This work was supported in part by grants from NHRI (CS-104-PP-06 to B.L.Y.).

Patientenzustimmung, wie durch die Ethikkommission genehmigt muss für die Verwendung von menschlichen Zellen gewonnen werden. 1. Dichtegradienten Isolierung von humanen peripheren mononukleären Blutzellen (PBMCs) <ol><li> 25 ml heparinisiertes Vollblut in eine 50-ml-Röhrchen mit einer 25 ml Pipette. <ol><li> Zellen verdünnt mit 25 ml phosphatgepufferter Salzlösung (PBS). </li></ol></li><li> 15 ml Ficoll-Paque-Dichtegradienten in ein neues 50 ml Röhre und beim Kippen der Röhre, sehr langsam und vorsichtig in 25 ml der verdünnten Zellsuspension über den Dichtegradienten hinzuzufügen, so dass es zu keiner Vermischung des Vollbluts mit der Dichtegradient, dh., keine Störung der Gradientengrenzfläche Blutdichte. </li><li> Zentrifuge der Suspension aus Schritt 1.2 bei 400 · g für 40 Minuten, um 30 in einem temperaturgesteuerten Schwenkbecherrotor ohne Bremse bei 20 ° C. Hinweis: Drei verschiedene Schichten sollte offensichtlich sein, nach der Zentrifugation: the oberen Schicht Plasma; der Boden klare Schicht die Ficoll-Paque-Dichtegradienten; und eine dünne, mittlere Zellschicht die PBMCs </li><li> Absaugen und entsorgen Sie die obere Schicht durch Absaugen mit einer Pasteurpipette, mit darauf, dass die Zwischenphasenschicht von mononuklearen Zellen (dh Lymphozyten, Monozyten und Thrombozyten) stören. </li><li> Sorgfältig sammeln diese mononukleare Zellschicht mit einer 10 ml Pipette in ein neues 50 ml Zentrifugenröhrchen. </li><li> Füllen Sie die Röhrchen mit 20 ml PBS, gut mischen und zentrifugieren bei 300 × g für 10 min bei 20 ° C. Entfernen Sie den Überstand vollständig nach dem Zentrifugieren. </li><li> Zellpellet in 20 ml PBS und Zentrifugation bei 200 × g für 10-15 Minuten bei 20 ° C. Entfernen Sie den Überstand vollständig nach dem Zentrifugieren. Anmerkung: Dieser Schritt entfernt die Blutplättchen-die unerwünschte-innerhalb der PBMCs sind; Dieser Schritt kann wiederholt werden, um eine vollständige Entfernung der Plättchen gewährleisten. </li><li> Wenn keine Auswahl bestimmter Bevölkerungsgruppen istgewünschten resuspendieren Zellpellet in Leukozyten-Vollmedium (10% fötales Rinderserum (FBS), 1% L-Glutamin und 1% Penicillin / Streptomycin in RPMI-1640-Medium) zur Kultivierung nach Durchführung einer Zellzahl von 16 bis 1 ml zu suspendieren Medium pro 10 7 PBMCs, bevor zu dem nächsten Schritt. </li></ol> 2. Magnetische Markierung von Leukozyten-Populationen (gehen Sie zu Schritt 4, wenn keine Auswahl von bestimmten Bevölkerungsgruppen ist erforderlich) <ol><li> Zentrifuge PBMC-Suspension bei 300 · g für 10 min und Aspirat Stand vollständig. </li><li> Resuspendieren Zellpellet in 80 ul PBS pro 10 7 Zellen insgesamt. </li><li> In 20 ul angegebenen magnetischen Kügelchen (dh CD14 magnetischen Beads zur Isolierung von Monozyten, CD4 magnetischen Beads zur Isolierung von T-Lymphozyten) pro 10 7 Zellen insgesamt. </li><li> Gut mischen und inkubieren für 15 Minuten bei 2 bis 8 ° C im Kühlschrank. </li><li> Fügen Sie 1-2 ml PBS pro 10 7 Zellen zu waschen und zentrifugierenbei 300 × g für 10 min. </li><li> Überstand wird abgesaugt und vollständig zu resuspendieren bis zu 10 &amp; sup8; Zellen in 500 ul PBS. </li></ol> 3. Magnetische Auswahl von Leukozyten-Subpopulationen Anmerkung: Eine Vielzahl von magnetischen Kügelchen Separatoren und Säulen zur Isolierung von spezifische Population von Leukozyten durch Zelloberflächenmarker von einer Anzahl von Herstellern erhältlich. Die Trennung kann durch positive Selektion, basierend auf eine oder wenige positive