Name: determining ultrasonic vocalization preferences in mice using a two-choice playback test
Uploaded: 2015-09-03T15:00:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test at JoVE.com

Diese Arbeit wurde durch ein Grant-in-Aid für JSPS-Stipendiaten auf AA; von Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research für innovative Bereiche für JSPS-Stipendiaten (No. 4501 und Nr 25132712) zu TK; und von einem Forschungsprojekt Zuschuss von Azabu University. Abbildung 2 verliehen wird aus Kihara, T., Harada, T., &amp; Koshida, N. Wafer-kompatible Herstellung und Eigenschaften der nanokristallinen Silizium thermisch induzierte Ultraschallsender nachgedruckt. In: Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Band 125, Elsevier, p. 426, (2006), mit Genehmigung von Elsevier.

<html> Alle Verfahren wurden von der Ethikkommission der Azabu Universität genehmigt. Alle Versuche wurden in einer schalldichten Kammer durchgeführt wird. 1. Vorbereitung der Tiere <ol><li> Männliche Person für die Aufnahme <ol><li> Erhalten geschlechtsreifen männlichen Mäusen in Paarungs erlebt. </li></ol></li><li> Probandinnen <ol><li> Erhalten jungfräulichen weiblichen Mäusen, die mit 2 bis 5 Wurf pro Käfig gehalten worden sind (in der Regel 8 bis 12 Wochen alt). </li><li> Erhalten Vaginalabstrichen täglich, um die Phase des Östruszyklus vor der Prüfung zu bestimmen, nach McLean 21. Es sollte darauf geachtet, um die vaginale Stimulation zu minimieren, um Scheinträchtigkeit vermeiden. </li><li> Färben die Ausstriche mit Giemsa und bestimmen Phase des Östruszyklus basierend auf dem Vorhandensein oder der Abwesenheit von Leukozyten, verhornten Epithelzellen und kernhaltige Epithelzellen, nach Nelson 22. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Geräte (Abbildung 1) _content &quot;&gt; <img alt="Abbildung 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53074/53074fig1.jpg" /> Abbildung 1. Schematische Darstellung des Zwei-Choice-Test-Box und Geräte. Die Mäuse können durch die kleinen Toren zwischen ihnen und der neutralen Zone zugreifen Räume A und B. Die zwei Auswahlbox und zwei Ultraschallsender sind auf dem Boden von einer schalldichten Kammer platziert. Das Mikrofon ist in der schalldichten Kammer suspendiert. Abkürzung:. PC, PC <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53074/53074fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier, um eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a> <ol><li> Für Recording <ol><li> Schließen Sie ein Ultraschallkondensatormikrofon an einen PC über ein USB-A / D-Wandler. </li><li> Stellen Sie den Verstärkungspegel des A / D-Wandler auf &quot;7&quot;. </li><li> Nehmen akustischen Daten in 16-Bit-Format-Dateien mit einer Abtastrate von 400 kHz mittels Audio-Capture-Software. </li></ol></li><li> Für die Wiedergabe <ol><li> Schließen Sie einen D / A-Wandler mit dem PC übereine USB-Schnittstelle. </li><li> Verbindung von zwei Verstärkern in den D / A-Wandler durch ein Dämpfungsglied. (Letzteres Einrichtung dient, um eine Überlastung zu verhindern.) </li><li> Schließen Sie ein Ultraschallsender an jeden Verstärker. