This work was supported by The National Institute of Health (NIH-2RO1NS033661) and by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (HATCH ALA021-1-09017).

HINWEIS: Alle Verfahren hier durchgeführt wurden eingereicht und von IACUC (Office of Research Compliance) zugelassen und wurden nach NIH-Richtlinien durchgeführt. Mäuse in der Verhaltenstests Paradigma waren naiv und nicht für andere Tests verwendet. Die C57BL / 6-Wildtyp und Knock Out Mäusen in diesem Protokoll verwendet wurden bereits 9 beschrieben wurden und die hier vorgestellten Daten sind von diesem Manuskript. 1. Vorbereitung der Testraum und Open Field Apparat <ol><li> Verwenden Sie eine Mehrfacheinheit offenen Feld Labyrinth (OFM) aus vier Kammern Aktivität wurde für diese Analyse (Abbildung 1) verwendet. Jede Kammer gemessen 50 cm (Länge) x 50 cm (Breite) x 38 cm (Höhe) und wurde aus weißen hoher Dichte und nicht-porösen Kunststoff. </li><li> Textur der Böden des Labyrinths für Traktion beim Gehen während Labyrinth Wände waren glatt. Maze Quadranten waren völlig leer für den Zweck dieser Prüfung. Unter Berücksichtigung der Rest dieses Protocol, wird eine einzelne Quadrant der oben beschriebenen Labyrinth verwendet werden, die OFM demonstrieren. </li><li> Wischen Sie die Kammer mit einem 95% Ethanol vor der Verwendung und vor der anschließenden Tests keine Hinweise Duft durch den vorherigen Thema Maus nach links entfernen. </li><li> Lassen Sie das Ethanol vollständig verdampfen vor dem Testen Mäusen. Dies kann 5-10 Minuten zwischen den einzelnen Test-Session statt. </li><li> Für diese Analyse mit dem SMART Video-Tracking-Software von Panlab / Harvard Apparatus zu erfassen und Mausbewegung zu bewerten. HINWEIS: Jede kommerzielle Video Tracking-Kamera und Software verwendet, um die Testperson zu verfolgen und zu bewerten ergibt sich aus der offenen Feld Labyrinth werden. Es ist sehr wichtig, dass der Anwender zu verstehen, wie die Kalibrierung und führen Sie das für jede einzelne Analyse-Software. Unabhängig von der Videokamera und Tracking-Software verwendet wird, werden die besten Ergebnisse erhalten, wenn die Kamera und die Software sind nach Angaben des Herstellers geeicht. </li><li> Führen Sie den Test ina Standard beleuchteten Raum in der Lage ist, die das Labyrinth Gerät und den Computer erforderlich ist, um die Software auszuführen. Hängen Sie die Videokamera über dem Labyrinth entweder durch Befestigung an der Decke oder mit einem beliebigen erhöhten Unterstützungssystem, das das Objektiv der Kamera, um das gesamte Labyrinth Bereich (Abbildung 2) sehen können. </li><li> Wie das menschliche Administrator des Tests ist, lesen Sie genügend Platz im Zimmer haben, um sein von den Testpersonen im Labyrinth völlig unbeobachtbar, um nicht das Verhalten der Mäuse beeinflussen. </li></ol> 2. Vorbereiten der Software, um Aktivität zu messen <ol><li> Öffnen Sie die Video-Tracking-Software. </li><li> Sobald die Software geöffnet ist, bewegen Sie den Cursor auf die Option &quot;Single-Motivverfolgung&quot; auf der Registerkarte &quot;Data Acquisition&quot; und Klick, um diese Option zu öffnen befindet. </li><li> Wählen Sie die Option &quot;Static Hintergrund&quot; am unteren Rand des Bildschirms. </li><li> Nach der Auswahl &quot;Static Hintergrund&quot; ist entschiedenn, ist es notwendig, die Software zu benutzen, um ein Bild des Labyrinths vor der Zugabe der Testpersonen nehmen. Um dies zu tun, bewegen Sie den Cursor auf &quot;Foto&quot; -Button am unteren Rand des Bildschirms und Klick entfernt. HINWEIS: Die Software wird ein Bild von dem Szenario ohne die Testperson, die aus dem bei der Tracking-Prozess genommen Bild subtrahiert werden zu nehmen. Dies führt nur die Bewegung des Subjekts von der Software analysiert. </li><li> Bestätigen Sie, dass das Hintergrundbild oben genommen vollständig von der Tracking-Software entfernt werden, indem Sie den Cursor auf die Schaltfläche &quot;Test&quot; am unteren Rand des Bildschirms befindet, und klicken Sie einmal. Eine solide weißen Feld wird angezeigt, wenn das Hintergrundbild komplett aus dem Tracking-Bild