Marker oder durch negative Selektion nach Abreicherung von unerwünschten Populationen. Ein allgemeiner Ansatz zur Durchführung positiver Selektion mit einem Marker (dh CD4 für T-Helfer-Lymphozyten, Monozyten oder CD14 für) wird im Folgenden beschrieben. <ol><li> Vorbereitung und prime Magnetabscheider einschließlich Trennsäule nach den Anweisungen des Herstellers. </li><li> Bewerben Röhre die Probe von markierten PBMCs enthalten. Bieten zwei 15 ml-Zentrifugenröhrchen für die Sammlung des positiv markiert und unlabeled Zellfraktionen, den Anweisungen des Herstellers. </li><li> Zählzelle Nummer 15 und Resuspendieren der positiv selektierten Leukozyten (dh CD4 + T-Lymphozyten oder CD14 + Zellen) in Leukozyten-Vollmedium mit 1 ml Medium pro 10 7 Zellen. </li></ol> 4. CFSE-Färbung von Leukozyten für die Beurteilung der Proliferation Anmerkung: CFSE wurde weithin bei immunologischen Untersuchungen verwendet wird, sowohl in vivo und in vitro Studien. Unser Protokoll wurde für in vitro-Studie von MSC / PBMC (oder andere von Leukozyten) Wechselwirkungen optimiert. Während die allgemeinen Schritte bei der Durchführung CFSE in vitro-Markierung beteiligt sind ähnlich kann es Unterschiede in der spezifischen Dosis und Zeitpunkt des Protokolls 14 sein. Dies kann aufgrund einer Reihe von Faktoren, zum Beispiel ein bestimmter Zelltyp, Zellzahlen werden verwendet, die wahrscheinlich Einfluss auf die Intensität des CFSE Fluoreszenzsignal. <ol&gt; <li> Verdünne die CFSE-Stammlösung (10 mM) in PBS auf die gewünschte Einsatzkonzentration von 10 uM (CFSE-Arbeitslösung). Herstellung von 10 7 Zellen (dh PBMCs oder T-Zellen), zur Beschriftung mit CFSE-Arbeitslösung. </li><li> Zentrifuge bei 300 × g für 10 Minuten, um ein Zellpellet zu erhalten, und den Überstand aspirieren. </li><li> Resuspendieren der Zellen vorsichtig in 1 ml vorgewärmtes (37 ° C) CFSE-Arbeitslösung und Inkubieren der Zellen für 10 min bei 37 ° C. </li><li> Abzuwaschen überschüssiges CFSE, verdünnte die Zellsuspension mit 10-fach (nach Volumen) von vorgekühlten (4 ° C) RPMI-Medium mit 10% FBS. Sedimentieren die Zellen durch Zentrifugation bei 300 xg für 5 min und den Überstand verwerfen. Zweimal Waschen des Zellpellets in dieser Weise. </li><li> Re-Pelletierung der Zellen durch Zentrifugation und zählen Zellzahl 15. Resuspendieren 10 7 Zellen (entweder PBMCs oder T-Zellen) in 1 ml frischem vorgewärmtem Leukozyten Komplettmedium. </li></ol> 5. Co-Kultur von MSCs mit Leukozyten und Aktivierung von Leukozyten <ol><li> Vorwärmen MSC Vollmedium (10% FBS (zur optimalen MSC Wachstum vorgetestet), 1% L-Glutamin und 1% Penicillin / Streptomycin in DMEM-low Glucose-Medium) bis 37 ° C für nicht mehr als 30 min. </li><li> Samen MSCs bei 50.000 Zellen in 1 ml MSC Komplettmedium in Platten mit 24 Vertiefungen (MSC Dichte: 25000 Zellen / cm 2) für die Befestigung O / N in einem Inkubator bei 37ºC, so dass für den Stammzellen zu 80% Konfluenz erreichen. </li><li> Absaugen Medium und basierend auf seeded MSC Nummern, fügen CFSE-markierte PBMC (vorher markierten-bitte-Protokoll Schritt 4 oben beachten) zu kultivierten MSCs (ausgesät am Vortag in 24-Well-Platten) in 1 ml von Leukozyten-Komplettmedium bei einer 01.10 (Zellverhältnis) Co-Kultur-Verhältnis von MSCs zu PBMCs. </li><li> Füge das Mitogen Phytohämagglutinin (PHA), eine nicht-spezifische Leukozyten-Aktivator, auf eine Endkonzentration von 10 ug / ml in einem Gesamtvolumen von 1 ml Leukozyten Vollmedium pro Vertiefung. <ol><li> AlternativEly, für die Aktivierung von T-Lymphozyten zu stimulieren spezifisch: Verwenden α-CD3 / 28 Mikroperlen und