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. USV Recording <ol><li> Legen Sie eine männliche Maus in einem kleinen (17 x 10 x 11 cm) und mittlere (21 x 14 x 13 cm) Käfig mit einer 6 cm-Durchmesser-Loch in der Seitenwand und dem Loch mit einem 0,5 cm Drahtgitter abgedeckt. Bei der Verwendung eines mittelgroßen Käfig, konstruieren Sie eine Partition auf der Mitte des Käfigs, um den Bereich zu reduzieren. </li><li> Sie Bettwäsche in den Käfig zu verwenden nicht Rascheln Geräusche, die die Aufnahmen kontaminieren könnten. </li><li> Legen Sie ein Mikrofon neben dem Mesh. </li><li> Beginnen Ultraschall vocalization Überwachung mit dem Aufnahme-Setup in Schritt 2.1 dargestellt. </li><li> Legen Sie eine geschlechtsreifen weiblichen Maus entweder Metöstrus oder Diöstrus in den Käfig mit dem männlichen Maus. </li><li> Nehmen USVs für 3-5 min. </li></ol> 4. Test Box <ol><li> Erstellen Sie das Testfeld mit Acrylplatte (Abbildung 1). Hinweis: Das Testfeld (35 x 20 und x 20 cm hoch) ist in drei Abteilungen unterteilt: eine neutrale Zone (15 x 20 cm), und die Zimmer A und B (20 x 10 cm, jeweils). Zimmer A und B jeweils eine 4 cm Durchmesser Loch, das mit einem 0,5 cm Drahtgewebe abgedeckt ist. Die Löcher und Mesh sind an jedem Ende der Zimmer A und B. Achten Tore (5 x 5 cm jeweils) zwischen der neutralen Zone und Zimmer A und B befindet, </li><li> Zu verhindern Tonverlust isolieren jedes Ultraschallsender, mit Ausnahme der Seite, die Gitterwand, mit Gummiplatten, Dichtung in die Schachtel um den Umfang jeder Masche. </li><li> Platz Plomben auf beiden Seiten der Mauer zwischen den Räumen A und B für den Schallschutz. </li></ol> 5. Vorbereitung für Soundwiedergabe <ol><li> Schaffung Wiedergabe Sounds <ol><li> Nehmen Sie ein 20 sec Segment der USV aus der aufgezeichneten Datei mit digitalen Audio-Editing-Software. </li><li> Wählen und erfassen Hintergrund keineise (0,35 sec) aus dem 20 sec USV-Segment-Datei. Erstellen Sie eine 20 Sekunden Hintergrundrauschen-Datei durch Wiederholen des Rauschsegment. </li><li> Um die beiden Audio-Dateien gleichzeitig wiedergeben, exportieren Sie sie als eine einzelne Stereo-Sound-Datei mit einer Datei für den &quot;linken Ohr&quot; und die andere Datei für die &quot;rechte Ohr.&quot; </li><li> Filtern Sie die Sound-Dateien, wobei als Hochpassfilter mit einem Cut-off von 40 kHz. </li><li> Verringern Sie Geräusche mit dem Rauschunterdrückungswerkzeug im Post-Processing-Software. Wählen und erfassen ein Segment der Datei, die keine USVs wie die Rauschunterdrückungs Profil enthält, und führen Sie Rauschreduktion mit Level 40. </li></ol></li><li> Kalibrierung der Wiedergabe Sounds <ol><li> Sicherzustellen, dass der Raum zwischen Ultraschallsender und Mikrofon 10 cm. </li><li> Schalldruckpegel von den Ultraschallsender zu kalibrieren, führen Ultraschallüberwachung unter Verwendung der in Schritt 2.1 beschriebenen Konfiguration. Messen Sie den Schalldruckpegel von dem Mikrofon in Dezibel (dB). </li><li> Using der Dämpfer und Verstärker, die Lautstärke der von den Ultraschallsender auf den gleichen Schalldruck wie die männlichen