Name: preparation and characterization of lipophilic doxorubicin pro-drug micelles
Uploaded: 2016-08-02T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 56 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Characterization of Lipophilic Doxorubicin Pro-drug Micelles at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the following grants: NIH-SC3 grant, NSF-PREM grant, Hampton University Faculty Research Grant. We would like to thank Mrs. Michele A. Cochran at Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) for the use of the particle size analyzer. We would also like to thank Mrs. Corinne R. Ramaley for reviewing the manuscript.

1. Synthese von DOX-PA <ol><li> Wiegen 390 mg Doxorubicin und 243 mg Palmitinsäure Hydrazid, und in einen Rundkolben gegeben. </li><li> Zugabe von 150 ml wasserfreiem Methanol in den Kolben mit einer Glasspritze. In 39 ul Trifluoressigsäure (TFA) mit einer Pipette. Verwendung eines magnetischen Rührers, rühre das Reaktionsgemisch 18 h bei RT im Dunkeln. HINWEIS: Die Mengen an Reaktionsmaterialien skaliert werden können oder nach unten unterschiedlichen Mengen von DOX-PA zu erhalten. Das Verhältnis der Reaktanten sollte in den gleichen Proportionen eingehalten werden. Reaktionen unter Verwendung von DOX Mengen im Bereich von 78 mg bis 1.170 mg in einem regelmäßigen Chemielabor durchgeführt werden. </li><li> Reinigung von DOX-PA eine Kieselgelsäule mit. 17 <ol><li> Entferne das Lösungsmittel in dem Reaktionsgemisch mit einem Rotationsverdampfer. Werden 3 g Kieselgel, nachdem das Volumen des Gemisches auf etwa 20 ml reduziert. Weiter Rotationsverdampfen trockene Pulver zu ergeben, und t zu ermöglichener Adsorption von Produkten auf das Silicagel. Halten der Probe unter einem Vakuum für weitere 30 min, nachdem die Trockenpulver gebildet werden. </li><li> Pack 50 g Kieselgel in einer Kolonne von Dichlormethan als Lösungsmittel verwendet wird. Vorsichtig die Kieselgel-Probe adsorbierte Produkt an die Säule enthält. </li><li> Eluieren der Säule mit einem Gemisch aus Dichlormethan und Methanol, wobei nach und nach den Anteil an Methanol zu, wodurch Lösungsmittelpolarität zunehmende (Tabelle 1). </li><li> Sammle Fraktionen des Eluenten in Teströhrchen (25 ml / Röhrchen) und den Fortschritt durch Dünnschichtchromatographie (TLC). </li><li> Kombinieren Sie alle Fraktionen, die reine DOX-PA und entferne das Lösungsmittel mit einem Rotationsverdampfer bis trockenes Pulver gebildet wird. Trocknen das Produkt weiter unter Vakuum O / N. </li></ol></li><li> Analyse von DOX-PA durch TLC. <ol><li> Schneiden Sie ein 4 cm x 8 cm langen Abschnitt der DC-Platte. Spot-Probenlösungen 0,5 cm von der Unterseite der Platte mit TLC Spek Kapillaren unter Verwendung erfülltHANOL als Lösungsmittel. </li><li> Platzieren Sie die DC-Platte in eine Entwicklungskammer mit einer Mischung aus Dichlormethan und Methanol, das (3/1, v / v). Die Tiefe der Lösungsmittel sollte als 0,5 cm nur weniger. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die Platte aus der Entwicklerkammer, wenn die Lösungsmittelfront die Oberseite der Platte erreicht. Markieren Sie die Stelle des Lösungsmittelfront mit einem Bleistift und lassen Sie die Platte zu trocknen. Legen Sie die DC-Platte in eine Färbungskammer gesättigt Joddampfes enthält, um Proben zu visualisieren. </li></ol></li><li> Analyse von DOX-PA mit 1 H-Kernresonanzspektroskopie (1 H-NMR). 18 <ol><li> Man löst 15 mg des DOX-PA in 1 ml Methylsulfoxid-d 6 (DMSO) und Übertragung der Probe in ein NMR-Röhrchen. </li><li> Legen Sie die NMR-Röhrchen in den Magneten des NMR-Instrument. Messung der Protonenspektrum, Auswählen DMSO als Lösungsmittel. Entfernen Sie das NMR-Röhrchen von dem Magneten. Analysieren Sie den NMR - Ergebnis 18. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Herstellung von DOX-PA Mizellen durch Film-Dispersionsverfahren <ol><li> Auflösen DSPE-PEG (40 mg) und DOX-PA (4 mg) mit 2 ml Methanol in einem 10 ml Glasfläschchen. </li><li> Entfernen des organischen Lösungsmittels im Vakuum am Rotationsverdampfer, bis sich ein dünner Film bildet sich in der Phiole verwendet. HINWEIS: Alternativ verdampfen die organischen Lösungsmittel unter Inertgas (zB Argon oder Stickstoffgas) einen Film zu bilden und das Fläschchen in einem Vakuumexsikkator halten , um weitere Lösungsmittelreste zu entfernen. </li><li> Transfer 2 ml Dulbeccos phosphatgepufferter Salzlösung (pH 7,4, DPBS) auf dem Glasfläschchen. </li><li> Legen Sie das Fläschchen in einem Ultraschallbad für 3 min bei RT zu Mizellen erzeugen. HINWEIS: Die Ultraschall-Leistung variiert zwischen den verschiedenen Modellen von Ultraschallbädern. Wählen Sie eine Einheit, die genügend Ultraschallleistung erzeugen kann, die dünne Polymer / Arzneimittel-Film