We thank all residents and attending physicians, notably Dr. A.F. Haney (the University of Chicago, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology) for collecting omental biopsies. Also, we thank Stacey Tobin and Gail Isenberg for carefully editing this manuscript. This work was supported by Bears Care, the charitable beneficiary of the Chicago Bears Football Club, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) R21 NS075702, and the National Cancer Institute grant R01 CA111882 to E.L.

Alle beschriebenen Forschungsprotokolle wurden von der University of Chicago Institutional Review Board (IRB) überprüft worden. Einverständniserklärung wurde von jedem Patienten vor der Operation erhalten, und die Studie wurde von der University of Chicago IRB zugelassen. Einem biologischen Sicherheitsschrank Typ 2 und Handschuhe sollten beim Umgang mit menschlichem Gewebe zum Schutz und zur Gefahr der Kontamination Zellen zu reduzieren. 1. Isolierung und Kultur der Primär Nicht transformierte Stromazellen <ol><li> Menschliches Gewebe Entnahme und Vorbereitung. <ol><li> Erhalten Proben menschlicher Omentum 2 cm 3, während einer Bauchoperation entfernt wird, und unmittelbar eint Gewebe in RT Phosphat gepufferter Salzlösung (PBS) (2A). Ein Stück Omentum 3 cm x 2 cm in der Regel ergibt 1 Million primären humanen Mesothelzellen (HPMC) und 200.000 primäre menschliche Fibroblasten oder normale omentalis Fibroblasten (NOF). </li><li> Spin down die PBS wurde das Gewebe in 0,5 × g für 3 eingetauchtmin so bald wie möglich nach der Entnahme (&lt;2 h in PBS) und übertragen das Gewebe frischen 20 ml PBS in einem 50 ml konischen Röhrchen. Cut up Gewebe in 5 mm 3 Stück durch Zerkleinern mit Skalpellen in einem Durchmesser von 15 cm, sterile Kulturschale (2B). </li></ol></li><li> Primäre humane Mesothelzellen Zellisolierung 8 <ol><li> Um HPMC zu isolieren, übertragen Sie die zerkleinerte Gewebe in 50 ml konische Röhrchen und warten Sie 1 min für die festen Stücke, an die Spitze (2C &amp; D) zu schweben. HPMC und rote Blutzellen (RBC) in der Flüssigkeit auf dem Boden vorhanden sein. Verwenden einer Pipette, um die Flüssigkeit vom Boden des Rohres und in ein neues konisches Rohr zu entfernen. Drehen Sie die Flüssigkeit nach unten bei 0,5 × g für 3 min und saugen Sie den Überstand aus der HPMC / RBC-Pellet. <ol><li> Wiederholen Sie den Vorgang drei Mal: ​​20 ml PBS zu dem zerkleinerten Gewebes ermöglichen Gewebe zu steigen, zu entfernen Flüssigkeit vom Boden mit einer Pipette und in die HPMC / RBC Rohr, Spin-down, und entfernen Sie dieÜberstand. Nachdem alle Spins abgeschlossen und der Überstand wird abgesaugt, wird das Pellet HPMC und RBC enthalten. </li></ol></li><li> Platte alle Zellen aus dem Pellet in einen 75 cm 2 -Kolben in 15 ml Vollwachstumsmedium (DMEM mit 10% fötalem Rinderserum [FBS], 1% MEM-Vitamine [93 mg / L], 1% MEM nichtessentiellen Aminosäuren [81,4 mg / L], 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin [Pen-Strep, 100 U / ml Penicillin und 100 ug / ml Streptomycin]). </li><li> Führen Sie eine sekundäre PBS zu waschen, um zusätzliche HPMCs isolieren. <ol><li> Für die Sekundär PBS waschen, schütteln Sie die verbleibende feste Gewebe mit 200 Upm, 37 ° C für 10 min in 20 ml PBS, dann warten 1 min für das Gewebe, um nach oben zu schweben. Entfernen der Flüssigkeit aus dem Boden des Rohrs in ein neues Gefäß, Zentrifuge bei 0,5 × g für 3 min, und den Überstand aspirieren. </li><li> Teller alle HPMC / RBC aus der Sekundär PBS waschen in einem separaten 75 cm 2-Kolben in 15 ml Vollwachstumsmedium. </li></ol></li><li> Um jede r isolierenemaining HPMC, Schütteln des zerkleinerten Gewebes mit 200 Upm, 37 ° C Grad für 10 min in 20 ml einer 1: 1 0,25% Trypsin 25 mM EDTA: PBS-Lösung, bezogen auf das Volumen. Lassen Sie das Gewebe zu erheben, sammeln die Flüssigkeit am Boden des Röhrchens in eine neue 50-ml-Tube und Spin-down bei 0,5 gx 3 min. <ol><li> Saugen Sie den Überstand und die Platte alle HPMC / RBC in einem separaten 75 cm 2-Kolben in 15 ml Vollwachstumsmedium. </li></ol></li><li> Kultur die plattierten Zellen bei 37 ° C und 5% CO 2 in einer feuchten Umgebung. Vorschub plattierten Zellen durch Zugabe von 15 ml Vollwachstumsmedium an den Tagen 3 und 5 ohne Entfernen der verbrauchten Medien. HPMC kann für 5-7 Tage vor der Spaltung kultiviert werden. <ol><li> Verwenden Niedergang HPMC (bis Durchgang 2) bei allen Versuchen zur Entdifferenzierung und Änderung der ursprünglichen Phänotyp zu minimieren. Verwenden Sie ein Weitfeldmikroskop vorzugsweise mit einem 20x-Objektiv mit Kunststoff-Differential-Interferenz-Kontrast-Funktionen oder 4-20x Ziel mit Phasenkontrast capabilities (Phasenkontrastfilter auf Mikroskop) für die Aufnahme aller Bilder von Zellen und eine 10-fach Objektiv () in Hellfeld zu analysieren immunhistochemischen 3,3&#39;-Diaminobenzidin (DAB) Färbung. </li></ol></li><li> Bestätigen, dass die HPMC sind quaderförmig und Express Cytokeratin 8 und Vimentin, indem Immunhistochemie 8 (3A, C, E). </li></ol></li><li> NOF Isolierung 8 <ol><li> Bereiten Sie 10 ml des Vorrates des Collagenase Typ III-Lösung (10x) durch die Kombination einer 1: 1: 1-Mischung von 100x Pen-Strep: 1.500 Einheiten Aktivität / ml Collagenase Typ III: 714 Units Aktivität / ml Hyaluronidase in PBS. </li><li> Schütteln des zerkleinerten Omentum Gewebe, nachdem HPMC Isolation bleibt bei 200 rpm, 37 ° C für 6 Stunden in 10 ml des 10x Collagenase Typ III-Lösung in einem serumfreien Medium verdünnt (DMEM mit 1% MEM-Vitamine [93 mg / L], 1% MEM nichtessentiellen Aminosäuren [81,4 mg / L], 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin [Pen-Strep, 100 U / ml Penicillin und 100 ug / ml Streptomycin]). Verdauten Gewebe undurchsichtigen schauen und kann einige faserige Ablagerungen (2E) haben. </li><li> Zentrifugieren Sie die Lösung, die NOF-Zellen in Suspension bei 0,5 × g für 3 min bei RT, saugen Sie den Überstand und die Platte des Pellets in einem 75 cm 2-Kolben in 13 ml Vollwachstumsmedium. </li><li> Entfernen Sie alte Medien und ersetzen Sie sie durch 15 ml frisches Vollwachstumsmedium nach 24 Stunden. NOF können für 1-3 Tage vor der Spaltung kultiviert werden. Hinweis Proliferation des NOF wird aufhören, wenn die Zellen Konfluenz erreichen. </li><li> Bestätigen Sie, dass die primären menschlichen Fibroblasten sind flache, langgestreckte Zellen und exprimieren Vimentin aber nicht Cytokeratin-8 durch Ausführen Immunhistochemie 8 (3B, D, F). Verwenden Niedergang NOF für Experimente (im Idealfall vor dem Durchgang 3) Entdifferenzierung zu minimieren und Änderung der ursprünglichen Phänotyp. Verwenden Sie ein Weitfeld-Mikroskop mit einem 20x-Objektiv mit Kunststoff-DIC-Fähigkeiten dafür verantwortlich, alle Phasenbilder von Zellen,und eine 10-fach Objektiv in Hellfeld zu analysieren immunhistochemischen DAB-Färbung. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Überzug die organotypische Kultur 8 <ol><li> Release NOF vom 75 cm Kulturkolben durch Spülen mit 10 ml PBS, gefolgt von 3 ml 0,25% Trypsin / 25 mM EDTA für nicht mehr als 5 min. Neutralisieren Trypsin mit mindestens 3-fache des Volumens der Vollwachstumsmedium. </li><li> Übertragen Sie mit Trypsin-Zellen in einem 50 ml konischen Rohr und Spin-down bei 0,5 gx 3 min. Überstand entfernen und bringen Zellen wieder in 5 ml Vollwachstumsmedium. Verwenden Sie einen Zellenzähler, um die Zellen von der Kulturflasche gewonnen zu zählen. </li><li> Verdünnte Zellen in dem entsprechenden Volumen der vollen Wachstumsmedien zu 2.000-4.000 NOF pro 100 &amp; mgr; l auf eine schwarze, klarem Boden, 96-Well-Platte Platte. Mit 0,5 ug / 100 ul Rattenschwanzkollagen I zu dem Zellgemisch vor dem Plattieren. Lassen Zellen sitzen bei 37 ° C in 5% CO 2 in einer feuchten Umgebung für mindestens 4 Stunden, oder bis die Zellenan der Plattenoberfläche haftet. </li><li> Lassen HPMC von der Kulturflasche mit den gleichen Schritten in 2.1 und 2.2 beschriebenen Methoden. Verdünnte Zellen in der entsprechenden Menge an Vollwachstumsmedium auf 10.000-20.000 HPMC pro 50 &amp; mgr; l auf der Oberseite der NOF in 96-Well-Platten bereits mit Kollagen I überzogene Platte. Lassen Sie die Zellen sitzen bei 37 ° C in 5% CO 2 in einer feuchten Umgebung für mindestens 18 Stunden vor Beginn der Experimente. </li><li> Kultur grün fluoreszierende Protein (GFP) exprimierenden HeyA8 Eierstockkrebszellen in vollem Wachstum Medien. HeyA8 Ovarkrebszellen fluoreszenz durch Expression von einem lentiviralen Vektor, der copepod CGFP (pcdh-CMV-MCS-EF1) markiert. HeyA8 Ovarkrebszellen sollte 80-90% konfluent waren am Tag der Verwendung (logarithmischen Phase) sein. Lassen Zellen von der Kulturplatte und zählen mit den gleichen in Schritten von 2,1 bis 2,2 für die Primärzellen beschriebenen Methoden. </li><li> Lassen Sie Eierstockkrebszellen in Vollwachstumsmedium für 15-20 Minuten bei 37 ° C in eine erholenkonischen Röhrchen mit dem Deckel lose verschlossen. </li></ol> 3. Adhäsionsassay 8 <ol><li> Nach der Wiederherstellung zu pelletieren, die Eierstockkrebszellen durch Spinnen für 3 min bei 0,5 xg und entfernen Sie den Überstand und verdünnt, die Zellen in das entsprechende Volumen von serumfreien Medien, um eine Konzentration von 50.000 Zellen / 100 ul zu erreichen. </li><li> Kehren Sie die 96-Well-Platten mit den HPMC / NOF organotypischen Kulturen zu verbrauchten Medien zu entfernen, und fügen Sie 100 ul der Krebszellsuspension in Serum-freiem Medium in jede Vertiefung. Inkubieren der Platte bei 37 ° C in 5% CO 2 in einer feuchten Umgebung für 30 min bis 4 h. </li><li> Kehren Sie die Platte mit 96 Vertiefungen, um Medien und nicht-anhaftende Zellen zu entfernen. Verwenden Sie ein Mehrkanalpipette mit geringer Leistung, um vorsichtig und sanft Je 100 ul PBS in jede Vertiefung, und invertieren Platte wieder. Wiederholen Sie die PBS waschen einmal. </li><li> Kehren Sie zum PBS entfernen und 100 ul 4% Paraformaldehyd in jede Vertiefung. Damit die Platte für 20 mi sitzenn der Zellen zu reparieren. Nach 20 Minuten, die Platte umdrehen und fügen Sie 100 ul PBS. </li><li> Man beachte, dass die Gesamtfluoreszenz Wells können gemeldet werden, oder die Anzahl von Zellen quantifiziert werden kann. Zur Quantifizierung erste Platte eine Standardkurve in Doppelbestimmung unter Verwendung HeyA8 Zellen bei einer Konzentration von 1 Million Zellen / ml. <ol><li> Stellen Sie die Standardkurve indem sie zum Stillstand 1 Million Zellen, Entfernen von Medien, und es ihnen ermöglicht, in 1 ml 4% Paraformaldehyd für 20 Minuten sitzen. </li><li> Spin-Zellen wieder und bringen Sie in 1 ml PBS (Nachzählung Zellen 1 Million / ml-Konzentration, um zu bestätigen). Platte 50000, 40000, 30000, 20000, 10000, 5000, 1000 und 0 Zellen pro Vertiefung in doppelten und fügen PBS zur endgültigen Gesamtvolumen von 50 ul in jede Vertiefung. </li></ol></li><li> Unten lesen Sie die Kulturplatte auf einem Fluoreszenzplattenlesegerät (Anregung = 488 nm, Emission = 528 nm), Skalierung hohen Brunnen (50000 auf Standardkurve). Verwenden Sie die Standardkurve zu berechnen, wie viele Eierstockkrebszellen auf die organotyp haltenic Kultur in jeder Vertiefung (4A-C). </li></ol> 4. Proliferationstest 10 <ol><li> Nachdem die Eierstockkrebszellen zu erholen (siehe Schritte 2.5 und 2.6 oben), pelletieren Sie die Zellen durch Zentrifugieren für 3 min bei 0,5 × g und dann zu verdünnen, die Zellen in das entsprechende Volumen von 1% FBS Medien (DMEM mit 1% FBS, 1% MEM Vitamine [93 mg / L], 1% MEM nichtessentiellen Aminosäuren [81,4 mg / L], 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin [Pen-Strep, 100 U / ml Penicillin und 100 ug / ml Streptomycin]), um eine Konzentration von 4000 Zellen zu erreichen / 150 ul. </li><li> Kehren Sie die 96-Loch-Platte mit den HPMC / NOF organotypischen Kulturen, um verbrauchte Medium in jede Vertiefung zu entfernen, und fügen Sie 150 ul der Krebszelle Suspension 1% FBS Medien. Inkubieren der Platte bei 37 ° C in 5% CO 2 in einer feuchten Umgebung für 72 Stunden. </li><li> Unten lesen Sie die Kulturplatte auf einem Fluoreszenzplattenlesegerät einmal täglich (Anregung = 488 nm, Emission = 528 nm), um die relative Verbreitung bewertender Zellen. Weiterhin den Test 96 Stunden, wenn der Medien bei 48 h (5A-C). Achten Sie darauf, die Kultur zu stören beim Medienwechsel (Umdrehen der Platte ist bevorzugt). </li></ol> 5. Invasion Assay 8 <ol><li> Vor der Beschichtung der 3D-Kultur, fügen 7,5 &amp; mgr; g Rattenschwanz Kollagen I