USVs in Schritt 3 aufgezeichnet erzeugt USVs. </li><li> Bei der Verwendung der zwei Ultraschallsender und eine Audio-Datei von USVs und Hintergrundrauschen besteht, zu bestätigen, dass die beiden Ultraschallsender weisen die gleiche Schalldruckpegel unter Verwendung einer Eich Sound (zB ein 75-kHz reiner Ton) vor der Durchführung des Verhaltenstest. </li><li> Beim Wiedergeben einer Audiodatei von zwei Strömen von USVs besteht, passen die beiden erzeugten Schalldruckpegel auf den gleichen Pegel, vor dem Test. </li></ol></li></ol> 6. Zwei-Choice-Test <ol><li> Legen Sie die Ultraschallsender hinter den Maschen des Testfeld. </li><li> Schließen Sie die Türen zu Räumen A und B mit einer Acrylplatte und gewöhnen die weibliche unterliegen der neutralen Zone für 30 min. Decken Sie die Box mit Acrylbrett, um zu vermeiden, dass die Maus entweichen kann. </li><li> Starten Sie Videoaufzeichnung mit einer CCÜber der Box montiert D-Kamera. Die Kamera (in 1 nicht dargestellt) deckt den Bereich aller drei Abteilen. </li><li> Entfernen Sie das Tor und Cover-Board und lassen Sie die weiblichen frei das Testfeld, darunter die Klangzonen zu erkunden. </li><li> Sobald das Weibchen hat beide Netze untersucht und hat sich in die Neutralzone zurückgeführt, spielen Sie eine 20 sec Tondatei wiederholt für 5 oder 10 min. </li><li> Zuführen Verhaltensüberwachung für 5 oder 10 min. </li><li> Um unerwünschte olfaktorischen Signale aus dem vorherigen Thema hinterlegt reduzieren, reinigen Sie die Testkäfige zwischen den Tests mit 70% Ethanol. </li><li> Schalten Sie den Ort der Ultraschallsender A und B nach dem Zufallsprinzip inhärenten Seiten Bias-Effekt in Richtung Zimmer A oder B zu vermeiden </li></ol> 7. Statistische Analysen <ol><li> Verwenden von Verhaltens Event-Scoring-Software analysiert die folgenden Parameter: Gesamtzahl der Einträge in jedem Zimmer; Gesamtdauer des Aufenthalts in jedem mittleren Zone; Gesamtdauer des Aufenthalts in jedem Ton Zone; undGesamtdauer der Suche nach jeder Masche vor der Ultraschallsender. 1 veranschaulicht, was mit &quot;Mittelzone&quot; und meinte &quot;Sound-Zone.&quot; Hinweis: In den Fällen, wo die Maus bleibt auf der Trennlinie zwischen den beiden Zonen (Abbildung 1, gestrichelte Linie) entscheiden, die Position durch die Richtung des Kopfes. Wenn der Kopf steht vor der Netzseiten, es als ein Aufenthalt in der Klangzone erzielt wird. </li><li> Für jede Verhaltensparameter, zu vergleichen, Antworten für Räume A und B mit einem Wilcoxon-Test, oder gepaarten t -Tests mit einem Signifikanzniveau von 0,05. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Here, the results of a representative test showed that female mice can discriminate between artificial male USVs and background noise (Figure 3). The conclusion to be drawn from these results is that the discrimination signal is reflected in the duration of stay in the room and sound zone, and in the duration of searching the mesh in the first 5 min of testing, but not in the second 5 min (Figure 3C, E and F). These data indicate that mice become habituated to the playback sounds, possib...