zu der Zwei-Zellen-Co-Kultur einen Wulst zu T-Lymphozyten-Verhältnis von 1: 1 zu erhalten. </li></ol></li><li> Für Negativkontrolle Platte 500.000 PBMCs / Vertiefung (oder einer spezifischen Effektor Leukozytenpopulation; Zelldichte: 250.000 Leukozyten / cm 2) in einer 24-Well-Platte mit nur 1 ml Leukozyten-Komplettmedium; Positivkontrolle, zusätzlich zu der gleichen Anzahl von PBMC / Vertiefung Plattieren, fügen PHA zu einer Endkonzentration von 10 ug / ml. </li><li> Am 3. und 5. Tag der Kokultur Experiment beurteilt Proliferation von CFSE-markierte Leukozyten (in Rundbodenröhrchen gegeben) durch durchflusszytometrische Analyse 17 mit 488 nm Anregungs- und Emissionsfiltern für Fluorescein geeignet. Anmerkung: Die intrazelluläre Cytokin-Färbung für die durchflusszytometrische Analyse kann auch auf diese CFSE-markierten Leukozyten an dieser Stelle durchgeführt wird, um Änderungen bei der Leukozyten-Cytokin-Expressionsprofil wie mo beurteilenvon MSCs dulated. Da CFSE ist mit einem Filter für die entsprechenden Fluorescein bewertet, die Antikörper ausgewählt werden, um zu beurteilen verschiedene Cytokine müssen andere als Fluorescein oder ähnliches Spektrum Fluorochrome konjugiert werden (dh, Phycoerythrin, Peridinin Chlorophyll-Protein-Komplex (PerCP)). </li></ol> 6. Variation: Effektor Unterdrückung Assay Magnetic Bead wählten, MSC-induzierte immunmodulatorische Leukozyten auf aktivierten CFSE-markierten Effektor CD4 + T-Zellen <ol><li> Samen MSCs an 250.000 Zellen in 3 ml MSC komplettem Medium in 6-well Platten (MSC Dichte: 25000 Zellen / cm 2) für die Befestigung O / N in einem Inkubator bei 37ºC, so dass für den Stammzellen zu 80% Konfluenz erreichen. Mindestens 3 Platten mit 6 Vertiefungen sind erforderlich, um genügend MSC-co-kultivierten PBMCs Subpopulation Auswahl gewährleisten. </li><li> Aspirat Medium, und fügen PBMCs gemäß Schritt 1, aber in 6-Well-Platten mit 2,5 × 10 6 Zellen / Vertiefung (Zelldichte getrennt: 250,000 leukocytes / cm 2) mit 3 ml Komplettmedium Leukozyten. Co-Kultur für 48-72 Stunden in einem 37 ° C Inkubator. </li><li> Magnetic-Bead-wählen Sie spezifische Population von MSC-induzierte immunmodulatorische Leukozyten (dh CD14 + Zellen) gemäß §§ 2-3. Anmerkungen: Die intrazelluläre Cytokin-Färbung für die durchflusszytometrische Analyse kann an diesem Punkt durchgeführt, um Änderungen der Leukozyten-Cytokin-Expressionsprofil, das heißt, die Expression von beurteilen Interleukin-10, wie durch MSCs moduliert. </li><li> In ADD CFSE-markierten allogenen CD4 + -T-Zellen in Platten mit 24 Vertiefungen nach Abschnitten 2-4 generiert 1 ml von Leukozyten-Komplettmedium (T Zelldichte: 250.000 Zellen / cm 2) zu Wulst wählten MSC-induzierten Leukozyten in verschiedenen Verhältnissen dh, 1:10, 1: 5, 1: 2 und 1: 1 (der Zellen) führt Verhältnissen. </li><li> CD4 + T-Zellen zu stimulieren, fügen α-CD3 / 28 konjugierten Mikrokügelchen zu einem Wulst-zu-Zell-Verhältnis von 1: 1 zu erhalten. </li><li> Für eine negative Kontrolle, Platte 500.000 CD4 + T-Zellen / Vertiefung in einer Platte mit 24 Vertiefungen (T Zelldichte: 250.000 Zellen / cm 2) mit nur 1 ml Leukozyten Komplettmedium; Positivkontrolle, zusätzlich zu der gleichen Anzahl von CD4 + T-Zellen / Vertiefung Plattieren, fügen α-CD3 / 28 konjugierten Mikrokügelchen zu einem Wulst-zu-Zell-Verhältnis von 1: 1 zu erhalten. </li><li> Am 3. Tag der Co-Kultur, zu bewerten Proliferation von CFSE-markierten CD4 + T-Zellen (in Rundbodenröhrchen gegeben) durch durchflusszytometrische Analyse 16 mit 488 nm Anregungs- und Emissionsfiltern für Fluorescein geeignet. </li></ol>