zu zerstreuen. Die Ausgangsleistung des Ultraschallbades in diesem Protokoll verwendet ist 110 W. </li><li> Halten Mizellen bei 4 ° C für die kurzzeitige Lagerung und -20 ° C für lange-term Lagerung. HINWEIS: Alternativ können Mizellen auch gefriergetrocknet und vor Gebrauch mit Wasser rekonstituiert. Normalerweise kein Gefrierschutzmittel oder Lyoschutzmittel wird für diese Formulierung erforderlich. </li></ol> 3. Charakterisierung der DOX-PA Mizellen <ol><li> Bestimmung der DOX-PA - Konzentration in Mizellen und Drogen Verkapselungswirksamkeit <ol><li> Auflösen DOX-PA in vorherigen Schritten in DMSO synthetisiert DOX-PA-Lösungen von fünf verschiedenen Konzentrationen herzustellen: 1 &amp; mgr; g / ml, 5 ug / ml, 20 ug / ml, 50 ug / ml und 100 &amp; mgr; g / ml. Messen der Absorption von DOX-PA-Lösungen mit einem UV-VIS-Spektrometer bei 490 nm. Generieren Sie eine Standardkurve auf der Basis der DOX-PA Wirkstoffkonzentrationen und deren bei 490 nm entsprechenden Absorption. </li><li> Verdünne 25 &amp; mgr; l von mit Wirkstoff beladenen Mizelle mit 500 ul DMSO. Messen Sie die Absorption bei 490 nm mit einem UV-VIS-Spektrometer. Berechnen Wirkstoffkonzentrationen mit der Standardkurve in 3.1.1 erzeugt. </li><li> Berechnen Verkapselungseffizienz Verwendung der folgenden Gleichung: Drug Umhüllungs-Effektivität (%) = (Menge an Arzneimittel in Mizellen) / (Menge an zugesetztem drug) × 100% </li></ol></li><li> Charakterisierung von Partikelgröße mit dynamischer Lichtstreuung (DLS) <ol><li> Verdünnte Mizellen mit DPBS (pH 7,4) auf eine endgültige DSPE-PEG-Konzentration von 1 mg / ml. Analysieren eine 2 ml Probe mit einem Teilchengrßenanalysator das Z-gemittelte Größe und Polydispersitätsindex (PDI) zu erhalten. </li></ol></li><li> Bewertung der in - vitro - Aktivität gegen Krebs HINWEIS: Verwenden Sie geeignete sterile Technik und in einem Biosicherheitsschrank bedienen. <ol><li> Entfernen des Zellkulturmediums aus einer Zellkulturflasche (beispielsweise T25) enthält , DU-145 menschlichen Prostatakrebszellen und spülen Sie die Zellen mit 2 ml DPBS (pH 7,4). </li><li> Aspirat DPBS, 1 ml Trypsin-Lösung (0,25%) und bei 37 ° C für 2 min inkubiert, um die Zellen abzulösen. </li><li> In 10 ml Zellkulturmedium (RPMI 1640 + 10% fötales Rinderserum + 1% Antibiotic-Antimykotische), wenn die meisten der Zellen aus dem Kolben abgelöst werden. Transfer-Zellen in ein 15-ml-Zentrifugenröhrchen und zentrifugiere die Zellen bei 1.000 × g für 5 min. </li><li> Resuspendieren des Zellpellets mit 5 ml Kulturmedium Zelle und Entfernen mit einem Hämozytometer eine Probe Zellzahlen zum Zählen. Verdünne die Zellen mit Zellkulturmedium bis zu einer Dichte von 50.000 Zellen / ml. Fügen Sie die verdünnten Zellsuspensionen in einer 96-Well-Zellkulturplatte (100 &amp; mgr; l / Well). Inkubieren der Zellen in einem Zellkulturbrutschrank (37 ° C, 5% CO 2) für 18 h Zellanheftung zu ermöglichen. </li><li> Verdünnte DOX Dimethylsulfoxid (DMSO) -Lösung und DOX-PA DMSO Lösung mit Zellkulturmedium bis zur endgültigen Arzneimittelkonzentrationen von 0,1 &amp; mgr; M zu erhalten, 0,5 uM, 2 uM, 5 uM und 10 uM, respectively. Halten DMSO-Endkonzentration in allen obigen Proben auf 0,5%. Verdünnte DOX-PA Mizellen mit Zellkulturmedium endgültige Arzneimittel co zu erhaltenncentrations von 0,1 uM, 0,5 uM, 2 uM, 5 uM und 10 uM, respectively. Verwenden Sie die leere Zellkulturmedium, das eine Kontrolle. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die 96-Well-Zellkulturplatte aus dem Inkubator und ersetzen Sie die Zellkulturmedium mit 100 ul Medium unterschiedliche Behandlungsmittel enthalten, hergestellt in Schritt 3.3.5 (n = 4 für jede Gruppe). Inkubieren der Zellen in der Zellkulturbrutschrank (37 ° C, 5% CO 2) für eine weitere 72 hr. </li><li> Anzusaugen, das Medium und füge 100 ul Medium, enthaltend 0,5 mg / ml 3- (4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyl Tetrazolium Bromid (MTT). </li><li> Inkubieren der Zellen in der Zellkultur-Inkubator für weitere 2 Stunden. Sie vorsichtig das Medium zu entfernen und 100 ul DMSO hinzufügen Formazankristallen aufzulösen. </li><li> Messung der Extinktion mit dem Mikroplatten-Spektralphotometer bei einer Wellenlänge von 570 nm und einer Referenzwellenlänge von 670 nm. </li><li> Berechnen Sie die Lebensfähigkeit der Zellen unter Verwendung der folgenden Gleichung: <strong&gt; Zell Viability (%) = (A Test / A - Steuerung) × 100% HINWEIS: Vergleichen Sie die Lebensfähigkeit der Zellen zwischen den verschiedenen Gruppen unter Verwendung einer Einwegvarianzanalyse (ANOVA) statistischer Test. Berechnen Sie die IC 50 basierend auf die Lebensfähigkeit der Zellen gegen die Arzneimittelkonzentration Daten. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