Viele Tiere nutzen Lautäußerungen für intraspezifische Kommunikation. In der Maus Mus musculus, ist eine wichtige Art der Kommunikationssignal Ultraschall vocalizations (USVs), die höhere Frequenzen als 20 kHz aufweisen. USVs von Mäusen emittiert werden als eine Komponente der sozialen Anerkennung in Mann-Frau-1-4, Buchse-Buchse 1, 5, und Stecker-Stecker 1, 6-Interaktionen. USVs werden auch von Jungtieren emittiert, wenn sie von ihrer Mutter, die ihrem Welpen-Abrufen Verhalten erhöht isoliert und daher Pup Überleben 7. Obwohl viele Berichte wurden analysiert und kategorisiert Maus USVs 8, 9, die Verhaltensreaktionen und neuronalen Mechanismen des Aufnahme Tier wurden weniger gut dokumentierte 10, 11. Letzteres ist notwendig, um die biologische Bedeutung der verschiedenen Merkmale der USVs verdeutlichen. Diese Mechanismen offenbaren, ist die Wiedergabeexperiment ein effizientes Verfahren. Aktuelle Wiedergabe Studien haben ergeben, dass weiblicheMäuse werden zur USVs 12 angezogen wird, und dass sie USVs von Männchen, die von ihren Eltern 13, 14 unterschiedlich sind bevorzugen. Dieser Artikel erklärt, die Wiedergabetest verwendet werden, um USV Präferenz bei Mäusen zu bewerten. Ein Zwei-Choice-Test Feld entwickelt, bei denen zwei unterschiedliche USVs gleichzeitig wieder in zwei Kammern eines Testgehäuse, wie in 1 gezeigt, wiedergegeben werden. Diese Art der Testbox verhindert störende Verunreinigungen durch Dividieren der Testbereich in drei Teilkammern , unter Verwendung von Blei Wänden. Die Ultraschallsender werden vor jedem Zimmer befindet. In der Wand zwischen den Zimmern und Ultraschallsender sind Löcher mit Drahtgeflecht bedeckt. Mäuse können frei in den drei Räumen bewegen und zeigen eine &quot;Suchen Sie das Netz&quot; Verhalten, wie um zu USVs von den Ultraschallsender abgespielt reagieren. Bei diesem Test Mäuse bleiben für Zeiträume von unterschiedlicher Dauer in der Nähe einer Schallsender oder das andere. Diese Parameter können angemeldet sein, um einen empfindlichen measu erhalten<html> re Schall Präferenz. Um die USVs wiedergeben, nanokristallinen Silizium thermo-akustischen Emitter (dh &quot;nc-Si-Emitter&quot;) wurden als in früheren Studien 15-17 verwendet. Diese Geräte werden von einem Dünnschicht Heizelektrode eine nanoporöse Siliziumschicht, und einem einkristallinen Silicium-Wafer besteht. Die digitale Audiodatei in ein analoges Signal umgewandelt und dann durch den Heizer Elektrode geleitet. Das Gerät wandelt die resultierende spannungsabhängigen thermischen Signale in signifikanten Schalldruck bei geringer Verzerrung. Diese Vorrichtung ist dadurch einzigartig, dass, im Gegensatz zu gemeinsamen Schallgeneratoren, die von mechanischen Schwingungen abhängt, kann Ton, ohne die Notwendigkeit einer Membran, zu reproduzieren. Der Emitter weist eine flache Schalldruckpegel bei Frequenzen von 20 bis 160 kHz (Abbildung 2), und kann digital aufgezeichnet murine USVs sehr genau in Bezug auf die Dauer, Häufigkeit und Schalldruckpegel 15, 18, ​​19 zu reproduzieren. ve_content &quot;&gt; In einer in Figur 3 gezeigten repräsentativen Experiment wurden C57BL / 6 (B6) Weibchen darf zwischen BALB / c (BALB) männliche USVs und Hintergrundrauschen zu wählen. Ferner zeigt 4 die Wahl B6 und BALB Frauen zwischen gleichzeitige USV Wiedergaben von einer BALB und B6 male, wie in einer früheren Studie berichteten 14. Die Eigenschaften der männlichen USVs unterscheiden zwischen B6 und BALB Stämme 20 dar. Wie gezeigt durch diesen Ergebnissen kann die Attraktivität USVs der vorliegenden Protokoll bewertet werden, in welcher Töne aus einem Live einzelnen aufgezeichnet, akustisch analysiert, und zurück zu anderen Personen gespielt.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Soundproof chamber</td><td>Muromachi Kikai</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small cage</td><td>CLEA Japan</td><td>CL-0113-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Middle cage</td><td>CLEA Japan</td><td>CL-0103-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasound condenser microphones</td><td>Avisoft Bioacoustics</td><td>CM16/CMPA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A/D converter</td><td>Avisoft Bioacoustics</td><td>UltraSoundGate116H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Audio software</td><td>Avisoft Bioacoustics</td><td>RECORDER USGH</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adobe Audition 3.0 / Audio editing software</td><td>Adobe Systems</td><td>Adobe Audition 3.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nc-Si emitter</td><td>Original</td><td></td><td>not commercially available but it is planned to be so in near future</td></tr><tr><td>D/A converter</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>NI USB-6251 BNC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Attenuator</td><td>Original</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Amplifier</td><td>Yamatake</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PC</td><td>Windows 7 professional</td><td></td><td>Intel&amp;reg; core i7-2600K CPU @ 3.4GHz, 8GB RAM, 64-bit operating system</td></tr><tr><td>Event recorder Excel-macro / Event-scoring software</td><td>original</td><td></td><td>Programmed by Naoto Akagawa &amp;amp; Takeru Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td>CCD Camera</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rubber plates (made of elastomer resin)</td><td>Tokyo bouon</td><td>TI-75BK B4</td><td>Cut them to the proper size http://www.piano-bouon.jp/shopping/?pid=1329272401-447630&amp;amp;ca=6&amp;amp;p=3</td></tr><tr><td>Giemsa&#039;s azur eosin methylene blue solution</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.09204.0500</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

