Die Autoren danken Herrn JO Hornkohl für Zinsen und Diskussion über die Berechnung des zweiatomigen Moleküllinie Stärken. Diese Arbeit wird teilweise durch das Zentrum für Laseranwendungen an der University of Tennessee Space Institute unterstützt.

1. Optical System-Setup <ol><li> Legen Sie einen Strahlteiler am Ausgang des Lasers, so dass die 1.064 nm Wellenlänge Licht durchlassen und alle anderen transienten Laserstrahlung in eine Strahlfalle zu reflektieren. </li><li> Legen einen Hochgeschwindigkeits-PIN-Photodioden-Detektor, um einen Teil der Laserstrahlung aus dem Strahlenteiler reflektiert aufzuzeichnen. Verbinden dieses Detektors an das Oszilloskop mit Koaxialkabel, um die optische Impuls bezüglich Auslösung durch den Funktionsgenerator und das Auftreten der Q-Schaltung in der Nd überwachen: YAG-Laservorrichtung. </li><li> Richten drei IR reflektierenden Spiegel, um den Strahl parallel zu dem Schlitz des Spektrometers zu positionieren. </li><li> Positionieren Sie eine Linse über translationale Bühne, um den Strahl, um optische Durchbruch Plasma parallel zur Spektrometerspalt erzeugen konzentrieren. Ausrichten zwecks Abbilden der Plasma auf den Schlitz zwei Quarzlinsen. Die beiden Sammellinsen optimal passen die Spektrometer-Design, dh die endgültige Linse eine apertur zu erreichen af ​​# identisch mit der f # der internen Optik des Spektrometers. </li><li> Für Messungen über 380 nm, positionieren eine Kantenfilter zwischen den beiden Linsen für den Zweck der Blockierung Strahlung unterhalb 380 nm liegt. Der Kantenfilter unterdrückt möglich UV Beiträge (aufgrund 2. Ordnung des Gitters) auf die gemessenen Spektren. </li></ol> 2. Datenerfassung-Setup <ol><li> Schließen Sie eine Wellenform-Funktionsgenerator bietet eine dreieckige Welle bei 50 Hz auf einem speziell angefertigten Division durch fünf Kreis auf 10 Hz zu erhalten. Optisches Mehrkanal-Analysator (OMA) wird bei 50 Hz und der Blitzlampen der Nd betrieben: YAG-Laser werden synchron bei 10 Hz betrieben wird. Man kann ein ICCD anstelle der OMA zu verwenden, die synchron mit der Rate von der gepulsten Laserstrahlung als auch. </li><li> Verbinden Sie einen der Ausgänge des fertigten Division durch fünf Schaltung zu einem digitalen Verzögerungsgenerator. Verwenden Sie eine Ausgabe, die zu synchronisieren Nd: YAG-Blitzlampen und einen weiteren Ausgang zu control die Auslöser der linearen Dioden-Array-Verstärker und optische Mehrkanal-Analysator. Auch anstelle des verstärkten linearen Dioden-Array und OMA man eine ICCD verwenden. </li><li> Relais die einstellbaren Triggerausgang der Laservorrichtung auf einem Oszilloskop und einem Impulsgenerator. Das Oszilloskop wird verwendet, um zu überwachen, wenn das gepulste Laserstrahlung für die Erzeugung optischer Durchbruch oder Laserablation Verfügung. </li><li> Verbinden der Hochspannungsausgang des digitalen Impulsgenerator des verstärkten linearen Dioden-Array. </li><li> Das andere Ausgangssignal des Impulsgenerators mit dem Oszilloskop. </li><li> Verbinden Sie den verstärkten linearen Diodenarray-Ausgang mit dem OMA. </li></ol> 3. Synchronisation und Messung <ol><li> Stellen Sie die Wellenform-Funktionsgenerator zur Ausgabe eines Dreieckpuls bei 50 ± 1 Hz ist. Dieser Funktionsgenerator bietet die Master-Frequenz. Eine benutzerdefinierte gebaut Division durch fünf Schaltung und eine digitale Verzögerungsgenerator für ac verwendetkuratieren Synchronisation. </li><li> Initiieren Wasserkühlung und Stromversorgung für Laser-Gerät. Aktivieren Laser. </li><li> Bestimmung der Zeit für die Laserstrahlung von der Austrittsöffnung des Nd fliegen: YAG-Lasers auf den Bereich vor der Spektrometerspalt wie folgt: Messen des Abstands des Lichtweges und berechnet die Laufzeit mit der Drehzahl-of-Licht. Konto für diese Übergangszeit bei der Einstellung der Gate-Verzögerungszeit im nächsten Schritt. </li><li> Auf der digitalen Pulsgenerator, stellen Sie die Gate-Breite für die Messung und die Verzögerungszeit von optischen Durchbruch oder Laser-Ablation-Impuls, und verwenden Sie das Oszilloskop, um die Verzögerungszeit zu überwachen. Die Verzögerungszeit wird bestimmen, wie lange die für die Datenerhebung zu warten, nachdem Schlag auftritt. Die Gatebreite bestimmt, wie lange der Diodenanordnung an Plasmastrahlung ausgesetzt. </li><li> Generieren optischen Durchbruch in Luft-und / oder legen Sie eine Probe auf der Bühne, so dass translationale Ablation auftreten. Bild der Mikroplasma auf den Spektrometerspalt. </li><li> Beginnen Messungen und Aufzeichnung von Daten mit der