In dieser Arbeit beschreiben wir eine unkomplizierte, schnelle Filmdispersionsverfahren zur Herstellung von Mizellen. Dieses Verfahren nutzt die Selbstorganisation eines amphiphilen Polymers (zB DSPE-PEG) Kern-Schale - strukturierten Mizellen in einer wässrigen Umgebung zu bilden. Diese Mizellen Herstellungsverfahren hat mehrere Vorteile. 1. Es handelt sich eine einfache Formulierungsverfahren, die die Verwendung von komplizierten Zerkleinerungsschritten (wie Extrusion oder Homogenisierung) vermeidet üblicher...

Chemotherapie wird häufig verwendet, um verschiedene Formen von Krebs zu behandeln. Die meisten, wenn nicht alle, chemotherapeutische Medikamente haben toxische Nebenwirkungen, die von handhabbaren minor Bedingungen, wie Übelkeit und Diarrhö, um mehr lebensbedrohlichen Zuständen variieren kann. Da die meisten Krebsmedikamente toxisch, nicht-selektive Belichtung dieser Medikamente zu normalem Gewebe sind verursacht unweigerlich Toxizität. Daher besteht ein großer Bedarf für einen therapeutischen Ansatz, der selektiv Drogen in Krebszellen liefern kann. Eine weitere Herausforderung bei der Verabreichung von Anti-Krebs-Medikamente ist ihre schlechte Wasserlöslichkeit. Üblicherweise werden Solubilisierungsmittel notwendig, um diese schlecht löslichen Arzneimitteln zu formulieren. Allerdings sind die meisten Lösungsvermittlern, wie Dimethylsulfoxid (DMSO), Cremophor EL, und Polysorbat 80 (Tween 80) kann zu Leber- und Nierentoxizität, Hämolyse und akute Überempfindlichkeitsreaktionen und periphere Neuropathien. 1 daher sicher und biokompatibel Formulierungen erforderlich sind für die klinische Verwendung von schlechtenly löslichen Krebsmedikamente. Nanocarriers sind vielversprechende Wirkstoffabgabesysteme für die oben genannten Herausforderungen. Diese Nanocarriern umfassen Liposomen, 2 Nanopartikel, 3 Mizellen, 4-7 Polymer-Wirkstoff - Konjugate, 8 und anorganischen Materialien. 9 Mehrere Nanoprodukte (zB Caelyx, Abraxane und Genexol) wurden von den Aufsichtsbehörden genehmigt worden , um Krebspatienten zu behandeln. 10 Polymere Mizellen sind vielversprechende nanoskalige Wirkstoffabgabeträger, die für die Abgabe von Antikrebsmitteln erfolgreich verwendet wurden. 4-7,11,12 Typische polymere Mizellen werden aus amphiphilen Polymeren durch eine Selbstorganisation. Die Kern-Schale-strukturierte polymere Mizellen umfassen eine hydrophile Schale und einen hydrophoben Kern. Die hydrophile Schale kann sterisch Mizellen stabilisieren und ihre Zirkulation im Blutstrom zu verlängern. Der hydrophobe Kern kann wirksam hydrophob d einzukapselnTeppiche. Aufgrund der geringen Größe der Mizellen (typischerweise weniger als 200 nm) und Langzirkulationseigenschaften werden polymere Mizellen angenommen Tumor-Targeting durch erhöhte Permeabilität und Retention (EPR) Effekte (passive Tumor Targeting) zu erreichen. Wirkstoffbeladung Stabilität ist für den Tumor kritische Fähigkeit von Mizellen Targeting. Um eine optimale Tumor-Targeting zu erreichen, sollte Mizellen minimale Medikamenten Leckage haben, bevor die Tumorstelle zu erreichen, noch kurz die Droge nach Krebszellen gelangt. Zusätzlich ist Formulierungsstabilität auch eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die Produktentwicklung, weil Formulierungsstabilität, die Durchführbarkeit der Produktentwicklung bestimmt, sowie die Haltbarkeit der entwickelten Produkte. Kürzlich wurde viel Anstrengung unternommen, die Belastung von Medikamenten in Lieferträger zu verbessern. Die lipophile Prodrug - Ansatz ist eine Strategie , die erforscht wurde Wirkstoffbeladung in Lipid - Nanopartikel und Emulsionen zu verbessern. 13,14 Die Konjugation von Lipiden mit Medikamenten deutlich ihre Lipophilie verbessern und in den lipophilen Komponenten von Nanocarriern Laden und Retention zu verbessern. Hier beschreiben wir ein Protokoll zur Herstellung von lipophilen Doxorubicin Prodrug geladenen Mizellen. Zunächst wird die Syntheseprozedur lipophilen Prodrug für Doxorubicin beschrieben. Dann wird ein Protokoll für die Mizellen mit einem filmDispersionsVerfahren Erzeugen eingeführt. Diese Methode wurde in unseren früheren Studien. 5 DSPE-PEG wurde ausgewählt als Trägermaterial zur Herstellung von Micellen , weil es wurde für Micelle Arzneimittelabgabe erfolgreich eingesetzt erfolgreich eingesetzt. 15,16 Schließlich wir Micelle mehrere in vitro - Assays zur Charakterisierung beschreiben Formulierungen und Anti-Krebs-Aktivität zu bewerten.