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We have nothing to disclose.

Increasingly, the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs are being translated into clinical use more rapidly than the multilineage capacity of these stem cells18-20. Thus, co-culture techniques of MSCs with leukocytes and assays to evaluate immune function are important to further delineate the specific mechanisms involved in these properties for optimizing effective therapeutic application. 
One of the most critical technical aspects for success in these assays is having adequate PBMC...

Humane mesenchymale Stammzellen (MSCs) sind somatische Vorläufern, die in die achsparallel mesodermalen Abstammungslinien von Knochen, Knorpel und Fettgewebe 1-4, um ein paar extramesodermal Linien 5 unterscheiden kann, wie auch. Zuerst von der erwachsenen Knochenmark isoliert wurden diese multilineage Vorläufern jetzt in zahlreichen Geweben 6-8 gefunden und unerwarteterweise gezeigt, dass starke immunmodulatorische Eigenschaften, die sehr gut für die klinische Anwendung 9-12 erscheinen müssen. Detaillierte Mechanismen in den immunmodulatorische Effekte einbezogen werden aktiv für eine wirksame Anwendung auf spezifische Krankheitsentitäten untersucht. Eine der direkten Weg zur Immunmodulation zu bewerten, ist durch die Ermittlung für die Unterdrückung der Proliferation von Leukozyten-Effektor 13. Effektor meisten Leukozyten wie T-Lymphozyten und Monozyten zu vermehren prodigiously wenn sie stimuliert oder aktiviert. Immunmodulatorische Funktion kann geprüft werden, wenn UnterdrückungProliferation wird belegt. Traditionell wurde Effektor Leukozyten Proliferation durch Detektion von [3 H] Thymidin-Einbau in die DNA untersucht. , Dieses Verfahren hat jedoch erhebliche Nachteile auf Grund der Bedenken von Strahlung und post-Nutzung zur Verfügung, ebenso wie die komplexe Ausrüstung erforderlich. Zwar gibt es nicht-radioaktiven Assays, die Zellproliferation zu beurteilen, hat das Carboxyfluorescein Succinimidylester (CFSE) -Assay andere Vorteile, wie beispielsweise, die eine Identifizierung von spezifischen Zellpopulationen, die besonders nützlich bei der Co-Kultur-Experimente mit mehreren Zelltypen. CFSE ein fluoreszierender Farbstoff, der zellulären durch durchflusszytometrische Analyse bestimmt werden kann. Wie Zellen sich teilen, wird die Intensität dieses zellulären Etikett proportional verringert; Dies ermöglicht nicht nur die Bestimmung der Gesamt-Zellproliferation, sondern ermöglicht auch die Beurteilung von der Anzahl der Zellteilungen bis 8 Einheiten, bevor die Fluoreszenz wird schwierig, detect gegen Hintergrundsignal. Darüber hinaus ist die Stabilität des fluoreszierenden CFSE ermöglicht in vivo Verfolgung von markierten Zellen, so daß Zellen können bis zu vielen Monaten 14 visualisiert werden. Dieser Assay kann auch variiert werden, um spezifische Typen von Effektorzellen Leukozyten oder immunmodulatorischen Funktion spezifischer Populationen auszuwerten MSC-induzierte immunmodulatorische Leukozyten-wie Interleukin-10 (IL-10) produzieren CD14 + Monocyten 15 durch Ausführen einer Magnetperle Oberflächenmarker Auswahl Zellpopulationen von Interesse vor oder nach der Ko-Kultur, wie angemessen. Unser Protokoll beschreibt die grundlegende Assay zur Beurteilung der immunmodulatorischen Wirkung von MSCs auf Effektorzellen Leukozyten (Flussdiagramm in Figur 1 gezeigt) und einer Variation dieser Basistest zur Bewertung der MSC-induzierte Leukozyten-Immunmodulation zur allogenen CD4 + Effektor-T-Lymphozyten (Flußdiagramm gezeigten in Abbildung 4).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1205">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">Ficoll-Paque PLUS</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">71-7167-00 AG</td>
			<td style="width:549px;">Density grandient for isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:276px;">Vibrant CFDA-SE Cell Tracer Kit (CFSE)</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">V12883</td>
			<td>Cellular label for detection of cell division</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">Phytoagglutinin (PHA)</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>L8902</td>
			<td>Activation of human PBMCs</td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:276px;">Dynabeads Human T-Activator CD3/28</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">111.32D</td>
			<td style="width:549px;">Activation of human T lymphocytes, e.g. CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells,etc.</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">autoMACS&#8482; Separator</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">autoMACS&#8482; Separator</td>
			<td>Magnetic based cell separator</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">autoMACS&#174; Columns</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-021-101</td>
			<td>separation columns</td>
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		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:276px;">CD14 microbeads, human&#160;</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-050-201</td>
			<td style="width:549px;">For positive selection of CD14+ human monocytes and macrophages from PBMCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">CD4 microbeads, human&#160;</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">130-045-101</td>
			<td style="width:549px;">For positive selection of CD4+ human T lymphocytes from PBMCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">RPMI 1640 Medium</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">11875</td>
			<td>Human PBMC/leukocyte culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">DMEM, Low glucose, pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">11885</td>
			<td style="width:549px;">Human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25030-081</td>
			<td>Supplementation for MSC complete medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15070-063</td>
			<td>Supplementation for PBMC/leukocyte and MSC complete medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:276px;">Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">1) Hyclone, for MSC culture&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 2) Life Technologies, for all other cells (i.e. PBMCs, specific leukocyte populations)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">1) SH30070.03M 2) 10091-148</td>
			<td>Pre-test lots for support of MSC in vitro culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">24-well cell culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Corning</td>
			<td>COR3524</td>
			<td>Co-culture plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">50 mL centrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">430291</td>
			<td>Isolation PBMCs from whole blood by Ficoll-Paque PLUS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">15 mL centrifuge tube&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">430766</td>
			<td>Collection of the labeled and unlabeled cell fractions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Round-bottom tubes</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">BD Falcon&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">352008</td>
			<td>Collection of cells for flow cytometric analysis</td>
		</tr>
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assessment of the immunomodulatory properties of human mesenchymal stem cells (mscs)