in 200 ul PBS auf eine 24-Well-Kulturplatte Einsatz (8 &amp; mgr; m Porengröße). Lassen Sie die Platte Inkubat O / N, dann vorsichtig die PBS mit einer Pipette unmittelbar vor dem Beschichten des HPMC / NOF organotypische Kultur auf die Kollagen-beschichteten Einsätze (Schritt 2, oben). </li><li> Bereiten Sie die Eierstockkrebszellen, wie in Schritt 3.1. Um die Eierstockkrebszellen auf die organotypischen Kulturen an den Einsätzen Platte vorsichtig mit einer Pipette, um überschüssiges Medium aus dem oberen der Einsätze zu entfernen. Zugabe von 100 ul der Ovarialkarzinom-Zellsuspension in serumfreien Medien in jede Kammer. </li><li> Fügen Sie 750 ul Vollwachstumsmedium in das Bohrloch unterhalb des Einsatzes, um Krebszellen in induzierenvasion in den organotypischen Kulturen. Inkubieren der Platte bei 37 ° C in 5% CO 2 in einer feuchten Umgebung für 24 Stunden. Hinweis: Eierstockkrebszellen, die die organotypische Kultur wird der Einsatz zu überqueren und bleiben auf der unteren Seite des Einsatzes einzudringen. </li><li> Nach 24 Stunden, fassen Sie den Einsatz mit einer Zange und kurz abspülen in einen Becher mit PBS, bewegen Sie dann den Einsatz in eine leere gut. Gestrüpp der Oberseite jeder Einsatz mit beidseitig einer Wattestäbchen für insgesamt 1 min. Stellen Sie schnell den Einsatz in eine Platte mit 750 &amp; mgr; l 4% Paraformaldehyd in jede Vertiefung. Lassen Sie jeder Einsatz in Paraformaldehyd für 10 Minuten, bevor die Übertragung der Einlagen in Vertiefungen mit 750 &amp; mgr; l PBS gefüllt sitzen. </li><li> Sehen Sie sich die Invasion Zellen (geklebt und an der Unterseite des Inserts fixiert) mit einem Mikroskop bei 2,5-facher Vergrößerung. Wenn der gesamte Brunnen ist im Blickfeld, passen Sie die Vergrößerung auf 10-fach und nehmen Sie 5 Bildern, einer nahe dem Zentrum und 1 in jedem Quadranten des Brunnens, die VermeidungAufnehmen von Bildern, die zu nahe an den Kanten. Folgen dem gleichen Muster für jede Vertiefung. </li><li> Verwenden der Herstellerprogramm, um die Anzahl der Zellen in jeder Bild zählen, eine durchschnittliche Anzahl an Zellen in jeder Vertiefung (6A-C) eingedrungen pro Feld entsprechend ihrem Protokoll zu erhalten. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Oncol. 93, 170-181 (2004).</li><li>Suzuki, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HMOCC-1,+a+human+monoclonal+antibody+that+inhibits+adhesion+of+ovarian+cancer+cells+to+human+mesothelial+cells.">HMOCC-1, a human monoclonal antibody that inhibits adhesion of ovarian cancer cells to human mesothelial cells.</a> Gynecol. Oncol. 95, 290-298 (2004).</li><li>Kishikawa, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+distinct+pattern+of+peritoneal+involvement+shown+by+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+ovarian+cancer+dissemination+models.">Two distinct pattern of peritoneal involvement shown by in vitro and in vivo ovarian cancer dissemination models.</a> Invas. Metast. 15, 11-21 (1995).</li><li>Casey, R. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+an+in+vitro+assay+to+measure+the+invasion+of+ovarian+carcinoma+cells+through+mesothelial+cell+monolayers.">Establishment of an in vitro assay to measure the invasion of ovarian carcinoma cells through mesothelial cell monolayers.</a> Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 20, 343-356 (2003).</li><li>Niedbala, M. J., Crickard, K., Bernacki, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interactions+of+human+ovarian+tumor+cells+with+human+mesothelial+cells+grown+on+extracellular+matrix.">Interactions of human ovarian tumor cells with human mesothelial cells grown on extracellular matrix.</a> Exp. Cell Res. 160, 499-513 (1985).</li><li>White, E. A., Kenny, H. A., Lengyel, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-Dimensional+modeling+of+ovarian+cancer.">Three-Dimensional modeling of ovarian cancer.</a> Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 79-80, 184-192 (2014).</li><li>Kenny, H. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+high+throughput+screening+using+a+primary+human+three-dimensional+organotypic+culture+predicts+in+vivo+efficacy.">Quantitative high throughput screening using a primary human three-dimensional organotypic culture predicts in vivo efficacy.</a> Nature Comm. , (2015).</li><li>Sawada, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=c-Met+overexpression+is+a+prognostic+factor+in+ovarian+cancer+and+an+effective+target+for+inhibition+of+peritoneal+dissemination+and+invasion.">c-Met overexpression is a prognostic factor in ovarian cancer and an effective target for inhibition of peritoneal dissemination and invasion.</a> Cancer Res. 67, 1670-1680 (2007).</li><li>Kenny, H. A., Lengyel, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MMP-2+functions+as+an+early+response+protein+in+ovarian+cancer+metastasis.">MMP-2 functions as an early response protein in ovarian cancer metastasis.</a> Cell cycle. 8, 683-688 (2009).</li><li>Sawada, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+E-cadherin+promotes+ovarian+cancer+metastasis+via+alpha+5-integrin,+which+is+a+therapeutic+target.">Loss of E-cadherin promotes ovarian cancer metastasis via alpha 5-integrin, which is a therapeutic target.</a> Cancer Res. 68, 2329-2339 (2008).</li><li>Mitra, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ligand-independent+activation+of+c-Met+by+fibronectin+and+&#945;(5)&#946;(1)-integrin+regulates+ovarian+cancer+invasion+and+metastasis.">Ligand-independent activation of c-Met by fibronectin and &#945;(5)&#946;(1)-integrin regulates ovarian cancer invasion and metastasis.</a> Oncogene. 30, 1566-1576 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Ein organModell der Bauchmikroumgebung wurde gegründet, um die individuellen und kollektiven Funktion (en) der beiden zellulären und angeborene Komponenten der Mikroumgebung bei Eierstockkrebs Verbreitung zu bewerten. Die spezielle Protokolle für die Beschichtung und das Anpassen der 3D organotypische Kultur zu Eierstockkrebs Zell-Adhäsion, Proliferation und Invasion zu untersuchen sind. Primäre humane omentalis Mesothelzellen und Fibroblasten wurden von Patienten isoliert und in einem frühen Durchgang verwendet, ...