determining ultrasonic vocalization preferences in mice using a two-choice playback test

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a variety of conditions, such as pup isolation and adult social interactions. These USVs differ with age, sex, condition, and genetic background of the emitting animal. Although many studies have characterized these differences, whether receiver mice can discriminate among objectively different USVs and show preferences for particular sound traits remains to be elucidated. To determine whether mice can discriminate between different characteristics of USVs, a playback experiment was developed recently, in which preference responses of mice to two different USVs could be evaluated in the form of a place preference.
First, USVs from mice were recorded. Then, the recorded USVs were edited, trimmed accordingly, and exported as stereophonic sound files. Next, the USV amplitudes generated by the two ultrasound emitters used in the experiment were adjusted to the same sound pressure level. Nanocrystalline silicon thermo-acoustic emitters were used to play the USVs back. Finally, to investigate the preference of subject mice to selected USVs, pairs of two differing USV signals were played back simultaneously in a two-choice test box. By repeatedly entering a defined zone near an ultrasound emitter and searching the wire mesh in front of the emitter, the mouse reveals its preference for one sound over another. This model allows comparing the attractiveness of the various features of mouse USVs, in various contexts.

Die USVs von einer BALB-männlich (161 Silben pro 20 sec), als auch Hintergrundgeräusche aufgenommen wurden, wie die Wiedergabe verwendet klingt in der in 3 gezeigten repräsentativen Experiment. In diesem Experiment wurden 7 weiblichen B6-Mäusen am Alter von 9 Wochen verwendet . Zur Ermittlung der besten Testdauer von weiblichen Reaktion zur Wiedergabe von Ton wurden die Verhaltensparameter getrennt für die ersten und letzten fünf Minuten der insgesamt 10 min Testzeit analysiert. <p class="jove...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test at JoVE.com

Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in mice differ depending on age, sex, condition, and genetic background. Using two ultrasound emitters broadcasting simultaneously in different locations, this two-choice test can evaluate murine recognition and preference responses to different characteristics of USVs.

Bestimmen Ultraschall Vocalization Preferences in Mäuse mit einer Zwei-Choice-Test-Playback

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a variety of conditions, such as pup isolation and adult social interactions. These USVs differ with age, ...

determining-ultrasonic-vocalization-preferences-mice-using-two-choice

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

11.1K Aufrufe.  Azabu University. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in mice differ depending on age, sex, condition, and genetic background. Using two ultrasound emitters broadcasting simultaneously in different locations, this two-choice test can evaluate murine recognition and preference responses to different characteristics of USVs.

Serie: Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test

Assessment of Ultrasonic Vocalizations During Drug Self-administration in Rats

Drug self-administration procedures are commonly used to study behavioral and neurochemical changes associated with human drug abuse, addiction and relapse. Various types of behavioral activity are commonly utilized as measures of drug motivation in animals. However, a crucial component of drug abuse relapse in abstinent cocaine users is "drug craving", which is difficult to model in animals, as it often occurs in the absence of overt behaviors. Yet, it is possible that a class of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in rats may be a useful marker for affective responses to drug administration, drug anticipation and even drug craving. Rats vocalize in ultrasonic frequencies that serve as a communicatory function and express subjective emotional states. Several studies have shown that different call frequency ranges are associated with negative and positive emotional states. For instance, high frequency calls ("50-kHz") are associated with positive affect, whereas low frequency calls ("22-kHz") represent a negative emotional state. This article describes a procedure to assess rat USVs associated with daily cocaine self-administration. For this procedure, we utilized standard single-lever operant chambers housed within sound-attenuating boxes for cocaine self-administration sessions and utilized ultrasonic microphones, multi-channel recording hardware and specialized software programs to detect and analyze USVs. USVs measurements reflect emotionality of rats before, during and after drug availability and can be correlated with commonly assessed drug self-administration behavioral data such lever responses, inter-response intervals and locomotor activity. Since USVs can be assessed during intervals prior to drug availability (e.g., anticipatory USVs) and during drug extinction trials, changes in affect associated with drug anticipation and drug abstinence can also be determined. In addition, determining USV changes over the course of short- and long-term drug exposure can provide a more detailed interpretation of drug exposure effects on affective functioning.

Drug self-administration and ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) are used as behavioral assessments in animal research, but rarely in combination. The purpose of this article is to describe the advantages of recording USVs during drug self-administration procedures to assess affective responses to drug experience.

Beurteilung der Ultraschall-Vocalizations Während Drug Selbstverwaltung in Ratten

Drug self-administration procedures are commonly used to study behavioral and neurochemical changes associated with human drug abuse, addiction and ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

Recording Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalizations to Evaluate Social Communication

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations in different contexts throughout development and in adulthood. These vocal signals are now currently used as proxies for modeling the genetic bases of vocal communication deficits. Characterizing the vocal behavior of mouse models carrying mutations in genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders will help to understand the mechanisms leading to social communication deficits. We provide here protocols to reliably elicit ultrasonic vocalizations in pups and in adult mice. This standardization will help reduce inter-study variability due to the experimental settings. Pup isolation calls are recorded throughout development from individual pups isolated from dam and littermates. In adulthood, vocalizations are recorded during same-sex interactions (without a sexual component) by exposing socially motivated males or females to an unknown same-sex conspecific. We also provide a protocol to record vocalizations from adult males exposed to an estrus female. In this context, there is a sexual component in the interaction. These protocols are established to elicit a large amount of ultrasonic vocalizations in laboratory mice. However, we point out the important inter-individual variability in the vocal behavior of mice, which should be taken into account by recording a minimal number of individuals (at least 12 in each condition). These recordings of ultrasonic vocalizations are used to evaluate the call rate, the vocal repertoire and the acoustic structure of the calls. Data are combined with the analysis of synchronous video recordings to provide a more complete view on social communication in mice. These protocols are used to characterize the vocal communication deficits in mice lacking ProSAP1/Shank2, a gene associated with autism spectrum disorders. More ultrasonic vocalizations recordings can also be found on the mouseTube database, developed to favor the exchange of such data.