The immunomodulatory properties of multilineage human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) appear to be highly relevant for clinical use towards a wide-range of immune-related diseases. Mechanisms involved are increasingly being elucidated and in this article, we describe the basic experiment to assess MSC immunomodulation by assaying for suppression of effector leukocyte proliferation. Representing activation, leukocyte proliferation can be assessed by a number of techniques, and we describe in this protocol the use of the fluorescent cellular dye carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to label leukocytes with subsequent flow cytometric analyses. This technique can not only assess proliferation without radioactivity, but also the number of cell divisions that have occurred as well as allowing for identification of the specific population of proliferating cells and intracellular cytokine/factor expression. Moreover, the assay can be tailored to evaluate specific populations of effector leukocytes by magnetic bead surface marker selection of single peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations prior to co-culture with MSCs. The flexibility of this co-culture assay is useful for investigating cellular interactions between MSCs and leukocytes.

Figur 1 zeigt die Gesamtschema des Experiments, und Figur 2 zeigt das Aussehen der verschiedenen Zellkulturbedingungen, wie durch Phasenkontrastmikroskopie sichtbar invertiert. MSCs sind adhärente Zellen mit Fibroblasten, spindelförmige Morphologie, wobei PBMCs und Leukozyten sind kleine, runde, nichthaftende Zellen. Diese zwei morphologisch unterschiedliche Zelltypen ist deutlich in der Co-Kultur gesehen werden. Am Ende des Tests, wenn die PBMCs (oder leuckotyes) für durchflusszytometrische abgesaugt an...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of the Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells MSCs at JoVE.com

Assessment of the Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells MSCs

Die immunmodulatorischen Eigenschaften von humanen mesenchymalen Stammzellen (MSC) erscheint für die klinische Anwendung zunehmend relevant. Verwendung eines Co-Kultursystem der MSCs und peripheren Blutleukozyten mit dem Fluoreszenzfarbstoff Carboxyfluorescein Succinimidylester (CFSE) vorgefärbten beschreiben wir den in vitro Beurteilung der MSC Immunomodulation auf Effektorzellen Leukozyten Proliferation und bestimmten Subpopulationen.

Beurteilung der immunmodulatorischen Eigenschaften von humanen mesenchymalen Stammzellen (MSCs)

The immunomodulatory properties of multilineage human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) appear to be highly relevant for clinical use towards a wide-range of ...

assessment-immunomodulatory-properties-human-mesenchymal-stem-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Assessment of the Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)

12.1K Aufrufe.  National Health Research Institutes (NHRI).  Die immunmodulatorischen Eigenschaften von humanen mesenchymalen Stammzellen (MSC) erscheint für die klinische Anwendung zunehmend relevant. Verwendung eines Co-Kultursystem der MSCs und peripheren Blutleukozyten mit dem Fluoreszenzfarbstoff Carboxyfluorescein Succinimidylester (CFSE) vorgefärbten beschreiben wir den in vitro Beurteilung der MSC Immunomodulation auf Effektorzellen Leukozyten Proliferation und bestimmten Subpopulationen. 

Serie: Assessment of the Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells MSCs

Expansion, Purification, and Functional Assessment of Human Peripheral Blood NK Cells

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune surveillance against a variety of infectious microorganisms and tumors. Limited availability of NK cells and ability to expand in vitro has restricted development of NK cell immunotherapy. Here we describe a method to efficiently expand vast quantities of functional NK cells ex vivo using K562 cells expressing membrane-bound IL21, as an artificial antigen-presenting cell (aAPC).
NK cell adoptive therapies to date have utilized a cell product obtained by steady-state leukapheresis of the donor followed by depletion of T cells or positive selection of NK cells. The product is usually activated in IL-2 overnight and then administered the following day 1. Because of the low frequency of NK cells in peripheral blood, relatively small numbers of NK cells have been delivered in clinical trials.
The inability to propagate NK cells in vitro has been the limiting factor for generating sufficient cell numbers for optimal clinical outcome. Some expansion of NK cells (5-10 fold over 1-2 weeks) has be achieved through high-dose IL-2 alone 2. Activation of autologous T cells can mediate NK cell expansion, presumably also through release of local cytokine 3. Support with mesenchymal stroma or artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) can support the expansion of NK cells from both peripheral blood and cord blood 4. Combined NKp46 and CD2 activation by antibody-coated beads is currently marketed for NK cell expansion (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn CA), resulting in approximately 100-fold expansion in 21 days.
Clinical trials using aAPC-expanded or -activated NK cells are underway, one using leukemic cell line CTV-1 to prime and activate NK cells5 without significant expansion. A second trial utilizes EBV-LCL for NK cell expansion, achieving a mean 490-fold expansion in 21 days6. The third utilizes a K562-based aAPC transduced with 4-1BBL (CD137L) and membrane-bound IL-15 (mIL-15)7, which achieved a mean NK expansion 277-fold in 21 days. Although, the NK cells expanded using K562-41BBL-mIL15 aAPC are highly cytotoxic in vitro and in vivo compared to unexpanded NK cells, and participate in ADCC, their proliferation is limited by senescence attributed to telomere shortening8. More recently a 350-fold expansion of NK cells was reported using K562 expressing MICA, 4-1BBL and IL159.
Our method of NK cell expansion described herein produces rapid proliferation of NK cells without senescence achieving a median 21,000-fold expansion in 21 days.