entfernt werden. Wenn Lichtverhältnisse ändern oder das Labyrinth versehentlich bewegt wird, werden Sie schwarze &quot;Schatten&quot; in diesem Bereich zu sehen was die beiden Bilder nicht perfekt überein. Um dieser Situation abzuhelfen, wiederholen Sie einfach steS. 2.4. </li><li> Nach der Bestätigung, Hintergrundeinstellungen, verwenden Sie die Option Zeitplan, um den Weg Zeit wird während der Aufnahme gesteuert konfigurieren. Dazu bewegen Sie den Cursor auf das Register &quot;Konfiguration&quot; und klicken Sie einmal auf die &quot;Timings&quot; Überschrift. Verwenden Sie den neu geöffneten Fenster auf experimentelle Parameter eingeben. </li><li> Aus diesem Protokoll, wählte die &quot;programmierte Zeit&quot; Option als 10 Minuten Tracking Zeitraum. Stellen Sie die &quot;Latenzzeit&quot;, um 5 Sekunden, um dem Benutzer Zeit zu ermöglichen, um die Maus in die Mitte des Irrgartens zu platzieren und weg vor dem Beginn der Verfolgung. Geben Sie die &quot;Aufnahmezeit&quot; von 10 Minuten für die Dauer des Tests. Stellen Sie die &quot;Stop-Steuerung&quot; auf &quot;Beim programmierten Zeit (10 min) ist vorbei&quot;, die automatisch ausgeschaltet, wird die Kamera und die Tracking-Funktion der Software. </li><li> Bewegen Sie den Cursor auf die Schaltfläche &quot;Schließen&quot;, wenn alle Zeiten festgelegt wurden, um das Fenster zu schließen. Sie sind nun bereit, um den Test zu startening Verfahren. </li></ol> 3. Verwaltung der Open Field Test ANMERKUNG: Das Softwarepaket in diesem Protokoll verwendet ermöglicht die Verfolgung von bis zu 16 einzelnen Mäusen zu einem Zeitpunkt. Zur Erleichterung der Fertigstellung und wie oben erwähnt, ist die hier diskutierten Protokoll für eine einzelne Maus mit einem einzigen Quadranten des OFM. Für die verwendeten Geräte für dieses Protokoll, könnte ein Maximum von 4 einzelnen Mäusen mit jedem Quadranten des Labyrinths verfolgt werden. Bei Verwendung einer Multi-Gehäuse Labyrinth, nachdem Sie das erste Thema der Maus in seiner definierten Quadranten, legen Sie die restlichen Mäuse in ihre jeweiligen Labyrinth Quadranten für die Verfolgung Analyse. Für die Zwecke dieses Protokolls wird weitere Anweisung auf einen einzigen Quadranten des Labyrinths ist. <ol><li> Bringen Sie die Mäuse in ihre Käfige aus ihren Käfigen Raum in den Testraum. Den Mäusen an den Eingriffsraum für mindestens 30 Minuten vor Beginn des Tests zu akklimatisieren. </li><li> Entfernen eines einzelnen mOuse aus dem Käfig durch leichtes Greifen mit dem Schwanz und platzieren Sie den Mauszeiger in die Mitte des offenen Feld Labyrinth, während gleichzeitig die Aktivierung der SMART-Software durch einfaches Klicken auf die Schaltfläche Start Tracking Mausbewegung zu beginnen. Es ist normal, dass die Maus, um sofort an die Peripherie Wände des Labyrinths und der Zeitpunkt der Freigabe zu bewegen und Tracking Eroberung der Maus sollten übereinstimmen, um diese Bewegung aufzunehmen. </li><li> Lassen Sie freien und ununterbrochenen Bewegung des Motivs Maus während des jeweiligen Quadranten des Labyrinths für einen einzelnen Zeitraum von 10 Minuten während dieser Zeit wird der Tracking-Software-Bewegung aufzeichnen (Abbildung 3). </li><li> Am Ende des Testzeitraums, nehmen Sie den Betreff Maus sanft, sie aus dem Labyrinth zu entfernen und sie wieder in ihre Heimat Käfig. </li><li> Vor der Reinigung des Labyrinths, visuell zählen die fäkale Boli in das Labyrinth vorhanden Pellets und manuell erfassen die Zahlen für die weitere Analyse. </li><li> Entfernen Sie alle fäkalen Pellets und wischen Sie alle Spots des Wasserlassens. Sprühen Sie den Boden und die Wände des Labyrinths Quadranten mit 95% Ethanol und wischen Sie mit einem sauberen Papiertuch. Lassen Sie die Ethanollösung vollständig trocknen, bevor die Prüfung andere Mäuse. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie den Vorgang mit dem nächsten Maus. </li></ol> 4. Messung und Analyse von Verhalten bei Testverfahren HINWEIS: Bei der Messung werden drei Aspekte der offenen Feldverhalten ohne weiteres mit diesem Protokoll (siehe Diskussion) gekennzeichnet. Eine kurze Anleitung, wie man diese Messungen in der Video-Tracking-Software zugreifen folgt. <ol><li> Wählen Sie im Hauptbildschirm des SMART-Software, bewegen Sie den Cursor auf die &quot;Zones&quot; Menü und Klick &quot;Definition&quot;, um die Zonen-Editor zu öffnen. </li><li> Folgen Sie den detaillierten Anweisungen in der SMART-Software Anwenderhandbuch nicht festlegen Zonen oder Gitter auf den Tracking-Wege zu überlagern. Hier wurde die Software verwendet, um eine 5 x 5 Raster von 10 cm Quadrate für den Boden des das Labyrinth (define <strong&gt; 4). Achten Sie darauf, die Zonendatei erstellt vor dem Schließen der Zonen-Editor speichern. </li><li> Wählen Sie im Hauptbildschirm des SMART-Software, bewegen Sie den Cursor auf die Registerkarte &quot;Analysis&quot; und Einzel klicken, um die Datenanalyse-Fenster zu öffnen. </li><li> Bewegen Sie den Cursor auf die Registerkarte &quot;Datei&quot; und öffnen Sie die Zone-Datei oben erstellt. </li><li> Bewegen Sie den Cursor auf das Register &quot;Konfiguration&quot; und öffnen Sie die Option &quot;Track-Analyse&quot;. Das Fenster &quot;Fach-Analyse-Konfiguration&quot; zu öffnen. <ol><li> Bewegen Sie den Cursor auf die Registerkarte &quot;Standard&quot; und bewegen Sie den Parameter &quot;Wegstrecke&quot; aus der Liste Verfügbare Parameter Box (linke Seite), um die Parameter enthalten Feld (rechte Seite). </li><li> Bewegen Sie den Cursor auf die Registerkarte &quot;Zonen Übergänge&quot; und stellen Sie die erforderlichen Parameter für die Parameter enthalten Box wie oben. </li><li> Stellen Sie sicher, die &quot;Full Track&quot; Box wird am unteren Rand des Fensters überprüft. </li><li> Mohabe den Cursor auf die Schaltfläche OK, und schließen Sie das Fach-Analyse Konfigurationsfenster. HINWEIS: Je nach der Analyse die Sie ausführen möchten, können viele andere Optionen in diesem Fenster zu mir Daten aus der Analyse ausgewählt werden. Lesen Sie die ausführliche Bedienungsanleitung Ihres spezifischen Programms zu ermitteln, welche Parameter für die Analyse Ihrer Daten sehr wichtig. </li></ol></li><li> Unter der Registerkarte Datei in der oberen linken Rand des Programmfensters, öffnen Sie die Einzel Thema Trackfenster und setzen Sie ein Häkchen neben alle Spuren analysiert. Bewegen Sie den Cursor auf die Schaltfläche Check Mark am oberen Rand des Fensters und klicken Sie auf die Track-Explorer-Fenster zu schließen. </li><li> Bewegen Sie den Cursor auf die Schaltfläche &quot;Go&quot; in der Datenanalyse-Fenster und klicken Sie, um Einzelanalyse der Track-Daten zu starten. </li><li> Analysedaten können entweder als ASCII-Textdateien ausgegeben werden, oder es kann direkt in eine Excel-Tabelle exportiert werden. Verwenden Sie die Ausgabe-Tools der Software-Programm Sie verwenden, um die Ausgabe data für den eigenen Gebrauch. HINWEIS: der gesamten Fahrleistung und Zeit im angegebenen Zonen verbracht werden ausgegeben im Anschluss an die Datenanalyse oben beschriebenen Schritte sein. Auch hier wird betont, dass die Schritte, die Messungen hier dargestellt in Abhängigkeit von der Anwendersoftware verwendet werden, um unterscheiden zu erreichen. Aber die Daten selbst und der Interpretation der Ergebnisse sollte ähnlich unabhängig von der Software verwendet wird. Es ist auch erwähnenswert, dass Testleiter Vorspannung von diesem Protokoll als alle gesammelt, quantifiziert Daten von der Software und nicht die des Administrators Messdaten entfernt. Somit besteht keine qualifizierbare Element auf die gesammelten Daten, wie beschrieben. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Das Freie Feld Maze ist eine der am weitesten verbreiteten Plattformen in Tierverhaltensstudien. Eine Reihe wichtiger konventionellen und ethologischer Parameter 2,4 gesammelt und während der Durchführung des OFM analysiert werden. Diese Daten ermöglichen dem Forscher Verhalten von Gesamtbewegungsaktivität, Angst bezogenen emotionalen Verhaltensweisen 8 zu messen. Jedoch ist die Verwendung des OFM nicht ohne Nachteile. Eine verwirrende Frage ist die breite Palette von statischen Variablen, die ...

