Die Finanzierung dieser Arbeit wurde zum Teil von der Commonwealth of Pennsylvania # 4100037709 # 240468 Subunternehmer und Drexel University vergeben # 280773 zur Verfügung gestellt.

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fNIR Devices, LLC produziert die optische Bildgebung des Gehirns Instrument und lizenzierte IP und Know-how von der Drexel University. H. Ayaz, M. Izzetoglu, K. Izzetoglu und B. Onaral wurden in der Technologie-Entwicklung beteiligt und so bot einen geringen Anteil in den neuen Startup Firma fNIR Devices, LLC.

Der präfrontale Cortex (PFC) im menschlichen Gehirn erleichtert kognitive Kontrolle über die Koordinierung von Gedanken und Handlungen in Bezug auf interne Ziele. Insbesondere ist die anterior / dorsolateralen PFC bekannt, höhere kognitive Funktionen wie Task-Management, Planung und räumliche Navigation 25 zu vermitteln. fNIR ist ein tragbarer, sicherer und nicht-invasive Gehirn-Monitoring-Tool, dass in klinischen, Labor-und Natur-Einstellungen verwendet wurde, um Gehirn-Aktivierung zu studieren. Diese explorative Studie zeigte der Einsatz von Maze Suite und fNIR zu neurobehavioral Aspekte der räumlichen Navigation zu studieren. In dieser explorativen Studie ist die MazeSuite Plattform in Verbindung mit fNIR die neurologische Aspekte der räumlichen Navigation im dorsolateralen PFC zu studieren und die Kombination dieser beiden Instrumente zu demonstrieren. MazeSuite ist ein experimentelles Design, Darstellung und Analyse-Plattform. Es ermöglicht die Erstellung und Anwendung von einfachen 3D-Umgebungen mit einer benutzerfreundlichen grafischen Oberfläche und zeichnet automatisch Verhaltensmaßnahmen für im Betreff oder über unterliegen Vergleiche. Während der Präsentation des MazeSuite Umgebungen, gleichzeitige zeitsynchron fNIR Messungen wurden mit einem kommerziell erhältlichen, tragbaren, continuous wave fNIR System (Imager 1000, fNIR Devices, LLC) und COBI Studio Software 15. fNIR zuvor als eine sichere und effektive nicht-invasive Gehirn-Monitoring-Tool in der klinischen, Labor-und Natur-Einstellungen für das Studium der Gehirn-Aktivierung 7,11 festgelegt und wird in dieser Studie verwendet werden, um kognitive Reaktionen mit kontextuellen Störungen bei der räumlichen Navigation Aufgaben zugeordnet untersuchen. Um zu untersuchen, die Auswirkungen der Praxis um kontextuelle Interferenz erhielten die Probanden entweder mit einem geringen Störungen (BLK) oder hohe Interferenz (RND) Praxis Reihenfolge präsentiert. Diese unterschiedlichen Praxis Zeitpläne wurden verwendet, um die Wirkung des Lernens mehrere virtuelle räumliche Navigation Labyrinth Aufgaben auf Erwerb, die Aufrechterhaltung und den Transfer-Tests testen. Die Verhaltens-Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sowohl für die Praxis Bestellungen gibt es eine monotone rückläufigen Trend in der gesamten Zeit, die notwendig zum Labyrinth vollständig, was darauf hindeutet, dass die Themen der Praxis, sie jedes Labyrinth fertig in kürzerer Zeit. Darüber hinaus erhöhte sich die durchschnittliche Geschwindigkeit, mit der Themen navigiert das Labyrinth (Labyrinth Geschwindigkeit) mit der Praxis. Diese Verbesserungen in Verhaltensmaßnahmen über die Zeit sind Rückschlüsse von Lernen erwartet. Mittlere Oxy-Hb-Konzentration ändert sich während der Praxis-Studien zeigen, dass die BLK Praxis höhere Hirnaktivität erforderlich, wenn mit RND Praxis um verglichen. RND Praxis führten in schneller Zeit bis zur Fertigstellung und kürzere Weglängen, wenn die BLK Praxis um sowohl für Aufbewahrung und Übertragung bzw. verglichen. Ein rückläufiger Trend in der mittleren Oxy-Hb für BLK beobachtet und RND Praxis in Retention Studien zeigt verminderte Aktivität im PFC. Dieser Befund ist zu erwarten, da bisherige Forschung hat vorgeschlagen, dass es eine Reduktion der Aktivität des PFC in den späteren Phasen des Lernens 12,26. Darüber hinaus benötigt die Navigation in neue Labyrinthe während der Transferphase höhere Hirnaktivität für BLK Praxis unterliegt im Vergleich zu RND Praxis unterliegen. Da die Praxis um verschiedene für die Aufgaben bereits gelernt (dh maze1, maze2 und maze3), diese geschichteten Zufallsstichprobe der Praxis, um für das Thema, dass die Aufgaben in einem sequentiellen (BLK Praxis) um lernte, war möglicherweise nicht ausreichend Roman zu verlangen, haben zusätzlichen Aufwand und kognitiven Ressourcen zur Erfüllung der Aufgaben 12,26. Doch für die RND Praxis wurde die Übertragung Phase der neuronalen Aktivierung nicht höher als die Beibehaltung Phase. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen die PET-Befunde mit der räumlichen Navigation der virtuellen Labyrinth von Van Horn und Kollegen 12 berichtet. Zusammenfassend haben wir beschrieben, die Verwendung von MazeSuite in Kombination mit COBI Studio für eine Studie über die Auswirkungen der kontextuellen Störungen im Zusammenhang mit der Praxis, um beim Lernen räumlichen Navigations-Aufgaben. Die fNIR besprochenen Methoden sind hier nicht die räumliche Navigation Aufgaben beschränkt und kann für eine Vielzahl von Aufgaben in anderen Studien mit bildgebenden Verfahren eingesetzt werden. Design, Implementierung, Datenerfassung und-analyse Phasen der Studie wurden mit der Absicht, einen Leitfaden für zukünftige Studien liefern erklärt.