<table><tbody><tr><td>DSPE-PEG2K</td><td>Cordenpharm</td><td>LP-R4-039</td><td>&gt;95%</td></tr><tr><td>Doxorubicin</td><td>LC Laboratories</td><td>D-4000</td><td>&gt;99%</td></tr><tr><td>Palmitic Acid Hydrazide</td><td>TCI AMERICA&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P000425G</td><td>&gt;98.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>ACROS Organics</td><td>610981000</td><td>Anhydrous</td></tr><tr><td>Methylene chloride&amp;nbsp;</td><td>FISHER&amp;nbsp;</td><td>D151-4</td><td>99.90%</td></tr><tr><td>Methyl sulfoxide-d&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>ACROS Organics</td><td>AC320760075</td><td>NMR solvent</td></tr><tr><td>Trifluoroacetic Acid&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ACROS Organics</td><td>AC293811000</td><td>99.50%</td></tr><tr><td>Silica Gel</td><td>FISHER&amp;nbsp;</td><td>L-7446</td><td>230-400 mesh</td></tr><tr><td>Baker Flex TLC Plates</td><td>FISHER&amp;nbsp;</td><td>NC9990129</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DPBS</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D8537</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DU 145&amp;nbsp; Prostate Cancer Cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>HTB-81</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MTT</td><td>ACROS Organics</td><td>158990050</td><td>98%</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640 Medium</td><td>MEDIATECH INC&amp;nbsp;</td><td>10041CV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic&amp;nbsp;</td><td>LIFE TECHNOLOGIES&amp;nbsp;</td><td>15240062</td><td>100x stock solution</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td><td>LIFE TECHNOLOGIES&amp;nbsp;</td><td>10437077</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</td><td>Varian, Inc</td><td></td><td>300 NMR&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>B&amp;uuml;chi R-3 Rotavapor</td><td>Buchi</td><td>1103022V1&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Rotary evaporator</td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic Bath</td><td>BRANSON ULTRASONICS CORPORATION&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CPX952318R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UV-VIS spectrometer Biomate 3</td><td>Thermo Spectronic</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zetasizer Nano ZS90&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Malvern Instruments</td><td></td><td>Particle Size Analyer</td></tr><tr><td>Microplate Spectrophotometer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Rio-Rad</td><td>Benchmark Plus&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell Culture Incubator</td><td>Napco</td><td>CO2 6000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biological Safety Cabinet</td><td>Nuaire</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SigmaPlot&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Systat Software, Inc.</td><td></td><td>Analytical Software</td></tr><tr><td>96-Well Cell Culture Plate</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>353072</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin&amp;nbsp; 0.25%</td><td>Corning Cellgro</td><td>25-053-CI</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation and characterization of lipophilic doxorubicin pro-drug micelles

Micelles have been successfully used for the delivery of anticancer drugs. Amphiphilic polymers form core-shell structured micelles in an aqueous environment through self-assembly. The hydrophobic core of micelles functions as a drug reservoir and encapsulates hydrophobic drugs. The hydrophilic shell prevents the aggregation of micelles and also prolongs their systemic circulation in vivo. In this protocol, we describe a method to synthesize a doxorubicin lipophilic pro-drug, doxorubicin-palmitic acid (DOX-PA), which will enhance drug loading into micelles. A pH-sensitive hydrazone linker was used to conjugate doxorubicin with the lipid, which facilitates the release of free doxorubicin inside cancer cells. Synthesized DOX-PA was purified with a silica gel column using dichloromethane/methanol as the eluent. Purified DOX-PA was analyzed with thin layer chromatography (TLC) and 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-NMR). A film dispersion method was used to prepare DOX-PA loaded DSPE-PEG micelles. In addition, several methods for characterizing micelle formulations are described, including determination of DOX-PA concentration and encapsulation efficiency, measurement of particle size and distribution, and assessment of in vitro anticancer activities. This protocol provides useful information regarding the preparation and characterization of drug-loaded micelles and thus will facilitate the research and development of novel micelle-based cancer nanomedicines.