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy1. The majority of patients are diagnosed after the cancer has disseminated throughout the peritoneal cavity. Once the cancer has spread throughout the peritoneal cavity, cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy are often not sufficient treatment to prevent cancer recurrence and chemoresistance, resulting in a less than 30% 5-year survival rate. Ovarian cancer metastasis is predominantly limited to the peritoneal cavity, and several other cancer types, including gastric, pancreatic, and colon cancers, metastasize to the same anatomic sites in the peritoneal cavity. In general, ovarian cancer cells detach from the in situ carcinoma in the fallopian tube or the primary ovarian tumor, travel in peritoneal fluid as single cells or spheroids, and attach to mesothelium-lined surfaces of the omentum, bowel, and abdominal wall2. 
The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in disease progression and chemoresistance in many cancers3-6. The peritoneal cavity is a unique microenvironment, with a mesothelial cell monolayer covering the majority of surfaces (Figure 1A)7. The mesothelial lining acts as a barrier that creates a low-friction surface, which tends to be protective against cancer cell adhesion8. Immediately underneath this mesothelial-lined surface is a layer made predominantly of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix (ECM), which promote cancer cell adhesion and invasion8. Ovarian cancer cells secrete factors that induce changes in the mesothelial cell lining that enhance ovarian cancer cell adhesion, invasion, and metastasis9,10. Ovarian cancer cells adhere to the mesothelial surface via integrin and CD44-mediated mechanisms (Figure 1B)11-16. 
Historically, several 3D models have been developed to investigate ovarian cancer interactions with the microenvironment. Some of the first models studied ovarian cancer-ECM interface17-21, ovarian cancer-mesothelial cell communication13,14,21-24, or both25 (reviewed by us 26). Niedbala et al. discovered that ovarian cancer cells display a quicker and firmer adhesion to ECM than to mesothelial cells or to plastic alone25. However, these models did not histologically resemble the peritoneal microenvironment. Therefore, we established a 3D organotypic model to more thoroughly replicate the ovarian cancer microenvironment. In order to better understand the role of the microenvironment and the interaction between cancer and peritoneal cells in the peritoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer, we have developed a 3D organotypic in vitro culture model of the peritoneal cavity lining (schematic in Figure 1C). The proposed model is composed of primary human fibroblasts and ECM, covered with a layer of primary human mesothelial cells-each cell type is isolated from human omentum. Histologically, this model resembles the normal peritoneal or omental lining, and provides a surface on which we can study the tumor microenvironment, the interaction between cancer cells and normal tissue, and the processes of cancer cell adhesion, invasion, and proliferation8.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1. Isolation and culture of primary cells</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SH3001304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single-edged razor blades</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 cm culture dishes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass flask</td>
			<td>?</td>
			<td>?</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16000044_3616914956</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM with L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-013-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Vitamins</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>25-020-Cl</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Nonessential amino acids</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>25-025-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>30-002-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fisher</td>
			<td>MaxQ 4450</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fisher</td>
			<td>Forma Series II Water Jacketed CO2 Incubator Model 3100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin EDTA, 1x (0.25%)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>25-053-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyaluronidase</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical</td>
			<td>LS002592</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-75 Flasks</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-175 Flasks</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet tips</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>P2, P10, P20, P200 and P1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet tips</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>Filtered tips P2, P10, P20, P200 and P1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2. Plating 3D culture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Counter</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Countess</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Countess Cell Counting Chamber Slides</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C10313</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Stain (0.4%)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen Type I (Rat Tail)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>354236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well plate, clear bottom, black</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353219</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3. Adhesion assay</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel pipet</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Xplorer 300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde solution 4% in PBS</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-281692</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate reader</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Minimax</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5. Invasion assay</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Inserts (8um, 24-well)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton swabs</td>
			<td>Q-tips</td>
			<td>cotton swabs</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axiovert 200m</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Profiler</td>
			<td>public domain</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24 well plate</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6. Antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Integrin &#945;V&#946;3 Antibody, clone LM609</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB1976</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beta 1&#160;</td>
			<td>Oncosynergy</td>
			<td>OS2966</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alpha 5 [CD49e]</td>
			<td>ID Pharmingen</td>
			<td>555615</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beta 4 [CD104]</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB 2058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modeling the early steps of ovarian cancer dissemination in an organotypic culture of the human peritoneal cavity