Here we describe a method to efficiently expand and purify large numbers of human NK cells and assess their function.

Expansion, Reinigung und Functional Assessment of Human peripheren Blut NK-Zellen

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune surveillance against a variety of infectious microorganisms and tumors. Limited availability of ...

Forschung

Immunologie und Infektion

Quantitative Assessment of Immune Cells in the Injured Spinal Cord Tissue by Flow Cytometry:  a Novel Use for a Cell Purification Method

Detection of immune cells in the injured central nervous system (CNS) using morphological or histological techniques has not always provided true quantitative analysis of cellular inflammation. Flow cytometry is a quick alternative method to quantify immune cells in the injured brain or spinal cord tissue. Historically, flow cytometry has been used to quantify immune cells collected from blood or dissociated spleen or thymus, and only a few studies have attempted to quantify immune cells in the injured spinal cord by flow cytometry using fresh dissociated cord tissue. However, the dissociated spinal cord tissue is concentrated with myelin debris that can be mistaken for cells and reduce cell count reliability obtained by the flow cytometer. We have advanced a cell preparation method using the OptiPrep gradient system to effectively separate lipid/myelin debris from cells, providing sensitive and reliable quantifications of cellular inflammation in the injured spinal cord by flow cytometry. As described in our recent study (Beck &amp; Nguyen et al., Brain. 2010 Feb; 133 (Pt 2): 433-47), the OptiPrep cell preparation had increased sensitivity to detect cellular inflammation in the injured spinal cord, with counts of specific cell types correlating with injury severity. Critically, novel usage of this method provided the first characterization of acute and chronic cellular inflammation after SCI to include a complete time course for polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs, neutrophils), macrophages/microglia, and T-cells over a period ranging from 2 hours to 180 days post-injury (dpi), identifying a surprising novel second phase of cellular inflammation. Thorough characterization of cellular inflammation using this method may provide a better understanding of neuroinflammation in the injured CNS, and reveal an important multiphasic component of neuroinflammation that may be critical for the design and implementation of rational therapeutic treatment strategies, including both cell-based and pharmacological interventions for SCI.

Quantification of cellular inflammation in the injured/pathological CNS by flow cytometry is complicated by lipid/myelin debris that can have similar size and granulation to cells, decreasing sensitivity/accuracy. We have advanced a cell preparation method to remove myelin debris and improve cell detection by flow cytometry in the injured spinal cord.

Quantitative Beurteilung der Immunzellen in das verletzte Rückenmark Tissue mittels Durchflusszytometrie: eine neue Verwendung für eine Zelle Reinigungsverfahren

Detection of immune cells in the injured central nervous system (CNS) using morphological or histological techniques has not always provided true ...

PRP as a New Approach to Prevent Infection: Preparation and In vitro Antimicrobial Properties of PRP

Implant-associated infection is becoming more and more challenging to the healthcare industry worldwide due to increasing antibiotic resistance, transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria between animals and humans, and the high cost of treating infections.
In this study, we disclose a new strategy that may be effective in preventing implant-associated infection based on the potential antimicrobial properties of platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Due to its well-studied properties for promoting healing, PRP (a biological product) has been increasingly used for clinical applications including orthopaedic surgeries, periodontal and oral surgeries, maxillofacial surgeries, plastic surgeries, sports medicine, etc.
PRP could be an advanced alternative to conventional antibiotic treatments in preventing implant-associated infections. The use of PRP may be advantageous compared to conventional antibiotic treatments since PRP is less likely to induce antibiotic resistance and PRP's antimicrobial and healing-promoting properties may have a synergistic effect on infection prevention. It is well known that pathogens and human cells are racing for implant surfaces, and PRP's properties of promoting healing could improve human cell attachment thereby reducing the odds for infection. In addition, PRP is inherently biocompatible, and safe and free from the risk of transmissible diseases.
For our study, we have selected several clinical bacterial strains that are commonly found in orthopaedic infections and examined whether PRP has in vitro antimicrobial properties against these bacteria. We have prepared PRP using a twice centrifugation approach which allows the same platelet concentration to be obtained for all samples. We have achieved consistent antimicrobial findings and found that PRP has strong in vitro antimicrobial properties against bacteria like methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Group A Streptococcus, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Therefore, the use of PRP may have the potential to prevent infection and to reduce the need for costly post-operative treatment of implant-associated infections.

PRP as a New Approach to Prevent Infection: Preparation and In vitro Antimicrobial Properties of PRP

Implant-associated infection is a significant clinical complication. This study describes an approach using platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to prevent implant-associated infections, presents the protocol for preparing PRP with constant platelet concentration, and reports the newly identified antimicrobial properties of PRP and related protocols for examining such antimicrobial properties in vitro.