The Open Field Maze (OFM) was initially developed in 1934 as a test to measure emotionality in rodents1. It has attained the status of being one of the most widely used measures of behavior in animal psychology2. It provides an easy and fairly rapid assessment of well-defined behaviors requiring no training to the test subject and little to no specialized training for the human administering the test. These attributes have led to wide-spread use of the open field maze in research extended to other animal species such as calves, pigs, rabbits, primates, honeybees and lobsters3. Part of its popularity arises from the fact that the psychological and physiological concepts underlying the tests are generally straight-forward and well understood. For example, it has been postulated that evolutionary forces have selected for a common response in animals such that most species display anxiety-mediated fear or flight responses to specific stimuli. Rodents for example, show distinct aversions to large, brightly lit, open and unknown environments4. We can assume they have been phylogenetically conditioned to see these types of environments as dangerous. All of these features are incorporated in the open field maze and form the basis of its use in behavioral paradigm testing.
An open field maze consists of a wall-enclosed area that is of sufficient height to prevent the subject from escaping. Typical maze shapes are circular or square with an area large enough, based on the size of the subject tested, to elicit a feeling of openness in the center of the maze. A number of variables can be scored in the open field maze with most parameters involving differing types of motor activity2. Ambulation is the most common behavior studied but others such as latency or rearing can also be measured. Most often, rodent behavior is analyzed in a bare maze. However, the addition of objects, either one or many to the maze floor, adds the ability to see how the subject interacts with novel additional stimuli2. Relevant parameters when objects are presented are typically the number of approaches to an object or in some cases, preference or aversion for one object over another.
Many behavioral tests of anxiety are based on the subject animal&#8217;s body activity and locomotion5. Interpreting behavioral tests for emotionality while separating non-emotional confounding factors, such as motor activity, has been the subject of intense debate6,7. As the OFM was originally described, two measures of emotionality can be deduced, locomotor activity and fecal boli deposits or defecation1. However, these two measures have been shown in some studies to be unrelated supporting the conclusion that emotionality in rodents is multidimensional5. Regardless, discrepancies in the literature regarding these measures and emotionality or anxiety in mouse models may be attributed to differences in analysis criteria or differences in testing procedures. Studies have conclusively linked results from OFM analysis with other measures of anxiety when comparing mouse models8.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="631">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:160px;">Multi Unit Open Field Test</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">San Diego Instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">White 7001-0354</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any single or multi unit open field maze can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:160px;">SMART DT Tracking Software</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">PanLab/Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">76-0695</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any tracking software can be utilized with this protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:160px;">Sony 990x Video Camera Recorder</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sony</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">CCD-TRV328</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any suitable video camera can be attached to computer for recording tracking profiles.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