Abbildung 1 zeigt das Syntheseschema von DOX-PA. DOX-PA wurde durch Konjugation von Palmitinsäure synthetisiert mit Doxorubicin über eine pH-sensitive Hydrazonbindung. Ein geringer Überschuß an Palmitinsäure Hydrazid wurde verwendet, um die Vervollständigung der Reaktion zu erleichtern. Dieses Reaktionsverfahren hat einen sehr hohen Wirkungsgrad und nur eine geringe Menge von Doxorubicin blieb nach 18 h Reaktion (Abbildung 2). Die Ausbeute betrug e...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Characterization of Lipophilic Doxorubicin Pro-drug Micelles at JoVE.com

Preparation and Characterization of Lipophilic Doxorubicin Pro-drug Micelles

Ein Protokoll für die Herstellung und Charakterisierung von lipophilen Doxorubicin Prodrug geladen 1,2-Distearoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine- N - [Amino (Polyethylenglykol) -2000] (DSPE-PEG) Micellen beschrieben.

Herstellung und Charakterisierung von Lipophile Doxorubicin Pro-drug Mizellen

Micelles have been successfully used for the delivery of anticancer drugs. Amphiphilic polymers form core-shell structured micelles in an aqueous ...

preparation-characterization-lipophilic-doxorubicin-pro-drug

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

14.8K Aufrufe.  Hampton University.  Ein Protokoll für die Herstellung und Charakterisierung von lipophilen Doxorubicin Prodrug geladen 1,2-Distearoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine- N - [Amino (Polyethylenglykol) -2000] (DSPE-PEG) Micellen beschrieben. 

Serie: Preparation and Characterization of Lipophilic Doxorubicin Pro-drug Micelles

A Facile and Efficient Approach for the Production of Reversible Disulfide Cross-linked Micelles

Nanomedicine is an emerging form of therapy that harnesses the unique properties of particles that are nanometers in scale for biomedical application. Improving drug delivery to maximize therapeutic outcomes and to reduce drug-associated side effects are some of the cornerstones of present-day nanomedicine. Nanoparticles in particular have found a wide application in cancer treatment. Nanoparticles that offer a high degree of flexibility in design, application, and production based on the tumor microenvironment are projected to be more effective with rapid translation into clinical practice. The polymeric micellar nano-carrier is a popular choice for drug delivery applications.
In this article, we describe a simple and effective protocol for synthesizing drug-loaded, disulfide cross-linked micelles based on the self-assembly of a well-defined amphiphilic linear-dendritic copolymer (telodendrimer, TD). TD is composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the hydrophilic segment and a thiolated cholic acid cluster as the core-forming hydrophobic moiety attached stepwise to an amine-terminated PEG using solution-based peptide chemistry. Chemotherapy drugs, such as paclitaxel (PTX), can be loaded using a standard solvent evaporation method. The O2-mediated oxidation was previously utilized to form intra-micellar disulfide cross-links from free thiol groups on the TDs. However, the reaction was slow and not feasible for large-scale production. Recently, an H2O2-mediated oxidation method was explored as a more feasible and efficient approach, and it was 96 times faster than the previously reported method. Using this approach, 50 g of PTX-loaded, disulfide cross-linked nanoparticles have been successfully produced with narrow particle size distribution and high drug loading efficiency. The stability of the resulting micelle solution is analyzed using disrupting conditions such as co-incubation with a detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate, with or without a reducing agent. The drug-loaded, disulfide cross-linked micelles demonstrated less hemolytic activity when compared to their non-cross-linked counterparts.

To deliver cancer drugs to tumor sites with high specificity and reduced side effects, new methods based on nanoparticles are required. Here, we describe disulfide cross-linked micelles that can be easily prepared by hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidation and are able to dissociate efficiently under a reducing tumor environment to release payloads.

Eine leichte und effiziente Ansatz für die Produktion von Reversible Disulfid Vernetzte Mizellen

Nanomedicine is an emerging form of therapy that harnesses the unique properties of particles that are nanometers in scale for biomedical application. ...

Forschung

Biochemie

Sample Extraction and Simultaneous Chromatographic Quantitation of Doxorubicin and Mitomycin C Following Drug Combination Delivery in Nanoparticles to Tumor-bearing Mice

Combination chemotherapy is frequently used in the clinic for cancer treatment; however, associated adverse effects to normal tissue may limit its therapeutic benefit. Nanoparticle-based drug combination has been shown to mitigate the problems encountered by free drug combination therapy. Our previous studies have shown that the combination of two anticancer drugs, doxorubicin (DOX) and mitomycin C (MMC), produced a synergistic effect against both murine and human breast cancer cells in vitro. DOX and MMC co-loaded polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (DMPLN) bypassed various efflux transporter pumps that confer multidrug resistance and demonstrated enhanced efficacy in breast tumor models. Compared to conventional solution forms, such superior efficacy of DMPLN was attributed to the synchronized pharmacokinetics of DOX and MMC and increased intracellular drug bioavailability within tumor cells enabled by the nanocarrier PLN. 
To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution of co-administered DOX and MMC in both free solution and nanoparticle forms, a simple and efficient multi-drug analysis method using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. In contrast to previously reported methods that analyzed DOX or MMC individually in the plasma, this new HPLC method is able to simultaneously quantitate DOX, MMC and a major cardio-toxic DOX metabolite, doxorubicinol (DOXol), in various biological matrices (e.g., whole blood, breast tumor, and heart). A dual fluorescent and ultraviolet absorbent probe 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) was used as an internal standard (I.S.) for one-step detection of multiple drug analysis with different detection wavelengths. This method was successfully applied to determine the concentrations of DOX and MMC delivered by both nanoparticle and solution approaches in whole blood and various tissues in an orthotopic breast tumor murine model. The analytical method presented is a useful tool for pre-clinical analysis of nanoparticle-based delivery of drug combinations.