PRP als neuer Ansatz, um eine Infektion zu verhindern: Vorbereitung und<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Antimikrobielle Eigenschaften von PRP

Implant-associated infection is becoming more and more challenging to the healthcare industry worldwide due to increasing antibiotic resistance, ...

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Autoimmune diseases arise due to the loss of immunological self-tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important mediators of immunologic self-tolerance. Tregs represent about 5 - 10% of the mature CD4+ T cell subpopulation in mice and humans, with about 1 - 2% of those Tregs circulating in the peripheral blood. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be differentiated into functional Tregs, which have a potential to be used for cell-based therapies of autoimmune diseases. Here, we present a method to develop antigen (Ag)-specific Tregs from iPSCs (i.e., iPSC-Tregs). The method is based on incorporating the transcription factor FoxP3 and an Ag-specific T cell receptor (TCR) into iPSCs and then differentiating on OP9 stromal cells expressing Notch ligands delta-like (DL) 1 and DL4. Following in vitro differentiation, the iPSC-Tregs express CD4, CD8, CD3, CD25, FoxP3, and Ag-specific TCR and are able to respond to Ag stimulation. This method has been successfully applied to cell-based therapy of autoimmune arthritis in a murine model. Adoptive transfer of these Ag-specific iPSC-Tregs into Ag-induced arthritis (AIA)-bearing mice has the ability to reduce joint inflammation and swelling and to prevent bone loss.

We present here a method to develop functional antigen (Ag)-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for immunotherapy of autoimmune arthritis in a murine model.

Entwicklung von Stammzellen abgeleiteten Antigen-spezifische regulatorische T-Zellen gegen Autoimmunität

Autoimmune diseases arise due to the loss of immunological self-tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important mediators of immunologic ...

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining the role of the gene of interest in the development, differentiation, and function of NK cells. Recent advances related to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in cancer immunotherapy accentuate the need for an efficient method to deliver exogenous genes to effector lymphocytes. The efficiencies of lentiviral-mediated gene transductions into primary human or mouse NK cells remain significantly low, which is a major limiting factor. Recent advances using cationic polymers, such as polybrene, show an improved gene transduction efficiency in T cells. However, these products failed to improve the transduction efficiencies of NK cells. This work shows that dextran, a branched glucan polysaccharide, significantly improves the transduction efficiency of human and mouse primary NK cells. This highly reproducible transduction methodology provides a competent tool for transducing human primary NK cells, which can vastly improve clinical gene delivery applications and thus NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

The goal of this study was to formulate technologies that allow for successful gene transduction in primary natural killer (NK) cells. The dextran-mediated lentiviral transduction of human or mouse primary NK cells results in higher gene expression efficiencies. This method of gene transduction will vastly improve NK cell genetic manipulation.

Dextran erhöht die Effizienz der Lentivirale Transduktion von murinen und menschliche primäre NK-Zellen

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining ...

Magnetic Stirrer Method for the Detection of Trichinella Larvae in Muscle Samples

Trichinellosis is a debilitating disease in humans and is caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked meat of animals infected with the nematode larvae of the genus Trichinella. The most important sources of human infections worldwide are game meat and pork or pork products. In many countries, the prevention of human trichinellosis is based on the identification of infected animals by means of the artificial digestion of muscle samples from susceptible animal carcasses.
There are several methods based on the digestion of meat but the magnetic stirrer method is considered the gold standard. This method allows the detection of Trichinella larvae by microscopy after the enzymatic digestion of muscle samples and subsequent filtration and sedimentation steps. Although this method does not require special and expensive equipment, internal controls cannot be used. Therefore, stringent quality management should be applied throughout the test. The aim of the present work is to provide detailed handling instructions and critical control points of the method to analysts, based on the experience of the European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites and the National Reference Laboratory of Germany for Trichinella.

Magnetic Stirrer Method for the Detection of Trichinella Larvae in Muscle Samples

The prevention of human trichinellosis in many countries worldwide is based on the laboratory examination of muscle samples from susceptible animals by methods of digestion, of which the magnetic stirrer method is considered the gold standard.

Magnetrührers Verfahren zum Nachweis von<em&gt; Trichinella</em&gt; Larvae in Muskelproben

Trichinellosis is a debilitating disease in humans and is caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked meat of animals infected with the nematode ...

A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity

Within the innate immune system, effector lymphocytes known as natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in host defense against aberrant cells, specifically eliminating tumoral and virally infected cells. Approximately 30 known monogenic defects, together with a host of other pathological conditions, cause either functional or classic NK cell deficiency, manifesting in reduced or absent cytotoxic activity. Historically, cytotoxicity has been investigated with radioactive methods, which are cumbersome, expensive and potentially hazardous. This article describes a streamlined, clinically applicable flow cytometry-based method to quantify NK cell cytotoxic activity. In this assay, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or purified NK cell preparations are co-incubated at different ratios with a target tumor cell line known to be sensitive to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NKCC). The target cells are pre-labeled with a fluorescent dye to allow their discrimination from the effector cells (NK cells). After the incubation period, killed target cells are identified by a nucleic acid stain, which specifically permeates dead cells. This method is amenable to both diagnostic and research applications and, thanks to the multi-parameter capabilities of flow cytometry, has the added advantage of potentially enabling a deeper analysis of NK cell phenotype and function.