<ul><li> Maze Suite www.mazesuite.com </li><li> fNIR Imager 1000 www.fnirdevices.com </li></ul>

using mazesuite and functional near infrared spectroscopy to study learning in spatial navigation

MazeSuite ist ein komplettes Toolset für die Vorbereitung, darzustellen und zu analysieren Navigations-und räumliche Experimente 1. MazeSuite können zur Gestaltung und Bearbeitung angepasst virtuellen 3D-Umgebungen, die Position eines der Teilnehmer Behavioral Leistung innerhalb der virtuellen Umgebung und eine Synchronisierung mit externen Geräten für physiologische und bildgebende Maßnahmen, einschließlich Elektroenzephalogramm und Eye-Tracking werden. Functional Nahinfrarot-Spektroskopie (fNIR) ist ein optisches bildgebendes Verfahren, das kontinuierliche, nichtinvasive und tragbare Überwachung von Änderungen ermöglicht in zerebralen Blutoxygenierung Zusammenhang mit der menschlichen Hirnfunktionen 2-7. In den letzten zehn fNIR wird verwendet, um wirksam zu überwachen, kognitive Aufgaben wie Aufmerksamkeit, Arbeitsgedächtnis und Problemlösung 7-11. fNIR kann in Form einer tragbaren und minimal-intrusive Gerät implementiert sein, es hat die Fähigkeit, Hirnaktivität in ökologisch validen Umgebungen zu überwachen. Kognitive Funktionen durch Aufgabenerfüllung beurteilt beinhalten Muster der Hirnaktivität des präfrontalen Cortex (PFC), die aus dem ersten Roman Aufgabenerfüllung variieren, nach dem Training und während der Retention 12. Mit der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET), Van Horn und Kollegen fanden heraus, dass die regionalen zerebralen Blutflusses im rechten Stirnlappen war während der Kodierung (dh zunächst naiv Performance) der räumlichen Navigation der virtuellen Labyrinth aktiviert, während es wenig bis gar keine Aktivierung des frontalen Regionen nach dem Training und während der Retention-Tests. Darüber hinaus sind die Auswirkungen der kontextuellen-Interferenz, ein Lern-Phänomen im Zusammenhang mit Organisation der Praxis deutlich, wenn Menschen mehrere Aufgaben zu erwerben unter verschiedenen Praxis Zeitpläne 13,14. Hohe kontextuellen Störungen (random Trainingsplan) wird erstellt, wenn die Aufgaben, die erlernt werden in einem nicht-sequentiell, unvorhersehbaren Reihenfolge präsentiert. Low kontextuellen Interferenz (gesperrt Trainingsplan) wird erstellt, wenn die Aufgaben, die gelernt werden in einer vorhersehbaren Reihenfolge vorgestellt werden. Unser Ziel hier ist eine doppelte: Erstens, um die experimentelle Protokoll-Design-Prozess und die Verwendung von MazeSuite, und zweitens zeigen, um das Setup und den Einsatz der fNIR Hirnaktivität Monitoring-System mit Cognitive Brain Imaging Optical (COBI) Studio Software 15 zu demonstrieren. Zur Veranschaulichung unserer Ziele ist eine Teilstichprobe aus einer Studie berichtet, dass die Verwendung von sowohl MazeSuite und COBI Studio in einem einzigen Experiment zu zeigen. Die Studie umfasst die Beurteilung der kognitiven Aktivität des PFC bei der Akquisition und das Erlernen von Computer-Labyrinth Aufgaben für blockierte und zufällige Bestellungen. Zwei Rechtshänder Erwachsene (ein Männchen, ein Weibchen) durchgeführt 315 Erwerb, 30 Zurückbehaltungsrecht und 20 übertragen Studien über vier Tage. Design, Implementierung, Datenerfassung und-analyse Phasen der Studie wurden mit der Absicht, einen Leitfaden für zukünftige Studien liefern erklärt.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation at JoVE.com

Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation

MazeSuite ist ein komplettes Toolset für die Vorbereitung, darzustellen und zu analysieren Navigations-und räumliche Experimente. Functional Nahinfrarot-Spektroskopie (fNIR) ist ein optisches bildgebendes Verfahren, das nicht-invasive und tragbare Überwachung der zerebralen Blutoxygenierung Veränderungen ermöglicht. Dieser Beitrag fasst die gemeinsame Benutzung von MazeSuite und fNIR innerhalb eines kognitiven Verarbeitung Lernparadigma.

Mit MazeSuite und Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy man Lernen in Spatial Navigation

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments1. MazeSuite can be used to design and edit adapted ...

using-mazesuite-functional-near-infrared-spectroscopy-to-study

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

30.3K Aufrufe.  Drexel University. MazeSuite ist ein komplettes Toolset für die Vorbereitung, darzustellen und zu analysieren Navigations-und räumliche Experimente. Functional Nahinfrarot-Spektroskopie (fNIR) ist ein optisches bildgebendes Verfahren, das nicht-invasive und tragbare Überwachung der zerebralen Blutoxygenierung Veränderungen ermöglicht. Dieser Beitrag fasst die gemeinsame Benutzung von MazeSuite und fNIR innerhalb eines kognitiven Verarbeitung Lernparadigma.

Serie: Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains technically challenging. One approach, Activation-Induced Manganese-enhanced MRI (AIM MRI), has been used successfully to map neuronal activity in rodents 1-5. In AIM MRI, Mn2+ acts a calcium analog and accumulates in depolarized neurons 6,7. Because Mn2+ shortens the T1 tissue property, regions of elevated neuronal activity will enhance in MRI. Furthermore, Mn2+ clears slowly from the activated regions; therefore, stimulation can be performed outside the magnet prior to imaging, enabling greater experimental flexibility. However, because Mn2+ does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the need to open the BBB has limited the use of AIM MRI, especially in mice.
One tool for opening the BBB is ultrasound. Though potentially damaging, if ultrasound is administered in combination with gas-filled microbubbles (i.e., ultrasound contrast agents), the acoustic pressure required for BBB opening is considerably lower. This combination of ultrasound and microbubbles can be used to reliably open the BBB without causing tissue damage 8-11.
Here, a method is presented for performing AIM MRI by using microbubbles and ultrasound to open the BBB. After an intravenous injection of perflutren microbubbles, an unfocused pulsed ultrasound beam is applied to the shaved mouse head for 3 minutes. For simplicity, we refer to this technique of BBB Opening with Microbubbles and UltraSound as BOMUS 12. Using BOMUS to open the BBB throughout both cerebral hemispheres, manganese is administered to the whole mouse brain. After experimental stimulation of the lightly sedated mice, AIM MRI is used to map the neuronal response.
To demonstrate this approach, herein BOMUS and AIM MRI are used to map unilateral mechanical stimulation of the vibrissae in lightly sedated mice 13. Because BOMUS can open the BBB throughout both hemispheres, the unstimulated side of the brain is used to control for nonspecific background stimulation. The resultant 3D activation map agrees well with published representations of the vibrissae regions of the barrel field cortex 14. The ultrasonic opening of the BBB is fast, noninvasive, and reversible; and thus this approach is suitable for high-throughput and/or longitudinal studies in awake mice.