This protocol describes an efficient and convenient analytical process of sample extraction and simultaneous determination of multiple drugs, doxorubicin (DOX), mitomycin C (MMC) and a cardio-toxic DOX metabolite, doxorubicinol (DOXol), in the biological samples from a preclinical breast tumor model treated with nanoparticle formulations of synergistic drug combination.

Probengewinnung und gleichzeitige chromatographische Quantifizierung von Doxorubicin und Mitomycin C nach Kombination Medikamentenabgabe in Nanopartikel zur Tumor-tragenden Mäusen

Combination chemotherapy is frequently used in the clinic for cancer treatment; however, associated adverse effects to normal tissue may limit its ...

Krebsforschung

Preparation and Characterization of Individual and Multi-drug Loaded Physically Entrapped Polymeric Micelles

Amphiphilic block copolymers like polyethyleneglycol-block-polylactic acid (PEG-b-PLA) can self-assemble into micelles above their critical micellar concentration forming hydrophobic cores surrounded by hydrophilic shells in aqueous environments. The core of these micelles can be utilized to load hydrophobic, poorly water soluble drugs like docetaxel (DTX) and everolimus (EVR). Systematic characterization of the micelle structure and drug loading capabilities are important before in vitro and in vivo studies can be conducted. The goal of the protocol described herein is to provide the necessary characterization steps to achieve standardized micellar products. DTX and EVR have intrinsic solubilities of 1.9 and 9.6 &#181;g/ml respectively Preparation of these micelles can be achieved through solvent casting which increases the aqueous solubility of DTX and EVR to 1.86 and 1.85 mg/ml, respectively. Drug stability in micelles evaluated at room temperature over 48 hr indicates that 97% or more of the drugs are retained in solution. Micelle size was assessed using dynamic light scattering and indicated that the size of these micelles was below 50 nm and depended on the molecular weight of the polymer. Drug release from the micelles was assessed using dialysis under sink conditions at pH 7.4 at 37 oC over 48 hr. Curve fitting results indicate that drug release is driven by a first order process indicating that it is diffusion driven.

The goal of this protocol is to describe the preparation and characterization of physically entrapped, poorly water soluble drugs in micellar drug delivery systems composed of amphiphilic block copolymers.

Herstellung und Charakterisierung von Einzel-und Multi-Wirkstoff beladen Körperlich Eingeschlossene Polymermicellen

Amphiphilic block copolymers like polyethyleneglycol-block-polylactic acid (PEG-b-PLA) can self-assemble into micelles above their critical micellar ...

Chemie

Facile Preparation of Internally Self-assembled Lipid Particles Stabilized by Carbon Nanotubes

We present a facile method to prepare nanostructured lipid particles stabilized by carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Single-walled (pristine) and multi-walled (functionalized) CNTs are used as stabilizers to produce Pickering type oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Lipids namely, Dimodan U and Phytantriol are used as emulsifiers, which in excess water self-assemble into the bicontinuous cubic Pn3m phase. This highly viscous phase is fragmented into smaller particles using a probe ultrasonicator in presence of conventional surfactant stabilizers or CNTs as done here. Initially, the CNTs (powder form) are dispersed in water followed by further ultrasonication with the molten lipid to form the final emulsion. During this process the CNTs get coated with lipid molecules, which in turn are presumed to surround the lipid droplets to form a particulate emulsion that is stable for months. The average size of CNT-stabilized nanostructured lipid particles is in the submicron range, which compares well with the particles stabilized using conventional surfactants. Small angle X-ray scattering data confirms the retention of the original Pn3m cubic phase in the CNT-stabilized lipid dispersions as compared to the pure lipid phase (bulk state). Blue shift and lowering of the intensities in characteristic G and G&#39; bands of CNTs observed in Raman spectroscopy characterize the interaction between CNT surface and lipid molecules. These results suggest that the interactions between the CNTs and lipids are responsible for their mutual stabilization in aqueous solutions. As the concentrations of CNTs employed for stabilization are very low and lipid molecules are able to functionalize the CNTs, the toxicity of CNTs is expected to be insignificant while their biocompatibility is greatly enhanced. Hence the present approach finds a great potential in various biomedical applications, for instance, for developing hybrid nanocarrier systems for the delivery of multiple functional molecules as in combination therapy or polytherapy.

We report on a smart application of carbon nanotubes for kinetic stabilization of lipid particles that contain self-assembled nanostructures in their cores. The preparation of lipid particles requires rather low concentrations of carbon nanotubes permitting their use in biomedical applications such as drug delivery.

Facile Herstellung von Intern Selbstorganisierte Lipidpartikel stabilisiert durch Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren

We present a facile method to prepare nanostructured lipid particles stabilized by carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Single-walled (pristine) and multi-walled ...