verstärkten linearen Diodenarray-und optische Mehrkanal-Analysator (oder mit einer ICCD). </li></ol> 4. Wellenlängenkalibrierung <ol><li> Rekord-Spektren von Standardkalibrierung Lampen: Neon-, Quecksilber-und Wasserstofflampen. Verwenden Sie die Versuchsanordnung mit Lampen an der Stelle, wo Plasma erzeugt wurde gestellt. </li><li> Mit den bekannten Wellenlängen von Lampen, eine lineare oder kubische fit, um das Pixel-Wellenlängen-Korrespondenz erhalten. Der Zweck einer genauen Kalibrierung ist, um Nichtlinearitäten, die normalerweise mit der Messung von Spektren werden korrigieren. </li><li> Wiederholen Kalibrierungen für H, C 2, CN, und TiO Spektralbereich von Interesse. </li></ol> 5. Intensity Calibration <ol><li> Schalten Sie eine Wolframlampe Kalibrierung und warten Sie, um sich aufzuwärmen. </li><li> Verwenden eines optischen Pyrometers, um die Temperatur des aktiven Lampe zu messen. </li><li> Verwenden Sie die Versuchsanordnung zu rEcord das Spektrum der aktiven Lampe. </li><li> Berechnen Sie ein Schwarzkörperkurve aus Plank Strahlungsgesetz mit der gemessenen Temperatur als Eingabeparameter. </li><li> Setzen Sie die berechnete Kurve mit dem Spektrum des aktiven Lampe. Bestimmen die Faktoren, mit denen die aufgezeichneten Intensitäten aus der berechneten Kurve. Anwenden dieser Faktoren zeichneten Spektren zur wellenlängenabhängigen Empfindlichkeit des Detektors korrigieren. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie diesen Vorgang für jede Region das Spektrometer verwendet wurde. </li></ol> 6. Datenübertragung <ol><li> Bereiten Medium für Dateiübertragungen. </li><li> Für jede Datenmessung, notieren Sie diesen auf das Medium. </li><li> Nehmen Sie dieses Medium und laden Sie die Dateien auf sie zu einer Arbeits Computer. </li></ol> 7. Dateivorbereitung <ol><li> Für jede Datei, analysieren sie in Abschnitte, eine mit aufgezeichneten Daten, und die anderen die Angabe ab Wellenlänge und Wellenlängenverschiebung durchschnittlich pro Datenpunkt. </li><li> Verwenden Sie diese Abschnitte, um eine neue Datei zu erstellen, entsprechenWellenlängen mit aufgezeichneten Daten. </li></ol> 8. Zweiatomige Molekulare Analyse <ol><li> Wählen Sie die Datei und Wellenlänge entsprechende Zeile Stärke Datei. </li><li> Wählen Sie die Basislinie kompensiert. <ol><li> Festlegen, ob der Offset ist konstant, linear oder quadratisch. </li><li> Stellen Sie die entsprechenden Koeffizienten zu festen oder variablen Werten. </li></ol></li><li> Stellen Sie die Auflösung und Temperatur, die beide entweder fest oder variiert werden. </li><li> Stellen Sie die Toleranz der Passung für das synthetische Spektren Anpassung an die gemessenen Spektren zu sein. </li><li> Setzen Sie den berechneten an die experimentellen Spektren mit einem Nelder-Mead-Algorithmus. </li><li> Unter Verwendung der am besten passenden Parameter des berechneten Spektren für jede Messung, schließen die in den verschiedenen Zeitverzögerungen und Gatebreiten beobachtet Mikroplasmaparameter. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Miziolek, A. W., Palleschi, V., Schechter, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2006).</li><li>Cremers, D. E., Radziemski, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2006).</li><li>Singh, J. P., Thakur, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2007).</li><li>Hahn, D. W., Omenetto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-induced+breakdown+spectroscopy+(LIBS),+Part+I:+review+of+basic+diagnostics+and+plasma-particle+iterations:+still-challenging+issues+within+the+analytical+plasma+community.">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Part I: review of basic diagnostics and plasma-particle iterations: still-challenging issues within the analytical plasma community.</a> Appl. Spectrosc. 64, (2010).</li><li>Hahn, D. W., Omenetto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-induced+breakdown+spectroscopy+(LIBS),+Part+II:+review+of+instrumental+and+methodological+approaches+to+material+analysis+and+applications+to+different+fields.">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Part II: review of instrumental and methodological approaches to material analysis and applications to different fields.</a> Appl. Spectrosc. 66, 347 (2012).</li><li>Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atomic+and+molecular+emissions+in+laser-induced+breakdown+spectroscopy.">Atomic and molecular emissions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part B. 79, 4-16 (2013).