastasierenden Tumorwachstums von Brustkrebs im Gehirn

Brain metastasis is a serious consequence of breast cancer for women as these tumors are difficult to treat and are associated with poor clinical ...

Forschung

JoVE Journal

Krebsforschung

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have validated the utility of this method for enhancing neuronal preservation and overall brain slice viability. The implementation of this technique by early adopters has facilitated detailed investigations into brain function using diverse experimental applications and spanning a wide range of animal ages, brain regions, and cell types. Steps are outlined for carrying out the protective recovery brain slice technique using an optimized NMDG artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) media formulation and enhanced procedure to reliably obtain healthy brain slices for patch clamp electrophysiology. With this updated approach, a substantial improvement is observed in the speed and reliability of gigaohm seal formation during targeted patch clamp recording experiments while maintaining excellent neuronal preservation, thereby facilitating challenging experimental applications. Representative results are provided from multi-neuron patch clamp recording experiments to assay synaptic connectivity in neocortical brain slices prepared from young adult transgenic mice and mature adult human neurosurgical specimens. Furthermore, the optimized NMDG protective recovery method of brain slicing is compatible with both juvenile and adult animals, thus resolving a limitation of the original methodology. In summary, a single media formulation and brain slicing procedure can be implemented across various species and ages to achieve excellent viability and tissue preservation.

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol demonstrates the implementation of an optimized N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. A single media formulation is used to reliably obtain healthy brain slices from animals of any age and for diverse experimental applications.

Vorbereitung der akuten Gehirnscheiben mit einem optimierten N-Methyl-D-Glucamine-schützende Recovery-Methode

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have ...

Neurowissenschaften

Zwei-Photonen- und Weitfeld-Kalziumbildgebung im Colliculus superior

Calcium Imaging in Mouse Superior Colliculus

The superior colliculus (SC), an evolutionarily conserved midbrain structure in all vertebrates, is the most sophisticated visual center before the emergence of the cerebral cortex. It receives direct inputs from ~30 types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), with each encoding a specific visual feature. It remains elusive whether the SC simply inherits retinal features or if additional and potentially de novo processing occurs in the SC. To reveal the neural coding of visual information in the SC, we provide here a detailed protocol to optically record visual responses with two complementary methods in awake mice. One method uses two-photon microscopy to image calcium activity at single-cell resolution without ablating the overlaying cortex, while the other uses wide-field microscopy to image the whole SC of a mutant mouse whose cortex is largely undeveloped. This protocol details these two methods, including animal preparation, viral injection, headplate implantation, plug implantation, data acquisition, and data analysis. The representative results show that the two-photon calcium imaging reveals visually evoked neuronal responses at single-cell resolution, and the wide-field calcium imaging reveals&#160;neural activity across the entire SC. By combining these two methods, one can reveal the neural coding in the SC at different scales, and such combination can also be applied to other brain regions.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Enthüllung der neuronalen Kodierung und der Mechanismen der visuellen Verarbeitung im Colliculus superior 

This protocol details the procedure for imaging calcium responses in the superior colliculus (SC) of awake mice, including imaging single-neuron activity with two-photon microscopy while leaving the cortex intact in wild-type mice, and imaging the entire SC with wide-field microscopy in partial-cortex mutant mice.

Kalzium-Bildgebung beim Colliculus superior der Maus

The superior colliculus (SC), an evolutionarily conserved midbrain structure in all vertebrates, is the most sophisticated visual center before the ...

Preparation of Colliculo-Thalamocortical Slices from a Mouse Pup Brain

Transkript

Preparation of Colliculo-Thalamocortical Slices from a Mouse Pup Brain