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by &#960;-&#960; Stacking Interactions

In this study, an amphiphilic copolymer that includes a core-forming block with phenyl groups was synthesized by living anionic polymerization of phenyl glycidyl ether (PheGE) on methoxy-polyethylene glycol (mPEG-b-PPheGE). Characterization of the copolymer revealed a narrow molecular distribution (PDI &#60; 1.03) and confirmed the degree of polymerization of mPEG122-b-(PheGE)15. The critical micelle concentration of the copolymer was evaluated using an established fluorescence method with the aggregation behavior evaluated by dynamic light scattering and transmission electronic microscopy. The potential of the copolymer for use in drug delivery applications was evaluated in a preliminary manner including in vitro biocompatibility, loading and release of the hydrophobic anti-cancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). A stable micelle formulation of DOX was prepared with drug loading levels up to 14% (wt%), drug loading efficiencies &#62; 60% (w/w) and sustained release of drug over 4 days under physiologically relevant conditions (acidic and neutral pH, presence of albumin). The high drug loading level and sustained release is attributed to stabilizing &#960;-&#960; interactions between DOX and the core-forming block of the micelles.

The key steps of living anionic polymerization of phenyl glycidyl ether (PheGE) on methoxy-polyethylene glycol (mPEG-b-PPheGE) are described. The resulting block copolymer micelles (BCMs) were loaded with doxorubicin 14% (wt%) and sustained release of drug over 4 days under physiologically relevant conditions was obtained.

Die anionische Polymerisation eines amphiphilen Copolymer zur Herstellung von Blockcopolymermicellen Stabilisiert durch π-π-Stapelwechselwirkungen

In this study, an amphiphilic copolymer that includes a core-forming block with phenyl groups was synthesized by living anionic polymerization of phenyl ...

Synthesis of Aptamer-PEI-g-PEG Modified Gold Nanoparticles Loaded with Doxorubicin for Targeted Drug Delivery

Due to drug resistance and toxicity in healthy cells, use of doxorubicin (DOX) has been limited in clinical cancer therapy. This protocol describes the designing of poly(ethylenimine) grafted with polyethylene glycol (PEI-g-PEG) copolymer functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with loaded aptamer (AS1411) and DOX through amide reactions. AS1411 is specifically bonded with targeted nucleolin receptors on cancer cells so that DOX targets cancer cells instead of healthy cells. First, PEG is carboxylated, then grafted to branched PEI to obtain a PEI-g-PEG copolymer, which is confirmed by 1H NMR analysis. Next, PEI-g-PEG copolymer coated gold nanoparticles (PEI-g-PEG@AuNPs) are synthesized, and DOX and AS1411 are covalently bonded to AuNPs gradually via amide reactions. The diameter of the prepared AS1411-g-DOX-g-PEI-g-PEG@AuNPs is ~39.9 nm, with a zeta potential of -29.3 mV, indicating that the nanoparticles are stable in water and cell medium. Cell cytotoxicity assays show that the newly designed DOX loaded AuNPs are able to kill cancer cells (A549). This synthesis demonstrates the delicate arrangement of PEI-g-PEG copolymers, aptamers, and DOX on AuNPs that are achieved by sequential amide reactions. Such aptamer-PEI-g-PEG functionalized AuNPs provide a promising platform for targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy.

In this protocol, doxorubicin-loaded AS1411-g-PEI-g-PEG modified gold nanoparticles are synthesized via three-step amide reactions. Then, doxorubicin is loaded and delivered to target cancer cells for cancer therapy.

Synthese von Aptamer-PEI-g-PEG Modifizierte Gold-Nanopartikel, die mit Doxorubicin für die gezielte Arzneimittelabgabe geladen werden

Due to drug resistance and toxicity in healthy cells, use of doxorubicin (DOX) has been limited in clinical cancer therapy. This protocol describes the ...

Phase Change Dimethyldioctadecylammonium-Shelled Microdroplets as a Promising Drug Delivery System: Results on 3D Spheroids of Mammalian Tumor Cells

Significant improvement of phase-change perfluorocarbon microdroplets (MDs) in the vast theranostic scenario passes through the optimization of the MDs composition with respect to synthesis efficiency, stability, and drug delivery capability. To this aim, decafluoropentane (DFP) MDs stabilized by a shell of dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB) cationic surfactant were designed. A high concentration of DDAB-MDs was readily obtained within a few seconds by pulsed high-power insonation, resulting in low polydisperse 1 &#181;m size droplets. Highly positive &#950;-potential, together with a long, saturated hydrocarbon chains of the DDAB shell, are key factors to stabilize the droplet and the drug cargo therein. The high affinity of the DDAB shell with cell plasma membrane allows for localized chemotherapeutics delivery by increasing the drug concentration at the tumor cell interface and boosting the uptake. This would turn DDAB-MDs into a relevant drug delivery tool exhibiting high antitumor activity at very low drug doses.
In this work, the efficacy of such an approach is shown to dramatically improve the effect of doxorubicin against 3D spheroids of mammalian tumor cells, MDA-MB-231. The use of&#160;three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures developed in the form of multicellular tumor spheroids (i.e., densely packed cells in a spherical shape) has numerous advantages compared to 2D cell cultures: in addition to have the potential to bridge the gap between conventional in vitro studies and animal testing, it will improve the ability to perform more predictive in vitro screening assays for preclinical drug development or evaluate the potential of off-label drugs and new co-targeting strategies.

Decafluoropentane microdroplets developed with a shell of dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide exhibited an exceptional colloidal stability and an actractive biointerface. DDAB-MDs proved to be efficient drug reservoirs characterized by a high affinity to plasma membranes together with enhanced uptake and antitumor activity of Doxorubicin against human triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) 3D model.

Significant improvement of phase-change perfluorocarbon microdroplets (MDs) in the vast theranostic scenario passes through the optimization of the MDs ...