</li><li>Konjevi&#263;, N., Lesage, A., Fuhr, J. R., Wiese, W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+Stark+widths+and+shifts+for+spectral+lines+of+neutral+and+ionized+atoms.">Experimental Stark widths and shifts for spectral lines of neutral and ionized atoms.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 31, 819-927 (2002).</li><li>Oks, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stark+broadening+of+hydrogen+and+hydrogen-like+spectral+lines+in+plasmas:+the+physical+insight.">Stark broadening of hydrogen and hydrogen-like spectral lines in plasmas: the physical insight.</a> Alpha Science Int. , (2006).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Dackman, M., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-resolved+spectroscopy+measurements+of+hydrogen-alpha,+-beta,+and+-gamma+emissions.">Time-resolved spectroscopy measurements of hydrogen-alpha, -beta, and -gamma emissions.</a> Appl. Opt. 47, (2008).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Oks, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+Balmer+series+spectroscopy+in+laser-induced+breakdown+plasmas.">Hydrogen Balmer series spectroscopy in laser-induced breakdown plasmas.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 1, 13-23 (2010).</li><li>Lucena, A. D., Tobaria, L. M., Laserna, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+challenges+and+insights+in+the+detection+and+spectral+identification+of+organic+explosives+by+laser+induced+breakdown+spectroscopy.">New challenges and insights in the detection and spectral identification of organic explosives by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part B. 66 (1), 12-20 (2011).</li><li>Swafford, L. D., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+hydrogen+Balmer+Series+lines+following+laser-induced+optical+breakdown+in+laboratory+air.">Measurement of hydrogen Balmer Series lines following laser-induced optical breakdown in laboratory air.</a> Accepted, Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 4 (1), (2013).</li><li>Hornkohl, J. O., Nemes, L., Parigger, C. G., Nemes, L., Irle, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectroscopy+of+Carbon+Containing+Diatomic+Molecules.">Spectroscopy of Carbon Containing Diatomic Molecules.</a> Spectroscopy, Dynamics and Molecular Theory of Carbon Plasmas and Vapor. , 113-165 (2011).</li><li>Parigger, C., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diatomic+molecular+spectroscopy+with+standard+and+anomalous+commutators.">Diatomic molecular spectroscopy with standard and anomalous commutators.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 1, 25-43 (2010).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computation+of+AlO+emission+spectra.">Computation of AlO emission spectra.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part A. 81, 404-411 (2011).</li><li>Hermann, J., Peronne, A., Dutouquet, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+TiO-&#947;+System+for+temperature+measurements+in+laser-induced+plasma.">Analysis of the TiO-&#947; System for temperature measurements in laser-induced plasma.</a> J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 34, 153-164 (2001).</li><li>Woods, A. C., Parigger, C. G., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurements+and+analysis+of+titanium+monoxide+spectra+in+laser-induced+plasma.">Measurements and analysis of titanium monoxide spectra in laser-induced plasma.</a> Opt. Lett. 37, 5139-5141 (2012).</li><li>Witte, M. J., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+and+analysis+of+carbon+Swan+spectra+following+laser-induced+optical+breakdown+in+air.">Measurement and analysis of carbon Swan spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown in air.</a> Accepted, Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 4 (1), (2013).</li><li>Surmick, D. M., Parigger, C. G., Woods, A. C., Donaldson, A. B., Height, J. L., Gill, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+emission+Spectra+of+Aluminum+Monoxide+in+a+Solid+Propellant+Flame.">Analysis of emission Spectra of Aluminum Monoxide in a Solid Propellant Flame.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 3 (2), 2-137 (2012).</li><li>Woods, A. C., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-resolved+Temperature+Inferences+Utilizing+the+TiO+A3&#966;&#8594;X3&#916;+Band+in+Laser-induced+Plasma.">Time-resolved Temperature Inferences Utilizing the TiO A3&#966;&#8594;X3&#916; Band in Laser-induced Plasma.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 3 (2), 103-111 (2012).</li></ol>