A technique is described for broadly opening the blood-brain barrier in the mouse using microbubbles and ultrasound. Using this technique, manganese can be administered to the mouse brain. Because manganese is an MRI contrast agent that accumulates in depolarized neurons, this approach enables imaging of neuronal activity.

Funktionelle Bildgebung mit Ultraschall-Blut-Hirnschranke Störung und Mangan-MRT

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Induction of phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase (pERK) is a reliable molecular readout of learning-dependent neuronal activation. Here, we describe a pERK immunohistochemistry protocol to study the profile of hippocampal neuron activation following exposure to a spatial learning task in a mouse model characterized by cognitive deficits of neurodevelopmental origin. Specifically, we used pERK immunostaining to study neuronal activation following Morris water maze (MWM, a classical hippocampal-dependent learning task) in Engrailed-2 knockout (En2-/-) mice, a model of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). As compared to wild-type (WT) controls, En2-/- mice showed significant spatial learning deficits in the MWM. After MWM, significant differences in the number of pERK-positive neurons were detected in specific hippocampal subfields of En2-/- mice, as compared to WT animals. Thus, our protocol can robustly detect differences in pERK-positive neurons associated to hippocampal-dependent learning impairment in a mouse model of ASD. More generally, our protocol can be applied to investigate the profile of hippocampal neuron activation in both genetic or pharmacological mouse models characterized by cognitive deficits.

We describe an immunohistochemistry protocol to study the profile of hippocampal neuron activation following exposure to a spatial learning task in a mouse model characterized by cognitive deficits of neurodevelopmental origin. This protocol can be applied to both genetic or pharmacological mouse models characterized by cognitive deficits.

Immunhistochemische Visualisierung von Hippocampus-Aktivität nach Spatial Learning in einem Mausmodell für neurologische Entwicklungsstörungen

Induction of phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase (pERK) is a reliable molecular readout of learning-dependent neuronal activation. Here, we ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method described here enables the investigator to measure long-lasting (from minutes to hours) high-quality intracellular responses from single Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors and Large Monopolar Cells (LMCs) to light stimuli. Because the recording system has low noise, it can be used to study variability among individual cells in the fly eye, and how their outputs reflect the physical properties of the visual environment. We outline all key steps in performing this technique. The basic steps in constructing an appropriate electrophysiology set-up for recording, such as design and selection of the experimental equipment are described. We also explain how to prepare for recording by making appropriate (sharp) recording and (blunt) reference electrodes. Details are given on how to fix an intact fly in a bespoke fly-holder, prepare a small window in its eye and insert a recording electrode through this hole with minimal damage. We explain how to localize the center of a cell's receptive field, dark- or light-adapt the studied cell, and to record its voltage responses to dynamic light stimuli. Finally, we describe the criteria for stable normal recordings, show characteristic high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to different light stimuli, and briefly define how to quantify their signaling performance. Many aspects of the method are technically challenging and require practice and patience to master. But once learned and optimized for the investigator's experimental objectives, it grants outstanding in vivo neurophysiological data.

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Sharp microelectrodes enable accurate electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor and visual interneuron output in living Drosophila. Here we show how to use this method to record high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to controlled light stimulation. This method is ideal for studying neural information processing in insect compound eyes.

Elektrophysiologische Verfahren zur Aufzeichnung von intrazellulärer Spannung Antworten von<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Fotorezeptoren und Inter auf Lichtreize<em&gt; In Vivo</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles

Clinical research has leveraged a variety of paradigms to assess cognitive decline, commonly targeting spatial learning and memory abilities. However, interest in the cognitive processes of nonmodel species, typically within an ecological context, has also become an emerging field of study. In particular, interest in the cognitive processes in reptiles is growing although experimental studies on reptilian cognition are sparse. The few reptilian studies that have experimentally tested for spatial learning and memory have used rodent paradigms modified for use in reptiles. However, ecologically important aspects of the physiology and behavior of this taxonomic group must be taken into account when testing for spatially based cognition. Here, we describe modifications of the dry land Barnes maze and associated testing protocol that can improve performance when probing for spatial learning and memory ability in small squamate reptiles. The described paradigm and procedures were successfully used with male side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana), demonstrating that spatial learning and memory can be assessed in this taxonomic group with an ecologically relevant apparatus and protocol.