The pattern of ovarian cancer metastasis is markedly different from that of most other epithelial tumors, because it rarely spreads hematogenously. Instead, ovarian cancer cells exfoliated from the primary tumor are carried by peritoneal fluid to metastatic sites within the peritoneal cavity. These sites, most notably the abdominal peritoneum and omentum, are organs covered by a mesothelium-lined surface. To investigate the processes of ovarian cancer dissemination, we assembled a complex three-dimensional culture system that reconstructs the lining of the peritoneal cavity in vitro. Primary human fibroblasts and mesothelial cells were isolated from human omentum. The fibroblasts were then mixed with extracellular matrix and covered with a layer of the primary human mesothelial cells to mimic the peritoneal and omental surfaces encountered by metastasizing ovarian cancer cells. The resulting organotypic model is, as shown, used to examine the early steps of ovarian cancer dissemination, including cancer cell adhesion, invasion, and proliferation. This model has been used in a number of studies to investigate the role of the microenvironment (cellular and acellular) in early ovarian cancer dissemination. It has also been successfully adapted to high throughput screening and used to identify and test inhibitors of ovarian cancer metastasis.

Die organotypische Kultur wurde hergestellt durch zunächst Mischen primären humanen Fibroblasten, die mit Collagen Typ I und dann Überlagerung dieser Kultur mit der 5-fachen Anzahl von Mesothelzellen montiert. Die Kultur wurde für mindestens 18 Stunden inkubiert, bevor Eierstockkrebszellen wurden zugegeben, um die Adhäsion, Invasion oder Proliferation zu untersuchen. Jeder Test wurde mit mehrfachen wiederholten (n = 3-5) von verschiedenen Patienten und zahlreiche Vertiefungen erhaltenen 3D-Kulturen wurden in jeden ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Dissemination in an Organotypic Culture of the Human Peritoneal Cavity at JoVE.com

Modeling the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Dissemination in an Organotypic Culture of the Human Peritoneal Cavity

Here, we present a protocol to construct a three-dimensional in vitro model of the lining of the peritoneal cavity, composed of primary human mesothelial cells and fibroblasts layered with extracellular matrix, as a tool to investigate ovarian cancer cell adhesion, invasion, and proliferation.