Alle Autoren erklären, dass sie keine finanziellen Interessen konkurrieren.

Die zeitaufgelöste Messprotokoll und repräsentative Ergebnisse werden hier weiter diskutiert. Es ist wichtig, die Laserpulse, erzeugt bei einer Rate von 10 Hz zu synchronisieren, mit der 50 Hz Arbeitsfrequenz des verstärkten linearen Dioden-Array und OMA (oder ICCD). Weiterhin ist eine genaue Zeitsteuerung der Laserimpulse und die Öffnung des Gate des verstärkten linearen Dioden-Array (oder alternativ ICCD) wesentlich. Der Wellengenerator, in dem Versuchsschema anzug, wird verwendet, um die Laserimpulse synchronisi...

Laser-Induced Breakdown-Spektroskopie (LIBS)-Techniken 5.1-Anwendungen haben in der Atom 6-12 und molekulare Untersuchungen von Plasma 13-20 mit Laserstrahlung erzeugt. Zeitaufgelösten Spektroskopie ist wichtig für die Bestimmung der Übergangscharakteristiken des Plasmas. Temperatur-und Elektronendichte, um nur zwei Plasmaparameter, gemessen vorgesehen eine vernünftige theoretische Modell der Plasma Aufschlüsselung verfügbar ist. Trennung von Freie-Elektronen-Strahlung von Atom-und Molekül Emissionen ermöglicht es uns, genau vorübergehende Phänomene zu erforschen. Durch die Fokussierung auf ein bestimmtes Zeitfenster, kann man &quot;einfrieren&quot; Plasma-Zerfall und damit erhalten genaue spektroskopische Fingerabdrücke. LIBS hat eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen und vor kurzem Interesse an LIBS-Diagnose zeigt einen deutlichen Anstieg bei der Zahl der Forscher Veröffentlichung im Feld gemessen. Pico-und Femtosekunden erzeugte Mikroplasma ist der laufendenForschungsinteresse jedoch historisch Versuchsanordnungen nutzen LIBS-Nanosekunden-Laserstrahlung. Abbildung 1 zeigt einen typischen Versuchsanordnung zur laserinduzierten Plasmaspektroskopie. Aus diesem Protokoll ist die funktionelle Bruchenergie für den ersten Strahl in der Größenordnung von 75 mJ Puls, auf den Infrarot-Wellenlänge von 1.064 nm aufweist. Diese Impulsenergie kann nach Bedarf eingestellt werden. . Das Plasma wird durch das Spektrometer dispergiert und mit einem verstärkten linearen Dioden-Array und OMA oder alternativ auf einen 2-dimensionalen Verstärkter Charge Coupled Device (ICCD) abgebildet gemessen Figur 2 zeigt das Zeitdiagramm für die zeitaufgelöste Experimente: Synchronisation der Impuls Laserstrahlung mit Anzeige-, Laser-Puls-Trigger-, Laser-Feuer-und Gate-Verzögerung geöffnet. Erfolgreiche zeitaufgelöste Spektroskopie erfordert verschiedene Kalibrierungsverfahren. Diese Verfahren umfassen Wellenlängenkalibrierung zurückGrundkorrektur, und am wichtigsten, eine Empfindlichkeitskorrektur des Detektors. Empfindlichkeit korrigierten Daten sind wichtig für den Vergleich der gemessenen und modellierten Spektren. Eine Erhöhung des Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis, werden mehrere Laser-Emissionsspektrometrie Ereignisse aufgezeichnet.

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		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">Custom Box</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">UTSI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">None</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Signal divider and conditioner. An oscilloscope can be used in place of this</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">Four Channel Digital Delay/Pulse Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Stanford Research Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model DG535</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Tequipment, diyAudio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Four Channel Color Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Tektronix</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TDS 3054</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">500 MHz - 5 GS/sec, Companies: Amazon, Tektronix, Fluke, Agilent Technologies, Pico Technology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:216px;">Wavetek FG3C Function Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Wavetek</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FG3C</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Tequipment, Stanford Research Systems, BK Precision</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Nd:YAG Laser</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Quanta-Ray</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DCR-2A(10) PS</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Laser radiation, Class IV.&#160; Companies: Lambda Photometrics, Continuum, Ellipse, Newport</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">Si Biased Detector</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DET10A/M</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">200-1,100 nm, with ND10A reflective filter. Companies: Canberra, Edmund Optics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Nd:YAG Laser Line Mirror, 1,064 nm</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NB1-K13</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Edmund Optics, Newport</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
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			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">1 in Fused Silica Bi-Convex Lens, uncoated</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SBX031</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Edmund Optics, Thorlabs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:216px;">2 in Fused Silica Plano-Convex lens, uncoated</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SPX049</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Convex lens, f/4.&#160; Companies: Edmund Optics, Thorlabs</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Spectrograph</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Instruments S.A. division Jobin-Yvon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HR 640</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Andor, Newport, Horiba</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Manual and electronic controller for Spectrograph</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Instruments S.A. division Jobin-Yvon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 980028</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Manual and electronic controller for Spectrograph</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Mega 4000</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Mega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 129709</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Computer interface for Spectrograph</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Gateway 2000 Crystal Scan 1024 monitor</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Gateway</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PMV14AC</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Monitor for computer interface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">20 MHz Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BK Precision</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 2125</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Amazon, Tektronix, Fluke, Agilent Technologies, Pico Technology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">6040 Universal Pulse Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 6040</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Agilent Technologies, Tektronix, Quantum Composers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Separate component to 6040 Universal Pulse Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 202 H</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Separate component to 6040 Universal Pulse Generator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">ICCD Camera</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">EG&#38;G Parc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 46113</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Andor, Standford Computer Optics, LaVision, Hamamatsu</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">OMA III</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">EG&#38;G Parc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 1460</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Spectral data acquisition and analysis. Unit discontinued, replaced by software installed on computers.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement and analysis of atomic hydrogen and diatomic molecular alo, c2, cn, and tio spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown

In dieser Arbeit präsentieren wir zeitaufgelöste Messungen von Atom-und zweiatomigen Spektren nach laserinduzierten optischen Durchbruch. Eine typische LIBS Anordnung verwendet. Hier betreiben wir ein Nd: YAG-Laser bei einer Frequenz von 10 Hz bei der Grundwellenlänge von 1.064 nm auf. Die 14 ns Pulse mit anenergy von 190 mJ / Impuls zu einer 50 um Fleckgröße fokussiert, um einen Plasma von optischen Durchbruch oder Laser-Ablation in der Luft zu erzeugen. Der Mikroplasma wird auf den Eintrittsspalt eines Spektrometers abgebildet 0,6 m, und die Spektren werden mit einem 1800 Rillen / mm Gitter eine verstärkte lineare Diodenanordnung und der optischen Mehrkanal-Analysator (OMA) oder eine ICCD aufgezeichnet. Von Interesse sind Stark-verbreiterten Atomlinien des Wasserstoffs Balmer-Serie, um die Elektronendichte schließen. Temperaturmessungen erarbeiten wir auch zweiatomige Emissionsspektren der Aluminiumgehalt (AlO), Kohlenstoff (C 2), Cyan (CN) und Titanmonoxid (TiO). Die experimentellen Verfahren umfassen wellenlänge und Empfindlichkeit Kalibrierungen. Analyse der molekularen Spektren aufgezeichnet wird durch den Einbau von Daten tabellarisch Linienstärken erreicht. Darüber hinaus werden von Monte-Carlo-Simulationen durchgeführt, um Art der Fehlermargen zu schätzen. Zeitaufgelöste Messungen sind für die transiente Plasma häufig in LIBS angetroffen unerlässlich.

LIBS gepulste Laserstrahlung verwendet, um eine Probe ausreichend ionisiert, um Plasma zu bilden. Laser-induzierten Abbau von gasförmigen Stoffen wird Plasma, das über den Fokusbereich des Anregungsstrahls zentriert ist, zu schaffen, während der Laserablation an festen Oberflächen wird Plasma über der Oberfläche der Probe zu erzeugen. Das Plasma wird durch die Konzentration der optischen Strahlung in der Größenordnung von 100 GW / cm 2 ns Bruchimpulse erzeugt. Laserablation Plasma zu erzeugen, typisch...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown at JoVE.com

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

Zeitaufgelöste Atom-und zweiatomigen Molekülspezies mit LIBS gemessen. Die Spektren werden in verschiedenen Zeitverzögerungen nach der Erzeugung optischer Durchbruch Plasma gesammelt Nd: YAG-Laserstrahlung und analysiert werden, um die Elektronendichte und Temperatur abzuleiten.

Messung und Analyse von atomarem Wasserstoff und Zweiatomige Molekulare AlO, C<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;, CN, und TiO Spektren nach Laser-induzierten Breakdown Optical

In this work, we present time-resolved measurements of atomic and diatomic spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown. A typical LIBS arrangement ...

measurement-analysis-atomic-hydrogen-diatomic-molecular-alo-c2-cn-tio

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

14.1K Aufrufe.  University of Tennessee Space Institute.  Zeitaufgelöste Atom-und zweiatomigen Molekülspezies mit LIBS gemessen. Die Spektren werden in verschiedenen Zeitverzögerungen nach der Erzeugung optischer Durchbruch Plasma gesammelt Nd: YAG-Laserstrahlung und analysiert werden, um die Elektronendichte und Temperatur abzuleiten. 