This paper describes a modification of the Barnes maze, a standard rodent paradigm used to assess spatial memory and learning, for use in small squamate reptiles.

Die Beurteilung räumliches Lernen und Gedächtnis in Klein squamate Reptilien

Clinical research has leveraged a variety of paradigms to assess cognitive decline, commonly targeting spatial learning and memory abilities. However, ...

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in remote locations. This paper shows the development of field functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) imaging to the study of child language, reading, and cognitive development in a rural village setting of C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. Innovation in methods and the development of culturally appropriate neuroimaging protocols allow&#160;a first-time look into the brain&#39;s development and children&#39;s learning outcomes in understudied environments. This paper demonstrates protocols for transporting and setting up a mobile laboratory, discusses considerations for field versus laboratory neuroimaging, and presents a guide for developing neuroimaging consent procedures and building meaningful long-term collaborations with local government and science partners. Portable neuroimaging methods can be used to study complex child development contexts, including the impact of significant poverty and adversity on brain development. The protocol presented here has been developed for use in C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire, the world&#39;s primary source of cocoa, and where reports of child labor in the cocoa sector are common. Yet, little is known about the impact of child labor on brain development and learning. Field neuroimaging methods have the potential to yield new insights into such urgent issues, and the development of children globally.

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy NIRS Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches (functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy) provide advances to the study of the brain in previously inaccessible regions; here, rural C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. Innovation in methods and development of culturally-appropriate neuroimaging protocols permits novel study of the brain&#39;s development and children&#39;s learning outcomes in environments with significant poverty and adversity.

Neuroimaging Feldmethoden mit funktionalen in der Nähe von Infrarot-Spektroskopie (NIRS) Neuroimaging, globale Kindesentwicklung zu studieren: ländliche Subsahara-Afrika

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in ...

Conducting Hyperscanning Experiments with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of social interactions, and possibly interpersonal relationships. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is well suited for conducting hyperscanning experiments because it measures local hemodynamic effects with a high sampling rate and, importantly, it can be applied in natural settings, not requiring strict motion restrictions. In this article, we present a protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments with parent-child dyads and for analyzing brain-to-brain synchrony. Furthermore, we discuss critical issues and future directions, regarding the experimental design, spatial registration of the fNIRS channels, physiological influences and data analysis methods. The described protocol is not specific to parent-child dyads, but can be applied to a variety of different dyadic constellations, such as adult strangers, romantic partners or siblings. To conclude, fNIRS hyperscanning has the potential to yield new insights into the dynamics of the ongoing social interaction, which possibly go beyond what can be studied by examining the activities of individual brains.

The present protocol describes how to conduct fNIRS hyperscanning experiments and analyze brain-to-brain synchrony. Further, we discuss challenges and possible solutions.

Hyperscanning Experimente mit funktionalen Nah-Infrarot-Spektroskopie

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding ...

Using Near-infrared Fluorescence and High-resolution Scanning to Measure Protein Expression in the Rodent Brain

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study of neuroscience as cellular function is determined by the composition and activity of cellular proteins. In this article, we describe how immunocytochemistry can be combined with near-infrared high-resolution scanning to provide a semi-quantitative measure of protein expression in distinct brain regions. This technique can be used for single or double protein expression in the same brain region. Measuring proteins in this fashion can be used to obtain a relative change in protein expression with an experimental manipulation, molecular signature of learning and memory, activity in molecular pathways, and neural activity in multiple brain regions. Using the correct proteins and statistical analysis, functional connectivity among brain regions can be determined as well. Given the ease of implementing immunocytochemistry in a laboratory, using immunocytochemistry with near-infrared high-resolution scanning can expand the ability of the neuroscientist to examine neurobiological processes at a systems level.

Here, we present a protocol that uses near-infrared dyes in conjunction with immunohistochemistry and high-resolution scanning to assay proteins in brain regions.