Modellierung der frühen Schritte der Eierstockkrebs Verbreitung in einer organotypischen Kultur der Menschen Peritonealhöhle

The pattern of ovarian cancer metastasis is markedly different from that of most other epithelial tumors, because it rarely spreads hematogenously. ...

modeling-early-steps-ovarian-cancer-dissemination-an-organotypic

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

26.5K Aufrufe.  University of Chicago. Here, we present a protocol to construct a three-dimensional in vitro model of the lining of the peritoneal cavity, composed of primary human mesothelial cells and fibroblasts layered with extracellular matrix, as a tool to investigate ovarian cancer cell adhesion, invasion, and proliferation. 

Serie: Modeling the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Dissemination in an Organotypic Culture of the Human Peritoneal Cavity

Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Cell Invasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy tissue is the root cause of disease and death. For other cancers (e.g. breast, lung, etc.), it is the process of metastasis, in which tumor cells move from a primary tumor mass, colonize distal sites and ultimately contribute to organ failure, that eventually leads to morbidity and mortality 3. It has been estimated that invasion and metastasis are responsible for 90&#37; of cancer deaths 4. As a result, there has been intense interest in identifying the molecular processes and critical protein mediators of invasion and metastasis for the purposes of improving diagnosis and treatment 5.
A challenge for cancer scientists is to develop invasion assays that sufficiently resemble the in vivo situation to enable accurate disease modeling 6. Two-dimensional cell motility assays are only informative about one aspect of invasion and do not take into account extracellular matrix (ECM) protein remodeling which is also a critical element. Recently, research has refined our understanding of tumor cell invasion and revealed that individual cells may move by elongated or rounded modes 7. In addition, there has been greater appreciation of the contribution of collective invasion, in which cells invade in strands, sheets and clusters, particularly in highly differentiated tumors that maintain epithelial characteristics, to the spread of cancer 8.
We present a refined method 9 for examining the contributions of candidate proteins to collective invasion 10. In particular, by engineering separate pools of cells to express different fluorescent proteins, it is possible to molecularly dissect the activities and proteins required in leading cells versus those required in following cells. The use of RNAi provides the molecular tool to experimentally disassemble the processes involved in individual cell invasion as well as in different positions of collective invasion. In this procedure, mixtures of fluorescently-labeled cells are plated on the bottom of a Transwell insert previously filled with Matrigel ECM protein, then allowed to invade "upwards" through the filter and into the Matrigel. Reconstruction of z-series image stacks, obtained by confocal imaging, into three-dimensional representations allows for visualization of collectively invading strands and analysis of the representation of fluorescently-labeled cells in leading versus following positions.

Models of tumor cell invasion into three-dimensional extracellular matrix better reflect the in vivo situation than two-dimensional motility assays. Using matrix invasion assays combined with confocal imaging of fluorescently-labeled cells, detailed information on invasion modes and the distinct contributions of leading versus following cells can be obtained.

Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Zellinvasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy ...

Forschung

Medizin

In vitro Mesothelial Clearance Assay that Models the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States1. Despite a positive initial response to therapies, 70 to 90 percent of women with ovarian cancer develop new metastases, and the recurrence is often fatal2. It is, therefore, necessary to understand how secondary metastases arise in order to develop better treatments for intermediate and late stage ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer metastasis occurs when malignant cells detach from the primary tumor site and disseminate throughout the peritoneal cavity. The disseminated cells can form multicellular clusters, or spheroids, that will either remain unattached, or implant onto organs within the peritoneal cavity3 (Figure 1, Movie 1). 
All of the organs within the peritoneal cavity are lined with a single, continuous, layer of mesothelial cells4-6 (Figure 2). However, mesothelial cells are absent from underneath peritoneal tumor masses, as revealed by electron micrograph studies of excised human tumor tissue sections3,5-7 (Figure 2). This suggests that mesothelial cells are excluded from underneath the tumor mass by an unknown process. 
Previous in vitro experiments demonstrated that primary ovarian cancer cells attach more efficiently to extracellular matrix than to mesothelial cells8, and more recent studies showed that primary peritoneal mesothelial cells actually provide a barrier to ovarian cancer cell adhesion and invasion (as compared to adhesion and invasion on substrates that were not covered with mesothelial cells)9,10. This would suggest that mesothelial cells act as a barrier against ovarian cancer metastasis. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which ovarian cancer cells breach this barrier, and exclude the mesothelium have, until recently, remained unknown. 
Here we describe the methodology for an in vitro assay that models the interaction between ovarian cancer cell spheroids and mesothelial cells in vivo (Figure 3, Movie 2). Our protocol was adapted from previously described methods for analyzing ovarian tumor cell interactions with mesothelial monolayers8-16, and was first described in a report showing that ovarian tumor cells utilize an integrin &#x2013;dependent activation of myosin and traction force to promote the exclusion of the mesothelial cells from under a tumor spheroid17. This model takes advantage of time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to monitor the two cell populations in real time, providing spatial and temporal information on the interaction. The ovarian cancer cells express red fluorescent protein (RFP) while the mesothelial cells express green fluorescent protein (GFP). RFP-expressing ovarian cancer cell spheroids attach to the GFP-expressing mesothelial monolayer. The spheroids spread, invade, and force the mesothelial cells aside creating a hole in the monolayer. This hole is visualized as the negative space (black) in the GFP image. The area of the hole can then be measured to quantitatively analyze differences in clearance activity between control and experimental populations of ovarian cancer and/ or mesothelial cells. This assay requires only a small number of ovarian cancer cells (100 cells per spheroid X 20-30 spheroids per condition), so it is feasible to perform this assay using precious primary tumor cell samples. Furthermore, this assay can be easily adapted for high throughput screening.