Serie: Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime. Lithium ion batteries have also been considered to be used in electric and hybrid vehicles1 or even electrical grid stabilization systems2. All these applications simulate a dramatic increase in the research and development of battery materials3-7, including new materials3,8, doping9, nanostructuring10-13, coatings or surface modifications14-17 and novel binders18. Consequently, an increasing number of physicists, chemists and materials scientists have recently ventured into this area. Coin cells are widely used in research laboratories to test new battery materials; even for the research and development that target large-scale and high-power applications, small coin cells are often used to test the capacities and rate capabilities of new materials in the initial stage. 
 In 2010, we started a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored research project to investigate the surface adsorption and disordering in battery materials (grant no. DMR-1006515). In the initial stage of this project, we have struggled to learn the techniques of assembling and testing coin cells, which cannot be achieved without numerous help of other researchers in other universities (through frequent calls, email exchanges and two site visits). Thus, we feel that it is beneficial to document, by both text and video, a protocol of assembling and testing a coin cell, which will help other new researchers in this field. This effort represents the "Broader Impact" activities of our NSF project, and it will also help to educate and inspire students.
In this video article, we document a protocol to assemble a CR2032 coin cell with a LiCoO2 working electrode, a Li counter electrode, and (the mostly commonly used) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. To ensure new learners to readily repeat the protocol, we keep the protocol as specific and explicit as we can. However, it is important to note that in specific research and development work, many parameters adopted here can be varied. First, one can make coin cells of different sizes and test the working electrode against a counter electrode other than Li. Second, the amounts of C black and binder added into the working electrodes are often varied to suit the particular purpose of research; for example, large amounts of C black or even inert powder were added to the working electrode to test the "intrinsic" performance of cathode materials14. Third, better binders (other than PVDF) have also developed and used18. Finally, other types of electrolytes (instead of LiPF6) can also be used; in fact, certain high-voltage electrode materials will require the uses of special electrolytes7.

A protocol to construct and test coin cells of lithium ion batteries is described. The specific procedures of making a working electrode, preparing a counter electrode, assembling a cell inside a glovebox and testing the cell are presented.

Bau und Erprobung von Knopfzellen von Lithium Ionen Batterien

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime.  Lithium ion ...

Forschung

Ingenieurwesen

Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle's Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue

Emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasma was applied to elemental analysis of biological samples. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) performed on thin sections of rodent tissues: kidneys and tumor, allows the detection of inorganic elements such as (i) Na, Ca, Cu, Mg, P, and Fe, naturally present in the body and (ii) Si and Gd, detected after the injection of gadolinium-based nanoparticles. The animals were euthanized 1&#160;to 24 hr&#160;after intravenous injection of particles. A two-dimensional scan of the sample, performed using a motorized micrometric 3D-stage, allowed the infrared laser beam exploring the surface with a lateral resolution less than 100 &#956;m. Quantitative chemical images of Gd element inside the organ were obtained with sub-mM sensitivity. LIBS offers a simple and robust method to study the distribution of inorganic materials without any specific labeling. Moreover, the compatibility of the setup with standard optical microscopy emphasizes its potential to provide multiple images of the same biological tissue with different types of response:&#160;elemental, molecular, or cellular.

Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle&#039;s Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy performed on thin organ and tumor tissue successfully detected natural elements and artificially injected gadolinium (Gd), issued from Gd-based nanoparticles. Images of chemical elements reached a resolution of 100 &#956;m and quantitative sub-mM sensitivity. The compatibility of the setup with standard optical microscopy emphasizes its potential to provide multiple images of a same biological tissue.

Laserinduzierte Plasmaspektroskopie: ein neuer Ansatz für die Nanopartikel-Mapping und Quantifizierung in Organgewebe

Emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasma was applied to elemental analysis of biological samples. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) ...

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and non-destructively reveals the hydrogen density distribution at surfaces, at interfaces, and in the volume of solid materials with high depth resolution. The technique applies a 15N ion beam of 6.385 MeV provided by an electrostatic accelerator and specifically detects the 1H isotope in depths up to about 2 &#956;m from the target surface. Surface H coverages are measured with a sensitivity in the order of ~1013 cm-2 (~1% of a typical atomic monolayer density) and H volume concentrations with a detection limit of ~1018 cm-3 (~100 at. ppm). The near-surface depth resolution is 2-5 nm for surface-normal 15N ion incidence onto the target and can be enhanced to values below 1 nm for very flat targets by adopting a surface-grazing incidence geometry. The method is versatile and readily applied to any high vacuum compatible homogeneous material with a smooth surface (no pores). Electrically conductive targets usually tolerate the ion beam irradiation with negligible degradation. Hydrogen quantitation and correct depth analysis require knowledge of the elementary composition (besides hydrogen) and mass density of the target material. Especially in combination with ultra-high vacuum methods for in-situ target preparation and characterization, 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C NRA is ideally suited for hydrogen analysis at atomically controlled surfaces and nanostructured interfaces. We exemplarily demonstrate here the application of 15N NRA at the MALT Tandem accelerator facility of the University of Tokyo to (1) quantitatively measure the surface coverage and the bulk concentration of hydrogen in the near-surface region of a H2 exposed Pd(110) single crystal, and (2) to determine the depth location and layer density of hydrogen near the interfaces of thin SiO2 films on Si(100).

We illustrate the application of 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C resonant nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) to quantitatively evaluate the density of hydrogen atoms on the surface, in the volume, and at an interfacial layer of solid materials. The near-surface hydrogen depth profiling of a Pd(110) single crystal and of SiO2/Si(100) stacks is described.

Die Quantifizierung von Wasserstoffkonzentrationen in Oberflächen- und Grenzflächenschichten und Schüttgüter durch Tiefenprofilierung mit Kernreaktionsanalyse

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and ...