Mouse ultrasonic vocalizations are used as proxies to model the genetic bases of vocal communication deficits in mouse models for neuropsychiatric disorders. The present protocol describes three experimental contexts that reliably elicit ultrasonic vocalizations from pups (throughout development) and adult mice (same-sex interactions, male-estrus female interactions).

Aufnahme Maus Ultraschall Vocalizations soziale Kommunikation zur Bewertung

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations in different contexts throughout development and in adulthood. These vocal signals are now currently used as proxies ...

Verhalten

Targeted Training of Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Aged and Parkinsonian Rats

Voice deficits are a common complication of both Parkinson disease (PD) and aging; they can significantly diminish quality of life by impacting communication abilities. 1, 2 Targeted training (speech/voice therapy) can improve specific voice deficits,3, 4 although the underlying mechanisms of behavioral interventions are not well understood. Systematic investigation of voice deficits and therapy should consider many factors that are difficult to control in humans, such as age, home environment, age post-onset of disease, severity of disease, and medications. The method presented here uses an animal model of vocalization that allows for systematic study of how underlying sensorimotor mechanisms change with targeted voice training. The ultrasonic recording and analysis procedures outlined in this protocol are applicable to any investigation of rodent ultrasonic vocalizations.
The ultrasonic vocalizations of rodents are emerging as a valuable model to investigate the neural substrates of behavior.5-8 Both rodent and human vocalizations carry semiotic value and are produced by modifying an egressive airflow with a laryngeal constriction.9, 10 Thus, rodent vocalizations may be a useful model to study voice deficits in a sensorimotor context. Further, rat models allow us to study the neurobiological underpinnings of recovery from deficits with targeted training.
To model PD we use Long-Evans rats (Charles River Laboratories International, Inc.) and induce parkinsonism by a unilateral infusion of 7 &mu;g of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle which causes moderate to severe degeneration of presynaptic striatal neurons (for details see Ciucci, 2010).11, 12 For our aging model we use the Fischer 344/Brown Norway F1 (National Institute on Aging).
Our primary method for eliciting vocalizations is to expose sexually-experienced male rats to sexually receptive female rats. When the male becomes interested in the female, the female is removed and the male continues to vocalize. By rewarding complex vocalizations with food or water, both the number of complex vocalizations and the rate of vocalizations can be increased (Figure 1).
An ultrasonic microphone mounted above the male's home cage records the vocalizations. Recording begins after the female rat is removed to isolate the male calls. Vocalizations can be viewed in real time for training or recorded and analyzed offline. By recording and acoustically analyzing vocalizations before and after vocal training, the effects of disease and restoration of normal function with training can be assessed. This model also allows us to relate the observed behavioral (vocal) improvements to changes in the brain and neuromuscular system.

Voice disorders are debilitating in aging and Parkinson disease. The ultrasonic vocalizations of rats, also affected by these conditions, can be used to study these voice disorders, their neural substrates, and the nature of functional recovery with behavioral intervention.

Gezielte Schulung von Ultraschall Vocalizations in Aged und Parkinson-Ratten

Voice deficits are a common complication of both Parkinson disease (PD) and aging; they can significantly diminish quality of life by impacting ...

Eliciting and Analyzing Male Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalization (USV) Songs

Mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in a variety of social contexts throughout development and adulthood. These USVs are used for mother-pup retrieval1, juvenile interactions2, opposite and same sex interactions3,4,5, and territorial interactions6. For decades, the USVs have been used by investigators as proxies to study neuropsychiatric and developmental or behavioral disorders7,8,9, and more recently to understand mechanisms and evolution of vocal communication among vertebrates10. Within the sexual interactions, adult male mice produce USV songs, which have some features similar to courtship songs of songbirds11. The use of such multisyllabic repertoires can increase potential flexibility and information they carry, as they can be varied in how elements are organized and recombined, namely syntax. In this protocol a reliable method to elicit USV songs from male mice in various social contexts, such as exposure to fresh female urine, anesthetized animals, and estrus females is described. This includes conditions to induce a large amount of syllables from the mice. We reduce recording of ambient noises with inexpensive sound chambers, and present a quantification method to automatically detect, classify and analyze the USVs. The latter includes evaluation of call-rate, vocal repertoire, acoustic parameters, and syntax. Various approaches and insight on using playbacks to study an animal&#39;s preference for specific song types are described. These methods were used to describe acoustic and syntax changes across different contexts in male mice, and song preferences in female mice.