Targeted Plasma Membrane Delivery of a Hydrophobic Cargo Encapsulated in a Liquid Crystal Nanoparticle Carrier

The controlled delivery of drug/imaging agents to cells is critical for the development of therapeutics and for the study of cellular signaling processes. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have shown significant promise in the development of such delivery systems. Here, a liquid crystal NP (LCNP)-based delivery system has been employed for the controlled delivery of a water-insoluble dye, 3,3&#8242;-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO), from within the NP core to the hydrophobic region of a plasma membrane bilayer. During the synthesis of the NPs, the dye was efficiently incorporated into the hydrophobic LCNP core, as confirmed by multiple spectroscopic analyses. Conjugation of a PEGylated cholesterol derivative to the NP surface (DiO-LCNP-PEG-Chol) enabled the binding of the dye-loaded NPs to the plasma membrane in HEK 293T/17 cells. Time-resolved laser scanning confocal microscopy and F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging confirmed the passive efflux of DiO from the LCNP core and its insertion into the plasma membrane bilayer. Finally, the delivery of DiO as a LCNP-PEG-Chol attenuated the cytotoxicity of DiO; the NP form of DiO exhibited ~30-40% less toxicity compared to DiOfree delivered from bulk solution. This approach demonstrates the utility of the LCNP platform as an efficient modality for the membrane-specific delivery and modulation of hydrophobic molecular cargos.

A liquid crystal nanoparticle (LCNP) nanocarrier is exploited as a vehicle for the controlled delivery of a hydrophobic cargo to the plasma membrane of living cells.

Gezielte Plasma Membrane Lieferung eines Hydrophobic Transport Encapsulated in einem Liquid Crystal Nanoparticle Träger

The controlled delivery of drug/imaging agents to cells is critical for the development of therapeutics and for the study of cellular signaling processes. ...

Biotechnik

Preparation and Characterization of Nanoliposomes for the Entrapment of Bioactive Hydrophilic Globular Proteins

Liposome nanocapsules have been applied for many purposes in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Attributes of liposomes include their biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-immunogenicity, non-toxicity, and ability to entrap both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. The classical hydration of thin lipid films in an organic solvent is applied herein as a technique to encapsulate tarin, a plant lectin, in nanoliposomes. Nanoliposome size, stability, entrapment efficiency, and morphological characterization are described in detail. The nanoliposomes are prepared using 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (ammonium salt; DSPE-MPEG 2000), and cholesterylhemisuccinate (CHEMS) as the main constituents. Lipids are first dissolved in chloroform to obtain a thin lipid film that is subsequently rehydrated in ammonium sulfate solution containing the protein to be entrapped and incubated overnight. Then, sonication and extrusion techniques are applied to generate nanosized unilamellar vesicles. The size and polydispersity index of the nanovesicles are determined by dynamic light scattering, while nanovesicle morphology is assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Entrapment efficiency is determined by the ratio of the amount of unencapsulated protein to original amount of initially loaded protein. Homogeneous liposomes are obtained with an average size of 155 nm and polydispersity index value of 0.168. A high entrapment efficiency of 83% is achieved.

This study describes classical hydration using the thin lipid film method for nanoliposome preparation followed by nanoparticle characterization. A 47 kDa-hydrophilic and globular protein, tarin, is successfully encapsulated as a strategy to improve stability, avoid fast clearance, and promote controlled release. The method can be adapted to hydrophobic molecules encapsulation.

Vorbereitung und Charakterisierung von Nanoliposomen zur Entrapment ierung bioaktiver hydrophiler Globularproteine

Liposome nanocapsules have been applied for many purposes in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Attributes of liposomes include their ...

Microfluidic Production of Lysolipid-Containing Temperature-Sensitive Liposomes

The presented protocol enables a high-throughput continuous preparation of low temperature-sensitive liposomes (LTSLs), which are capable of loading chemotherapeutic drugs, such as doxorubicin (DOX). To achieve this, an ethanolic lipid mixture and ammonium sulfate solution are injected into a staggered herringbone micromixer (SHM) microfluidic device. The solutions are rapidly mixed by the SHM, providing a homogeneous solvent environment for liposomes self-assembly. Collected liposomes are first annealed, then dialyzed to remove residual ethanol. An ammonium sulfate pH-gradient is established through buffer exchange of the external solution by using size exclusion chromatography. DOX is then remotely loaded into the liposomes with high encapsulation efficiency (&#62; 80%). The liposomes obtained are homogenous in size with Z-average diameter of 100 nm. They are capable of temperature-triggered burst release of encapsulated DOX in the presence of mild hyperthermia (42 &#176;C). Indocyanine green (ICG) can also be co-loaded into the liposomes for near-infrared laser-triggered DOX release. The microfluidic approach ensures high-throughput, reproducible and scalable preparation of LTSLs.

The protocol presents the optimized parameters for preparing thermosensitive liposomes using the staggered herringbone micromixer microfluidics device. This also allows co-encapsulation of doxorubicin and indocyanine green into the liposomes and the photothermal-triggered release of doxorubicin for controlled/triggered drug release.

Mikrofluidische Produktion von Lysolipid-haltigen temperaturempfindlichen Liposomen

The presented protocol enables a high-throughput continuous preparation of low temperature-sensitive liposomes (LTSLs), which are capable of loading ...