Laser-induced Forward Transfer of Ag Nanopaste

Over the past decade, there has been much development of non-lithographic methods1-3 for printing metallic inks or other functional materials. Many of these processes such as inkjet3 and laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)4 have become increasingly popular as interest in printable electronics and maskless patterning has grown. These additive manufacturing processes are inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and well suited for rapid prototyping, when compared to more traditional semiconductor processing techniques. While most direct-write processes are confined to two-dimensional structures and cannot handle materials with high viscosity (particularly inkjet), LIFT can transcend both constraints if performed properly. Congruent transfer of three dimensional pixels (called voxels), also referred to as laser decal transfer (LDT)5-9, has recently been demonstrated with the LIFT technique using highly viscous Ag nanopastes to fabricate freestanding interconnects, complex voxel shapes, and high-aspect-ratio structures. In this paper, we demonstrate a simple yet versatile process for fabricating a variety of micro- and macroscale Ag structures. Structures include simple shapes for patterning electrical contacts, bridging and cantilever structures, high-aspect-ratio structures, and single-shot, large area transfers using a commercial digital micromirror device (DMD) chip.

We demonstrate the use of the Laser-induced forward transfer technique (LIFT) for the printing of high-viscosity Ag paste. This technique offers a simple, low temperature, robust process for non-lithographically printing microscale 2D and 3D structures.

Laser-induzierte Vorwärts Übertragung von Ag von Nano

Over the past decade, there has been much development of non-lithographic methods1-3 for printing metallic inks or other functional materials. Many of ...

Optical Trap Loading of Dielectric Microparticles In Air

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly scattered dielectric microparticles adhered to a glass substrate are momentarily detached using ultrasonic vibrations generated by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT). Then, the optical beam focused on a selected particle lifts it up to the optical trap while the vibrationally excited microparticles fall back to the substrate. A particle may be trapped at the nominal focus of the trapping beam or at a position above the focus (referred to here as the levitation position) where gravity provides the restoring force. After the measurement, the trapped particle can be placed at a desired position on the substrate in a controlled manner. 
In this protocol, an experimental procedure for selective optical trap loading in air is outlined. First, the experimental setup is briefly introduced. Second, the design and fabrication of a PZT holder and a sample enclosure are illustrated in detail. The optical trap loading of a selected microparticle is then demonstrated with step-by-step instructions including sample preparation, launching into the trap, and use of electrostatic force to excite particle motion in the trap and measure charge. Finally, we present recorded particle trajectories of Brownian and ballistic motions of a trapped microparticle in air. These trajectories can be used to measure stiffness or to verify optical alignment through time domain and frequency domain analysis. Selective trap loading enables optical tweezers to track a particle and its changes over repeated trap loadings in a reversible manner, thereby enabling studies of particle-surface interaction.

A protocol for launching and stably trapping selected dielectric microparticles in air is presented.

Optische Trap-Laden von Dielectric Mikroteilchen in der Luft

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly ...

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is known about the effects of high pressure hydrogen on the polymer sealing and barrier materials also found within these components. More study is required in order to determine the compatibility of common polymer materials found in the components of the hydrogen fuel delivery infrastructure with high pressure hydrogen. As a result, it is important to consider the changes in physical properties such as friction and wear in situ while the polymer is exposed to high pressure hydrogen. In this protocol, we present a method for testing the friction and wear properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) elastomer samples in a 28 MPa high pressure hydrogen environment using a custom-built in situ pin-on-flat linear reciprocating tribometer. Representative results from this testing are presented which indicate that the coefficient of friction between the EPDM sample coupon and steel counter surface is increased in high pressure hydrogen as compared to the coefficient of friction similarly measured in ambient air.

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

A test methodology for quantifying tribological properties of polymers used in hydrogen infrastructure service is demonstrated and characteristic results for a common elastomer are discussed.

In Situ Hochdruck-Wasserstoff tribologischen Tests der gemeinsamen Polymerwerkstoffe in Lieferung Wasserstoffinfrastruktur

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is ...

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Vanadium dioxide is a material that has a reversible metal-insulator phase change near 68 &#176;C. To grow VO2 on a wide variety of substrates, with wafer-scale uniformity and angstrom level control of thickness, the method of atomic-layer deposition was chosen. This ALD process enables high-quality, low-temperature (&#8804;150 &#176;C) growth of ultrathin films (100-1000 &#197;) of VO2. For this demonstration, the VO2 films were grown on sapphire substrates. This low temperature growth technique produces mostly amorphous VO2 films. A subsequent anneal in an ultra-high vacuum chamber with a pressure of 7x10-4 Pa of ultra-high purity (99.999%) oxygen produced oriented, polycrystalline VO2 films. The crystallinity, phase, and strain of the VO2 were determined by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, while the stoichiometry and impurity levels were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and finally the morphology was determined by atomic force microscopy. These data demonstrate the high-quality of the films grown by this technique. A model was created to fit to the data for VO2 in its metallic and insulating phases in the near infrared spectral region. The permittivity and refractive index of the ALD VO2 agreed well with the other fabrication methods in its insulating phase, but showed a difference in its metallic state. Finally, the analysis of the films&#39; optical properties enabled the creation of a wavelength- and temperature-dependent model of the complex optical refractive index for developing VO2 as a tunable refractive index material.