Die durchschnittliche Zahl der Individuen pro Stamm von Mäusen in den meisten Fällen etwa 20 getestet, um eine ausreichende statistische Relevanz zu erzeugen. Jedoch kann diese Zahl im Bereich von 8-30 je Maus Verfügbarkeit. In Abhängigkeit von der Messung oder Vergleiche benötigt werden, ist es auch günstig, altersangepassten Probanden verwenden. Die erste und wohl wichtigste spezifische Parameter im Open Field Maze messen Gesamt ambulante Entfernung. Während die Messeinheit irreleva...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice at JoVE.com

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

Die Nutzung der Open Field Maze auf Bewegungsapparat und Angst-ähnliches Verhalten bei Mäusen messen

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

use-open-field-maze-to-measure-locomotor-anxiety-like-behavior

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

71.3K Aufrufe.  Auburn University. A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

Serie: Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Shallow Water (Paddling) Variants of Water Maze Tests in Mice

When Richard Morris devised his water maze in 19817, most behavioral work was done in rats. However, the greater understanding of mouse genetics led to the mouse becoming increasingly important. But researchers found that some strains of mutant mice were prone to problems like passively floating or diving when they were tested in the Morris water maze11. This was unsurprising considering their natural habitat; rats swim naturally (classically, the "sewer rat"), whereas mice evolved in the dry areas of central Asia.
To overcome these problems, it was considered whether shallow water would be a sufficient stimulus to provide escape motivation for mice. This would also avoid the problems of drying the small creatures with a towel and then putting them in a heated recovery chamber to avoid hypothermia, which is a much more serious problem than with rats; the large ratio of surface area to volume of a mouse makes it particularly vulnerable to rapid heat loss.
Another consideration was whether a more natural escape strategy could be used, to facilitate learning. Since animals that fall into water and swim away from the safety of the shore are unlikely to pass on their genes, animals have evolved a natural tendency to swim to the edge of a body of water. The Morris water maze, however, requires them to swim to a hidden platform towards the center of the maze - exactly opposite to their evolved behavior. Therefore the paddling maze should incorporate escape to the edge of the apparatus. This feature, coupled with the use of relatively non-aversive shallow water, embodies the "Refinement" aspect of the "3 Rs" of Russell and Burch8.
Various types of maze design were tried; the common feature was that the water was always shallow (2 cm deep) and escape was via a tube piercing the transparent wall of the apparatus. Other tubes ("false exits") were also placed around the walls but these were blocked off. From the inside of the maze all false exits and the single true exit looked the same. Currently a dodecagonal (12-sided) maze is in use in Oxford, with 12 true/false exits set in the corners. In a recent development a transparent paddling Y-maze has been tested successfully.

Shallow Water Paddling Variants of Water Maze Tests in Mice

Mice can swim, but many strains appear to find this activity stressful. To overcome this problem mazes have been devised where escape from shallow water is used to motivate behaviour. These have been demonstrated to support learning at least as good as the traditional and widely used Morris water maze.

Shallow Water (Paddeln) Varianten of Water Maze-Tests in Mäuse

When Richard Morris devised his water maze in 19817, most behavioral work was done in rats. However, the greater understanding of mouse genetics led to ...

Forschung

Verhalten

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 &deg;C and 60 &deg;C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

Die Nutzung der Operante Orofaziale Schmerzbeurteilung Gerät (opad) zu Veränderungen in Nozizeptive Verhalten messen

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

Use of an Eight-arm Radial Water Maze to Assess Working and Reference Memory Following Neonatal Brain Injury

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food deprivation, and may introduce scent cue confounds. The eight-arm radial water maze is designed to evaluate reference and working memory performance simultaneously by requiring subjects to use extra-maze cues to locate escape platforms and remedies the limitations observed in land based radial arm maze designs. Specifically, subjects are required to avoid the arms previously used for escape during each testing day (working memory) as well as avoid the fixed arms, which never contain escape platforms (reference memory). Re-entries into arms that have already been used for escape during a testing session (and thus the escape platform has been removed) and re-entries into reference memory arms are indicative of working memory deficits. Alternatively, first entries into reference memory arms are indicative of reference memory deficits. We used this maze to compare performance of rats with neonatal brain injury and sham controls following induction of hypoxia-ischemia and show significant deficits in both working and reference memory after eleven days of testing. This protocol could be easily modified to examine many other models of learning impairment.

The eight-arm radial water maze is designed to evaluate reference and working memory performance simultaneously by requiring subjects to use extra-maze cues to locate escape platforms and remedies the limitations observed in land based radial arm maze designs.