Einsatz von Infrarot-Fluoreszenz und hochauflösendem Scannen zur Messung des Protein-Expression im Rodentrains

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study ...

Conducting Concurrent Electroencephalography and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings with a Flanker Task

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by inspecting the relationship between the neural and hemodynamic signals. EEG is an electrophysiological technology that can measure the rapid neuronal activity of the cortex, whereas fNIRS relies on the hemodynamic responses to infer brain activation. The combination of EEG and fNIRS neuroimaging techniques can identify more features and reveal more information associated with the functioning of the brain. In this protocol, fused EEG-fNIRS measurements were performed for concurrent recordings of evoked-electrical potentials and hemodynamic responses during a Flanker task. In addition, the critical steps for setting up the hardware and software system as well as the procedures for data acquisition and analysis were provided and discussed in detail. It is expected that the present protocol can pave a new avenue for improving the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying various cognitive processes by using the EEG and fNIRS signals.

The present protocol describes how to perform concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings and how to inspect the relationship between the EEG and fNIRS data.&#160;

Durchführung gleichzeitiger Elektroenzephalographie und funktioneller Nahinfrarot-Spektroskopie-Aufnahmen mit einer Flanker-Aufgabe

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by ...

Qualitative and Comparative Cortical Activity Data Analyses from a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Applying Block Design

Neuroimaging studies play a pivotal role in the evaluation of pre- vs. post-interventional neurological conditions such as in rehabilitation and surgical treatment. Among the many neuroimaging technologies used to measure brain activity, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) enables the evaluation of dynamic cortical activities by measuring the local hemoglobin levels similar to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Also, due to lesser physical restriction in fNIRS, multiple variants of sensorimotor tasks can be evaluated. Many laboratories have developed several methods for fNIRS data analysis; however, despite the fact that the general principles are the same, there is no universally standardized method. Here, we present the qualitative and comparative analytic methods of data obtained from a multi-channel fNIRS experiment using a block design. For qualitative analysis, we used a software for NIRS as a mass-univariate approach based on the generalized linear model. The NIRS-SPM analysis shows qualitative results for each session by visualizing the activated area during the task. In addition, the non-invasive three-dimensional digitizer can be used to estimate the fNIRS channel locations relative to the brain. To corroborate the NIRS-SPM findings, the amplitude of the changes in hemoglobin levels induced by the sensorimotor task can be statistically analyzed by comparing the data obtained from two different sessions (before and after intervention) of the same study subject using a multi-channel hierarchical mixed model. Our methods can be used to measure the pre- vs. post-intervention analysis in a variety of neurological disorders such as movement disorders, cerebrovascular diseases, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

We describe the analysis of continuous-wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy experiment using a block design with a sensorimotor task. To increase the reliability of the data analysis, we used the qualitative general linear model-based statistical parametric mapping and the comparative hierarchical mixed models for multi-channels.

Qualitative und vergleichende kortikale Aktivitätsdatenanalysen aus einem funktionellen Nahinfrarot-Spektroskopie-Experiment unter Anwendung des Blockdesigns

Neuroimaging studies play a pivotal role in the evaluation of pre- vs. post-interventional neurological conditions such as in rehabilitation and surgical ...

Inter-Brain Synchrony in Open-Ended Collaborative Learning: An fNIRS-Hyperscanning Study

fNIRS hyperscanning is widely used to detect the neurobiological underpinnings of social interaction. With this technique, researchers qualify the concurrent brain activity of two or more interactive individuals with a novel index called inter-brain synchrony (IBS) (i.e., phase and/or amplitude alignment of the neuronal or hemodynamic signals across time). A protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments on collaborative learning dyads in a naturalistic learning environment is presented here. Further, a pipeline of analyzing IBS of oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) signal is explained. Specifically, the experimental design, the process of NIRS data recording, data analysis methods, and future directions are all discussed. Overall, implementing a standardized fNIRS hyperscanning pipeline is a fundamental part of second-person neuroscience. Also, this is in line with the call for open-science to aid the reproducibility of research.

The protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments on collaborative learning dyads in a naturalistic learning environment is outlined. Further, a pipeline to analyze the Inter-Brain Synchrony (IBS) of oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) signals is presented.