A flow cytometry-based method to quantitatively determine the cytotoxic activity of human natural killer cells is shown here.

Ein Flow Cytometry-basierte Zytotoxizität Assay für die Beurteilung der menschlichen NK-Zell-Aktivität

Within the innate immune system, effector lymphocytes known as natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in host defense against aberrant cells, ...

Assessment of the Cytotoxic and Immunomodulatory Effects of Substances in Human Precision-cut Lung Slices

Respiratory diseases in their broad diversity need appropriate model systems to understand the underlying mechanisms and enable development of new therapeutics. Additionally, registration of new substances requires appropriate risk assessment with adequate testing systems to avoid the risk of individuals being harmed, for example, in the working environment. Such risk assessments are usually conducted in animal studies. In view of the 3Rs principle and public skepticism against animal experiments, human alternative methods, such as precision-cut lung slices (PCLS), have been evolving. The present paper describes the ex vivo technique of human PCLS to study the immunomodulatory potential of low-molecular-weight substances, such as ammonium hexachloroplatinate (HClPt). Measured endpoints include viability and local respiratory inflammation, marked by altered secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;), and interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1&#945;) were significantly increased in human PCLS after exposure to a sub-toxic concentration of HClPt. Even though the technique of PCLS has been substantially optimized over the past decades, its applicability for the testing of immunomodulation is still in development. Therefore, the results presented here are preliminary, even though they show the potential of human PCLS as a valuable tool in respiratory research.

In view of the 3Rs principle, respiratory models as alternatives to animal studies are evolving. Especially for risk assessment of respiratory substances, there is a lack of appropriate assays. Here, we describe the use of human precision-cut lung slices for the assessment of airborne substances.

Bewertung der zytotoxischen und immunmodulatorische Wirkung von Substanzen im menschlichen Precision-Cut Lung Slices

Respiratory diseases in their broad diversity need appropriate model systems to understand the underlying mechanisms and enable development of new ...

Assessment of the Synaptic Interface of Primary Human T Cells from Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissue

The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of glass-supported planar bilayers and in vitro-derived T-cell clones or lines1,2,3,4. How these findings apply to the primary human T cells isolated from blood or lymphoid tissues is not known, partly due to significant difficulties in obtaining a sufficient number of cells for analysis5. Here we address this through the development of a technique exploiting multichannel flow slides to build planar lipid bilayers containing activating and adhesion molecules. The low height of the flow slides promotes rapid cell sedimentation in order to synchronize cell:bilayer attachment, thereby allowing researchers to study the dynamic of the synaptic interface formation and the kinetics of the granules release. We apply this approach to analyze the synaptic interface of as few as 104 to 105 primary cryopreserved T cells isolated from lymph nodes (LN) and peripheral blood (PB). The results reveal that the novel planar lipid bilayer technique enables the study of the biophysical properties of primary human T cells derived from blood and tissues in the context of health and disease.

The protocol describes a technique to study the ability of primary polyclonal human T cells to form synaptic interfaces using planar lipid bilayers. We use this technique to show the differential synapse formation capability of human primary T cells derived from lymph nodes and peripheral blood.

Bewertung der synaptischen Schnittstelle der primären menschlichen T-Zellen aus peripherem Blut und Lymphgewebe

The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of ...

Induced Differentiation of M Cell-like Cells in Human Stem Cell-derived Ileal Enteroid Monolayers

M (microfold) cells of the intestine function to transport antigen from the apical lumen to the underlying Peyer&#8217;s patches and lamina propria where immune cells reside and therefore contribute to mucosal immunity in the intestine. A complete understanding of how M cells differentiate in the intestine as well as the molecular mechanisms of antigen uptake by M cells is lacking. This is because M cells are a rare population of cells in the intestine and because in vitro models for M cells are not robust. The discovery of a self-renewing stem cell culture system of the intestine, termed enteroids, has provided new possibilities for culturing M cells. Enteroids are advantageous over standard cultured cell lines because they can be differentiated into several major cell types found in the intestine, including goblet cells, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells and enterocytes. The cytokine RANKL is essential in M cell development, and addition of RANKL and TNF-&#945; to culture media promotes a subset of cells from ileal enteroids to differentiate into M cells. The following protocol describes a method for the differentiation of M cells in a transwell epithelial polarized monolayer system of the intestine using human ileal enteroids. This method can be applied to the study of M cell development and function.

This protocol describes how to induce the differentiation of M cells in human stem cell-derived ileal monolayers and methods to assess their development.

Induzierte Differenzierung von M-Zell-ähnlichen Zellen in menschlichen Stammzell-abgeleiteten Ileal Enteroid Monolayern

M (microfold) cells of the intestine function to transport antigen from the apical lumen to the underlying Peyer&#8217;s patches and lamina propria where ...