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food ...

Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing locomotive impairment in animal models of neuromuscular disease and efficacy of therapeutic drugs that may improve locomotion and/or muscle function. The open field activity measurement provides a different measure than muscle strength, which is commonly assessed by grip strength measurements. It can also show how drugs may affect other body systems as well when used with additional outcome measures. In addition, measures such as total distance traveled mirror the 6 min walk test, a clinical trial outcome measure. However, open field activity monitoring is also associated with significant challenges: Open field activity measurements vary according to animal strain, age, sex, and circadian rhythm. In addition, room temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, and even odor can affect assessment outcomes. Overall, this manuscript provides a well-tested and standardized open field activity SOP for preclinical trials in animal models of neuromuscular diseases. We provide a discussion of important considerations, typical results, data analysis, and detail the strengths and weaknesses of open field testing. In addition, we provide recommendations for optimal study design when using open field activity in a preclinical trial.

Open field activity levels are used to assess locomotive and behavioral activity levels. This protocol provides a well-designed, standardized protocol to use in preclinical trials for neuromuscular disorders.

Verhaltens-und Bewegungsapparat Messungen mit einem offenen Feld Activity Monitoring-System für Skelettmuskelerkrankungen

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing ...

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for examining how rats learn to use a place- or response-learning to successfully navigate in an open-field arena. Additionally, this protocol describes how the OFTM differs from other behavioral maze paradigms that are commonly used to study spatial learning in rodents. The OFTM described in this article was adapted from the one previously described by Cole, Clipperton, and Walt (2007). Specifically, the OFTM was created to test spatial learning in rodents without the experimenter having to consider how &#8220;stress&#8221; might play a role as a confounding variable. Experiments have shown that stress-alone can significantly affect cognitive function1. The representative results section contains data from an experiment that used the OFTM to examine the effects of estradiol treatment on place- and response-learning in adult female Sprague Dawley rats2. Future studies will be designed to examine the role of the hippocampus and striatum in place- and response-learning in the OFTM.

The Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) is a maze created to study the behavioral and neural mechanisms of spatial learning (e.g., place- or response-learning) in rats. This maze is especially useful for experimenters who want to use a non-stressful maze paradigm to investigate spatial learning in their research.

Zeigen and Response Learning in der Open-field-Turm Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

Basic Methods for the Study of Reproductive Ecology of Fish in Aquaria

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a series of basic techniques are described to enable observations of the reproductive behavior of a wild-caught gobiid fish, as a model, kept in an aquarium. The method focuses on three steps: collection, transport, and observations of reproductive ecology of a substrate spawner. Essential aspects of live fish collection and transport are (1) preventing injury to the fish, and (2) careful acclimation to the aquarium. Preventing harm through injuries such as scratches or a sudden change of water pressure is imperative when collecting live fish, as any physical damage is likely to negatively affect the survival and later behavior of the fish. Careful acclimation to aquaria decreases the incidence death and mitigates the shock of transport. Observations during captive rearing include (1) the identification of individual fish and (2) monitoring spawned eggs without negative effects to the fish or eggs, thereby enabling detailed investigation of the study species' reproductive ecology. The subcutaneous injection of a visible implant elastomer (VIE) tag is a precise method for the subsequent identification of individual fish, and it can be used with a wide size range of fish, with minimal influence on their survival and behavior. If the study species is a substrate spawner that deposits adhesive eggs, an artificial nest site constructed from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with the addition of a removable waterproof sheet will facilitate counting and monitoring the eggs, lessening the investigator's influence on the nest-holding and egg-guarding behavior of the fish. Although this basic method entails techniques that are seldom mentioned in detail in research articles, they are fundamental for undertaking experiments that require the captive rearing of a wild fish.

A series of basic methods to enable the study of the reproductive ecology of fish kept in aquaria are described. These are useful protocols for collecting fish using SCUBA, transporting live fish, and observing the reproductive behavior of wild-caught fish kept in aquaria.

Grundlegende Methoden für die Untersuchung der Fortpflanzungsökologie von Fischen in Aquarien

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a ...

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed by right frontal regions, while pleasant emotions are processed by left frontal regions. The other theory posits that the right hemisphere is more specialized for the processing of emotional information overall, particularly in posterior regions.
Assessing the different roles of the cerebral hemispheres in processing emotional information can be difficult without the use of neuroimaging methodologies, which are not accessible or affordable to all scientists. Divided visual field presentation of stimuli can allow for the investigation of lateralized processing of information without the use of neuroimaging technology. 
This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention. Future work will pair this paradigm with a more active behavioral task to explore the behavioral impacts on the attentional differences found.