Thin films (100-1000 &#197;) of vanadium dioxide (VO2) were created by atomic-layer deposition (ALD) on sapphire substrates. Following this, the optical properties were characterized through the metal-insulator transition of VO2. From the measured optical properties, a model was created to describe the tunable refractive index of VO2.

Atomic Layer Deposition von Vanadium Kohlendioxid und eine temperaturabhängige optische Modell

Vanadium dioxide is a material that has a reversible metal-insulator phase change near 68 &#176;C. To grow VO2 on a wide variety of substrates, with ...

Quantitative Analysis of Vacuum Induction Melting by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Vacuum induction melting is a popular method for refining high purity metal and alloys. Traditionally, standard process control in metallurgy involves several steps, include drawing samples, cooling, cutting, transport to the laboratory, and analysis. The whole analysis process requires more than 30 minutes, which hinders on-line process control. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is an excellent on-line analysis method that can satisfy the requirements of vacuum induction melting because it is fast and noncontact and does not require sample preparation. The experimental facility uses a lamp-pumped Q-switched laser to ablate melted liquid steel with an output energy of 80 mJ, a frequency of 5 Hz, a FWHM pulse width of 20 ns, and a working wavelength of 1,064 nm. A multi-channel linear charge coupled device (CCD) spectrometer is used to measure the emission spectrum in real time, with a spectral range from 190 to 600 nm and a resolution of 0.06 nm at a wavelength of 200 nm. The protocol includes several steps: standard alloy sample preparation and an ingredient test, smelting of standard samples and determination of the laser breakdown spectrum, and construction of the elements concentration quantitative analysis curve of each element. To realize the concentration analysis of unknown samples, the spectrum of a sample also needs to be measured and disposed with the same process. The composition of all main elements in the melted alloy can be quantitatively analyzed with an internal standard method. The calibration curve shows that the limit of detection of most metal elements ranges from 20-250 ppm. The concentration of elements, such as Ti, Mo, Nb, V, and Cu, can be lower than 100 ppm, and the concentrations of Cr, Al, Co, Fe, Mn, C, and Si range from 100-200 ppm. The R2 of some calibration curves can exceed 0.94.

During vacuum induction melting, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is used to perform real-time quantitative analysis of the main-ingredient elements of a molten alloy.

Quantitative Analyse der Vakuum-Induktionsschmelze durch Laser-induzierte Spectroskopie

Vacuum induction melting is a popular method for refining high purity metal and alloys. Traditionally, standard process control in metallurgy involves ...

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of data that can be obtained from an individual sample and renders it difficult to produce statistically relevant data for unique and rare materials. Resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy is a non-destructive, contactless technique which can simultaneously interrogate both sides of a sheeted material and provide measurements which are suitable for statistical interpretations. This offers analysts the ability to quickly discriminate between sheeted materials based on composition and storage history. In this methodology article, we demonstrate how contactless resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy may be used to differentiate between paper analytes of varying fiber species compositions, to determine the relative age of the paper, and to detect and quantify the amount of post-consumer waste (PCW) recycled fiber content in manufactured office paper.

A protocol for the non-destructive analysis of the fiber content and relative age of paper.

Methodenentwicklung für kontaktlose Resonanzhöhlen dielektrische spektroskopische Studien von Cellulosic Paper

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of ...

Measurement of Chladni Mode Shapes with an Optical Lever Method

Quantitatively determining the Chladni pattern of an elastic plate is of great interest in both physical science and engineering applications. In this paper, a method of measuring mode shapes of a vibrating plate based on an optical lever method is proposed. Three circular acrylic plates were employed in the measurement under different center harmonic excitations. Different from a traditional method, only an ordinary laser pen and a light screen made of ground glass are employed in this novel approach. The approach is as follows: the laser pen projects a beam to the vibrating plate perpendicularly, and then the beam is reflected to the light screen in the distance, on which a line segment made of the reflected spot is formed. Due to the principle of vision persistence, the light spot could be read as a bright straight line. The relationship between the slope of the mode shape, length of the light spot and the distance of the vibrating plate and the light screen can be obtained with algebraic operations. Then the mode shape can be determined by integrating the slope distribution with suitable boundary conditions. The full-field mode shapes of Chladni plate could also be determined further in such a simple way.

A simple method of measuring the Chladni mode shape on an elastic plate by the principle of an optical lever is proposed.

Messung von Chladni-Modus-Formen mit einer optischen Hebelmethode

Quantitatively determining the Chladni pattern of an elastic plate is of great interest in both physical science and engineering applications. In this ...