Eliciting and Analyzing Male Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalization USV Songs

Mice produce a complex multisyllabic repertoire of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). These USVs are widely used as readouts for neuropsychiatric disorders. This protocol describes some of the practices we learned and developed to consistently induce, collect, and analyze the acoustic features and syntax of mouse songs.

Auslösen und Analysieren von männlichen Maus Ultraschall-Vokalisierung (USV) Lieder

Mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in a variety of social contexts throughout development and adulthood. These USVs are used for mother-pup ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

Einführung in Clicker Ausbildung als Cognitive Anreicherung für Labormäuse

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

Habituation and Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle in Rodents

The acoustic startle response is a protective response, elicited by a sudden and intense acoustic stimulus. Facial and skeletal muscles are activated within a few milliseconds, leading to a whole body flinch in rodents1. Although startle responses are reflexive responses that can be reliably elicited, they are not stereotypic. They can be modulated by emotions such as fear (fear potentiated startle) and joy (joy attenuated startle), by non-associative learning processes such as habituation and sensitization, and by other sensory stimuli through sensory gating processes (prepulse inhibition), turning startle responses into an excellent tool for assessing emotions, learning, and sensory gating, for review see 2, 3. The primary pathway mediating startle responses is very short and well described, qualifying startle also as an excellent model for studying the underlying mechanisms for behavioural plasticity on a cellular/molecular level3.
We here describe a method for assessing short-term habituation, long-term habituation and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle responses in rodents. Habituation describes the decrease of the startle response magnitude upon repeated presentation of the same stimulus. Habituation within a testing session is called short-term habituation (STH) and is reversible upon a period of several minutes without stimulation. Habituation between testing sessions is called long-term habituation (LTH)4. Habituation is stimulus specific5. Prepulse inhibition is the attenuation of a startle response by a preceding non-startling sensory stimulus6. The interval between prepulse and startle stimulus can vary from 6 to up to 2000 ms. The prepulse can be any modality, however, acoustic prepulses are the most commonly used.
Habituation is a form of non-associative learning. It can also be viewed as a form of sensory filtering, since it reduces the organisms' response to a non-threatening stimulus. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) was originally developed in human neuropsychiatric research as an operational measure for sensory gating7. PPI deficits may represent the interface of "psychosis and cognition" as they seem to predict cognitive impairment8-10. Both habituation and PPI are disrupted in patients suffering from schizophrenia11, and PPI disruptions have shown to be, at least in some cases, amenable to treatment with mostly atypical antipsychotics12, 13. However, other mental and neurodegenerative diseases are also accompanied by disruption in habituation and/or PPI, such as autism spectrum disorders (slower habituation), obsessive compulsive disorder, Tourette's syndrome, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's Disease (PPI)11, 14, 15 Dopamine induced PPI deficits are a commonly used animal model for the screening of antipsychotic drugs16, but PPI deficits can also be induced by many other psychomimetic drugs, environmental modifications and surgical procedures.

Habituation and prepulse inhibition of startle are operational measures of sensory gating. Sensory gating is disrupted in schizophrenia, and some other mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. We here describe a standard protocol to assess short-term and long-term habituation as well as prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle responses in rats and mice.

Habituation und Vorpuls Hemmung der Acoustic Startle in Nagetiere

The acoustic startle response is a protective response, elicited by a sudden and intense acoustic stimulus. Facial and skeletal muscles are activated ...

A Behavioral Assay for Investigating the Role of Spatial Memory During Instinctive Defense in Mice

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often stereotyped actions elicited in response to innately aversive sensory stimuli, but their success requires enough flexibility for adapting to different spatial environments, which can change rapidly. Here, we describe a behavioral assay to evaluate the influence of learned spatial knowledge on defensive behaviors in mice. We have adapted the widely used Barnes maze spatial memory assay to investigate how mice navigate to a shelter during escape responses to innately aversive sensory stimuli in a novel environment, and how they adapt to acute changes in the environment. This new assay is an ethological paradigm that does not require training and exploits the natural exploration patterns and navigation strategies in mice. We propose that the set of protocols described here are a powerful means of studying goal-directed behaviors and stimulus-triggered navigation, which should be of interest to both the fields of instinctive behaviors and spatial memory.