In vitro Mesothelial Clearance Assay that Models the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

The mesothelial clearance assay described here takes advantage of fluorescently labeled cells and time-lapse video microscopy to visualize and quantitatively measure the interactions of ovarian cancer multicellular spheroids and mesothelial cell monolayers. This assay models the early steps of ovarian cancer metastasis.

In-vitro-Assay Mesothelzellen Ausverkauf, dass die Modelle der frühen Schritte der Metastasierung Eierstockkrebs

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States1. Despite a positive initial response to therapies, 70 to 90 ...

Heterotypic Three-dimensional In Vitro Modeling of Stromal-Epithelial Interactions During Ovarian Cancer Initiation and Progression

Epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) are the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancy in Western societies. Despite advances in surgical treatments and improved platinum-based chemotherapies, there has been little improvement in EOC survival rates for more than four decades 1,2. Whilst stage I tumors have 5-year survival rates &gt;85%, survival rates for stage III/IV disease are &lt;40%. Thus, the high rates of mortality for EOC could be significantly decreased if tumors were detected at earlier, more treatable, stages 3-5. At present, the molecular genetic and biological basis of early stage disease development is poorly understood. More specifically, little is known about the role of the microenvironment during tumor initiation; but known risk factors for EOCs (e.g. age and parity) suggest that the microenvironment plays a key role in the early genesis of EOCs. We therefore developed three-dimensional heterotypic models of both the normal ovary and of early stage ovarian cancers. For the normal ovary, we co-cultured normal ovarian surface epithelial (IOSE) and normal stromal fibroblast (INOF)&nbsp;cells, immortalized by retrovrial transduction of the catalytic subunit of human telomerase holoenzyme (hTERT) to extend the lifespan of these cells in culture. To model the earliest stages of ovarian epithelial cell transformation, overexpression of the CMYC oncogene in IOSE cells, again co-cultured with INOF cells. These heterotypic models were used to investigate the effects of aging and senescence on the transformation and invasion of epithelial cells. Here we describe the methodological steps in development of these three-dimensional model; these methodologies aren't specific to the development of normal ovary and ovarian cancer tissues, and could be used to study other tissue types where stromal and epithelial cell interactions are a fundamental aspect of the tissue maintenance and disease development.

Heterotypic Three-dimensional In Vitro Modeling of Stromal-Epithelial Interactions During Ovarian Cancer Initiation and Progression

We describe methodologies for establishing in vitro heterotypic three-dimensional models comprising ovarian fibroblasts and normal ovarian surface or ovarian cancer epithelial cells. We discuss the use of these models to study stromal-epithelial interactions that occur during ovarian cancer development.

Heterotypische Dreidimensionale<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Modellierung von Stromal-Epithelial Interaktionen beim Eierstockkrebs Initiation und Progression

Epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) are the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancy in Western societies. Despite advances in surgical ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

Exzitotoxische Stimulation der Hirn Microslices als<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Modell der Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial cells tend to lose hormone receptor expression. Widely used hormone receptor positive breast cancer cell lines are of limited relevance to the in vivo situation. Here, we describe an ex vivo model to study hormone action in the human breast. Fresh human breast tissue specimens from surgical discard material such as reduction mammoplasties or mammectomies are mechanically and enzymatically digested to obtain tissue fragments containing ducts and lobules and multiple stromal cell types. These tissue microstructures kept in basal medium without growth factors preserve their intercellular contacts, the tissue architecture, and remain hormone responsive for several days. They are readily processed for RNA and protein extraction, histological analysis or stored in freezing medium. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) can be used to enrich for specific cell populations. This protocol provides a straightforward, standard approach for translational studies with highly complex, varied human specimens.

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

We have developed a novel ex vivo model to study hormone action in the human breast. It is based on tissue microstructures isolated from surgical breast tissue specimens which preserve tissue architecture, intercellular interactions, and paracrine signaling.

Ein<em&gt; Ex-vivo-</em&gt; Modell um die Hormonwirkung in der menschlichen Brust Studieren

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial ...

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the cause of widespread peritoneal metastases, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis; fewer than 30% of women are alive 5 years after diagnosis. The omentum is a preferred site of HGSC metastasis formation. Despite the clinical importance of this microenvironment, the contribution of omental adipose tissue to ovarian cancer progression remains understudied. Omental adipose is unusual in that it contains structures known as milky spots, which are comprised of B, T, and NK cells, macrophages, and progenitor cells surrounding dense nests of vasculature. Milky spots play a key role in the physiologic functions of the omentum, which are required for peritoneal homeostasis. We have shown that milky spots also promote ovarian cancer metastatic colonization of peritoneal adipose, a key step in the development of peritoneal metastases. Here we describe the approaches we developed to evaluate and quantify milky spots in peritoneal adipose and study their functional contribution to ovarian cancer cell metastatic colonization of omental tissues both in vivo and ex vivo. These approaches are generalizable to additional mouse models and cell lines, thus enabling the study of ovarian cancer metastasis formation from initial localization of cells to milky spot structures to the development of widespread peritoneal metastases.

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

We outline a protocol that implements both in vivo and ex vivo approaches to study ovarian cancer colonization of peritoneal adipose tissues, particularly the omentum. Furthermore, we present a protocol to quantitate and analyze immune cell-structures in the omentum known as milky spots, which promote metastases of peritoneal adipose.

In vivo und ex vivo Ansätze für Eierstockkrebs Metastatische Colonization von Milky Punktstrukturen in Peritoneal Fettgewebe Studieren

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the cause of widespread peritoneal metastases, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis; fewer than 30% of ...