This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention.

Mittel- und geteilten Gesichtsfeld Präsentation der emotionale Bilder, hemisphärische Unterschiede in motivierten Aufmerksamkeit zu messen

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral science, conflicting outcomes are often provided from different laboratories. To identify reasons for the different outcomes, we previously focused on arm features, which differ between laboratories, most notably the presence/absence of ledges at the sides of open arms and the transparency/opaqueness of closed arm walls. In a previous report, we used a custom designed container to compare rat behavior on different combinations of open and closed arm designs under otherwise identical experimental conditions, and showed that differences in arm features interfere with experimental outcomes. In brief, open arm ledges significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in rats, while transparent arms may also have decreased this behavior. Furthermore, we verified a higher detection sensitivity of the effect of an anxiolytic drug in a combination of no-ledged open arm + opaque walled closed arm compared with a combination of ledged open arm + transparent walled closed arm. In this report, we introduce our protocol for the elevated plus maze test, together with discussion of the key results from the previous report and our experimental experience. We believe this report will provide useful information for researchers who have employed or who plan to use the elevated plus maze in their studies.

Rats' anxiety-like behavior tested by the elevated plus maze varies highly depending on the testing environment. Here we show how apparatus settings, especially arm structure, affect behavior on the maze, and we explain a reliable protocol to detect effects of anxiolytic drugs. This report will contribute to anxiety research.

Testen tierische Angst bei Ratten: Auswirkungen der offenen Arm Gesimsen und geschlossenen Arm Wand Transparenz in erhöhter Plus Maze Test

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. The Barnes maze can also assess other mouse behaviors, such as general motivation to escape from the maze platform and exploratory behavior. The Barnes maze can measure whether a genetic mutation or environmental variable can impact the acquisition and retention of spatial memories, as well as provide information about the search strategy employed by the mice. Here we use the Barnes maze to detect a memory deficit in adult mice following a single developmental ethanol exposure event. The newly described Damsel-in-Distress paradigm exposes a male mouse to a female mouse trapped in a chamber in the open center field of the arena. It provides an opportunity for the mouse to socially respond to the trapped female and exhibit prosocial behavior. The Damsel-in-Distress paradigm can also be used to examine mouse behavior in a novel arena and measure locomotor activity. Both the Barnes Maze and the Damsel-in-Distress protocols require minimal financial investment and most aspects of the tests can be constructed from common lab supplies. These flexible and accessible tools can also be used to detect behavioral changes over the course of development.

This protocol measures spatial learning and memory using the Barnes maze. A novel Damsel-in-Distress paradigm is used to assess locomotor activity and prosocial behavior in mice.

Analyse der räumlichen Lernens und prosoziales Verhalten bei Mäusen mit dem Barnes Labyrinth und Damsel in Distress Paradigmen

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...

The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by many patients prompts the need to develop new therapeutic alternatives and to better understand the etiology of the disorder. Pre-clinical models with translational merits are rudimentary for this task. Here we present a protocol for the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) method in mice. In this protocol, adolescent mice are chronically exposed to interchanging unpredictable mild stressors. Resembling the pathogenesis of depression in humans, stress exposure during the sensitive period of mice adolescence instigates a depressive-like phenotype evident in adulthood. UCMS can be used for screenings of antidepressants on the variety of depressive-like behaviors and neuromolecular indices. Among the more prominent tests to assess depressive-like behavior in rodents is the sucrose preference test (SPT), which reflects anhedonia (core symptom of depression). The SPT will also be presented in this protocol. The ability of UCMS to induce anhedonia, instigate long-term behavioral deficits and enable reversal of these deficits via chronic (but not acute) treatment with antidepressants strengthens the protocol&#39;s validity compared to other animal protocols for inducing depressive-like behaviors.

Here we present the unpredictable chronic mild stress protocol in mice. This protocol induces a long-term depressive-like phenotype and enables to assess the efficacy of putative antidepressants in reversing the behavioral and neuromolecular depressive-like deficits.

Das unvorhersehbare milde Dauerstress Protokoll zur Induktion Anhedonie bei Mäusen

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by ...