This protocol describes a behavioral assay, based on the Barnes maze test, to study how instinctive defensive actions are modified by the knowledge of spatial environment.

Ein Verhaltens-Assay für die Untersuchung der Rolle des räumlichen Gedächtnisses während der instinktiven Verteidigung bei Mäusen

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often ...

A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents

In auditory animal research it is crucial to have precise information about basic hearing parameters of the animal subjects that are involved in the experiments. Such parameters may be physiological response characteristics of the auditory pathway, e.g. via brainstem audiometry (BERA). But these methods allow only indirect and uncertain extrapolations about the auditory percept that corresponds to these physiological parameters. To assess the perceptual level of hearing, behavioral methods have to be used. A potential problem with the use of behavioral methods for the description of perception in animal models is the fact that most of these methods involve some kind of learning paradigm before the subjects can be behaviorally tested, e.g. animals may have to learn to press a lever in response to a sound. As these learning paradigms change perception itself 1,2 they consequently will influence any result about perception obtained with these methods and therefore have to be interpreted with caution. Exceptions are paradigms that make use of reflex responses, because here no learning paradigms have to be carried out prior to perceptual testing. One such reflex response is the acoustic startle response (ASR) that can highly reproducibly be elicited with unexpected loud sounds in na&iuml;ve animals. This ASR in turn can be influenced by preceding sounds depending on the perceptibility of this preceding stimulus: Sounds well above hearing threshold will completely inhibit the amplitude of the ASR; sounds close to threshold will only slightly inhibit the ASR. This phenomenon is called pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) 3,4, and the amount of PPI on the ASR gradually depends on the perceptibility of the pre-pulse. PPI of the ASR is therefore well suited to determine behavioral audiograms in na&iuml;ve, non-trained animals, to determine hearing impairments or even to detect possible subjective tinnitus percepts in these animals. In this paper we demonstrate the use of this method in a rodent model (cf. also ref. 5), the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), which is a well know model species for startle response research within the normal human hearing range (e.g. 6).

A fast and inexpensive method for the behavioral determination of hearing parameters like hearing thresholds, hearing impairments or phantom perceptions (subjective tinnitus) is described. It uses pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response and can be easily implemented in a personal computer using a programmable AD/DA-converter and a piezo sensor.

Ein Low-Cost-Setup für Verhaltensaudiometrie in Nagetiere

In auditory animal research it is crucial to have precise information about basic hearing parameters of the animal subjects that are involved in the ...

Untersuchung aktiver Abwehrverhaltensweisen bei Mäusen mit modifizierter Angstkonditionierung

Modified Fear Conditioning for Inducing Flight Behaviors in Mice

The appropriate manifestation of defensive behavior in a threatening situation is critical for survival. The prevailing theory suggests that an active defensive behavior, such as jumping or rapid darting, is expressed under high threat imminence or actual threat, whereas passive defensive behavior, such as freezing, is expressed when the threat is predicted, but the threat imminence is relatively low. In classical fear conditioning, subjects typically exhibit freezing as a conditioned defensive response, with little expression of active defensive behavior in most cases. Here, we introduce a modified fear conditioning procedure for mice to observe the transition from freezing to flight and vice versa, involving five repetitive pairings of conditioned stimuli (CS; continuous tone, 8 kHz, 95 dB SPL (sound pressure levels)) and unconditioned stimuli (US; foot shock, 0.9 mA, 1.0 s) over two days. This modified fear conditioning procedure requires a relatively large number of conditioning sessions and conditioning days but does not necessitate a high-intensity foot shock for modest expression of flight behavior. Using the same context for conditioning and salient CS presentations is essential to elicit flight behaviors. This modified fear conditioning procedure is a reliable method for observing active defensive behaviors in mice, providing an opportunity to elucidate the fine mechanisms and characteristics of such behaviors in a fearful context.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Erforschung neuronaler Korrelate von defensiven Verhaltensweisen beim Lernen und Aussterben von Angst

To study flight behaviors in a fearful context, we introduce a modified fear conditioning protocol. This protocol ensures that mice consistently exhibit flight behaviors during cue presentation in the fear conditioning.

Modifizierte Angstkonditionierung zur Induktion von Fluchtverhalten bei Mäusen

The appropriate manifestation of defensive behavior in a threatening situation is critical for survival. The prevailing theory suggests that an active ...

Bestimmen Ultraschall Vocalization Preferences in Mäuse mit einer Zwei-Choice-Test-Playback

Zusammenfassung

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