An Organotypic High Throughput System for Characterization of Drug Sensitivity of Primary Multiple Myeloma Cells

In this work we describe a novel approach that combines ex vivo drug sensitivity assays and digital image analysis to estimate chemosensitivity and heterogeneity of patient-derived multiple myeloma (MM) cells. This approach consists in seeding primary MM cells freshly extracted from bone marrow aspirates into microfluidic chambers implemented in multi-well plates, each consisting of a reconstruction of the bone marrow microenvironment, including extracellular matrix (collagen or basement membrane matrix) and stroma (patient-derived mesenchymal stem cells) or human-derived endothelial cells (HUVECs). The chambers are drugged with different agents and concentrations, and are imaged sequentially for 96 hr through bright field microscopy, in a motorized microscope equipped with a digital camera. Digital image analysis software detects live and dead cells from presence or absence of membrane motion, and generates curves of change in viability as a function of drug concentration and exposure time. We use a computational model to determine the parameters of chemosensitivity of the tumor population to each drug, as well as the number of sub-populations present as a measure of tumor heterogeneity. These patient-tailored models can then be used to simulate therapeutic regimens and estimate clinical response.

We describe a high-throughput drug sensitivity assay for primary multiple myeloma cells. It consists of a reconstruction of the bone marrow microenvironment (including extracellular matrix and stroma) in multi-well plates, and a non-invasive method for longitudinal quantification of cell viability.

Ein organ High Throughput-System zur Charakterisierung von Arzneimittelempfindlichkeit von Primary Multiple Myelomzellen

In this work we describe a novel approach that combines ex vivo drug sensitivity assays and digital image analysis to estimate chemosensitivity and ...

Quantitation of Intra-peritoneal Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Mortality is due to diagnosis of 75% of women with late stage disease, when metastasis is already present. EOC is characterized by diffuse and widely disseminated intra-peritoneal metastasis. Cells shed from the primary tumor anchor in the mesothelium that lines the peritoneal cavity as well as in the omentum, resulting in multi-focal metastasis, often in the presence of peritoneal ascites. Efforts in our laboratory are directed at a more detailed understanding of factors that regulate EOC metastatic success. However, quantifying metastatic tumor burden represents a significant technical challenge due to the large number, small size and broad distribution of lesions throughout the peritoneum. Herein we describe a method for analysis of EOC metastasis using cells labeled with red fluorescent protein (RFP) coupled with in vivo multispectral imaging. Following intra-peritoneal injection of RFP-labelled tumor cells, mice are imaged weekly until time of sacrifice. At this time, the peritoneal cavity is surgically exposed and organs are imaged in situ. Dissected organs are then placed on a labeled transparent template and imaged ex vivo. Removal of tissue auto-fluorescence during image processing using multispectral unmixing enables accurate quantitation of relative tumor burden. This method has utility in a variety of applications including therapeutic studies to evaluate compounds that may inhibit metastasis and thereby improve overall survival.

Ovarian cancer metastasis is characterized by numerous diffuse intra-peritoneal lesions, such that accurate visual quantitation of tumor burden is challenging. Herein we describe a method for in situ and ex vivo quantitation of metastatic tumor burden using red fluorescent protein (RFP)-labeled tumor cells and optical imaging.

Die Quantifizierung von Intraperitonealtest Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy in the United States.  Mortality is due to diagnosis of 75% of ...

Tubal Cytology of the Fallopian Tube as a Promising Tool for Ovarian Cancer Early Detection

Currently, it is widely accepted that the vast majority of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) originate from the fallopian tube. However, due to the lack of markers or tools for the ovarian cancer identification, the early detection of HGSC remains challenging. Direct sampling of the fallopian tube can enhance sensitivity for detection of neoplastic cells when the tumor is not grossly visible. We developed a procedure to collect fallopian tube cells directly from freshly received surgical specimens, which has shown excellent correlation with histological findings. This approach lays a foundation for the future utility of minimally invasive laparoscopic screening in high-risk patient populations.

We explored a tubal cytologic method by sampling the fallopian tube directly post-surgical excision as a tool of ovarian cancer early detection. Here, we present a protocol to collect fallopian tube cells from freshly received surgical specimens.

Tubal-Zytologie der Eileiter als vielversprechendes Werkzeug für Eierstockkrebs Früherkennung

Currently, it is widely accepted that the vast majority of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) originate from the fallopian tube. However, due to ...

Preparation Steps for Measurement of Reactivity in Mouse Retinal Arterioles Ex Vivo

Vascular insufficiency and alterations in normal retinal perfusion are among the major factors for the pathogenesis of various sight-threatening ocular diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, and possibly glaucoma. Therefore, retinal microvascular preparations are pivotal tools for physiological and pharmacological studies to delineate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and to design therapies for the diseases. Despite the wide use of mouse models in ophthalmic research, studies on retinal vascular reactivity are scarce in this species. A major reason for this discrepancy is the challenging isolation procedures owing to the small size of these retinal blood vessels, which is ~ &#8804; 30 &#181;m in luminal diameter. To circumvent the problem of direct isolation of these retinal microvessels for functional studies, we established an isolation and preparation technique that enables ex vivo studies of mouse retinal vasoactivity under near-physiological conditions. Although the present experimental preparations will specifically refer to the mouse retinal arterioles, this methodology can readily be employed to microvessels from rats.

Preparation Steps for Measurement of Reactivity in Mouse Retinal Arterioles Ex Vivo

Many vision-threatening ocular diseases are associated with dysfunctional retinal microvessels. Therefore, the measurement of retinal arteriole responses is important to investigate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. This article describes a detailed protocol for mouse retinal arteriole isolation and preparation to assess the effects of vasoactive substances on vascular diameter.

Vorbereitende Schritte für die Messung der Reaktivität in Maus retinalen Arteriolen Ex Vivo

Vascular insufficiency and alterations in normal retinal perfusion are among the major factors for the pathogenesis of various sight-threatening ocular ...