We thank the children and families who have participated in our studies and the research assistants of the Emotion Regulation Lab for their assistance with data collection and coding.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Kritische Schritte im Rahmen des Protokolls Effektiv entlocken negative Emotion und Anweisen Kinder bestimmte Emotionsregulationsstrategien sind die entscheidenden Schritte im Protokoll zu verwenden. Technische Änderungen und Fehlerbehebung Film-Clips müssen (und Pilot getestet) ausgewählt werden Frage sein altersgerechte angesichts der Altersbereich, in dem sie die Ziel Emotionen von Interesse für die angegebenen Altersstufen hervorruf...

Kinder erleben negative Emotionen wie Traurigkeit und jeden Tag fürchten. Als sie sich entwickeln und reifen, lernen die Kinder regulatorischen Strategien, die es ihnen ermöglichen, ein breites Spektrum von Stressoren und Herausforderungen zu verwalten, um die Welt anzupassen. Ihre Emotionsregulation Repertoire erweitert und Verschiebungen in der Zusammensetzung von in erster Linie Verhaltensstrategien umfassen mehr kognitive Strategien 1. Bis Ende der mittleren Kindheit, regulieren die Kinder ihre Gefühle sowohl kognitive und Verhaltensstrategien 2 verwendet wird . die wirksame Regulierung oder Verwaltung von unerwünschten negativen Gefühle zu verstehen hat in den letzten Jahren von Entwicklungspsychologen zunehmend interessanter geworden. Dieses Interesse angetrieben wird , teilweise durch Forschung verbindet Emotion Regulationsprozesse zu einer Vielzahl von sozialen, emotionalen und kognitiven Ergebnisse mit erheblichen Folgen für den Alltag der Kinder (zB akademische Leistungen 3, Freundschaften 5). Das hier beschriebene Verfahren konzentriert sich auf zwei kognitive Emotionsregulationsstrategien, die den Löwenanteil der empirischen Aufmerksamkeit bisher erhalten haben: Neubeurteilung und Ablenkung. Studien mit Erwachsenen durchgeführt haben gezeigt , dass Neueinschätzung und Ablenkung sind effektive Methoden zur Emotion Linderung 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Neubeurteilung, die Veränderung oder Reframing beinhaltet , wie man eine Emotion oder ein Problem interpretiert, wurde bei der Verringerung der Intensität der negativen Emotionen in Kinder im schulpflichtigen Alter 12, 13 wirksam erwiesen. Distraction im Gegensatz dazu beinhaltet das ändern , was man denkt darüber nach , wie wenn ein Kind über einen va erhaltenccine denkt anstelle des Eis sie danach mit ihren Eltern genießen. Kinder können auch beginnen , diese kognitive Strategien zu verwenden , negative Emotionen effektiv zu regeln, von so jung wie 5 - 6 Jahren 14. Die theoretischen und praktischen Herausforderungen des Studiums Emotion Verordnung Emotional Reaktivität und regulatorischen Prozesse sind miteinander verflochten, bidirektional und iterative 15, 16. Damit ist ein wichtiger konzeptioneller Herausforderung für die Entwicklungs Wissenschaftler Methoden zu identifizieren und einzusetzen, die Bedeutung von Emotion unterscheiden reagiert und regulatorischen Prozesse. Der hier beschriebene Ansatz ist der Ansicht , der Emotionen als geregelt (im Gegensatz zu Emotionen als Regel) 15. Emotionsregulation wird definiert als der Prozess von einem erfahrenen Emotion 17 in einer Weise verändern, die die Intensität verändern, Dauer und / oder Valenz der Emotion 18. Trotz vielversprechender Verhaltens Hinweise darauf , dass die kognitive Emotionsregulationsstrategien wie Ablenkung und Neueinschätzung reduzieren negative Emotionen 14, gibt es viele Einschränkungen für die vorherrschende Selbstbericht oder Beobachtungsmethoden, die die Schlussfolgerungen zu beschränken , die aus den bestehenden empirischen Studien gezogen werden können, vor allem mit kleinen Kindern. Zum Beispiel Selbst Bericht der emotionalen Erfahrung zu Ungenauigkeiten und Nachfrage Eigenschaften unterliegen. Obwohl Verhaltensbeobachtung (zB Mimik) zu indizieren emotional reagiert scheinbar objektiver ist als Selbst-Bericht, ist die Beobachtung noch unter dem Vorbehalt automatische und explizite regulatorische Prozesse, die die wahre Erfahrung von Not oder negative Emotionen maskieren oder ausblenden. Um diese konzeptionellen und methodischen Probleme anzugehen, beschreibt dieses Dokument ein Verfahren zur Prüfung der Auswirkungen der Emotionsregulation sTRATEGIEN auf Kinder nachfolgenden psychophysiology die Forscher ermöglicht, zwischen Reaktivität und aktive Regelung von negativen Emotionen deutlicher unterscheiden. Dieses experimentelle Paradigma für negative Emotionen hervorrufen und die Folgen verschiedener instruiert Emotionsregulationsstrategien Beurteilung bietet einen Ansatz, der mit Kindern von einer breiten Palette von Alter, Jugendliche oder Erwachsene verwendet werden kann. Psychophysiology ist eine nicht-invasive Index of Emotion Verordnung Respiratorischen Sinusarrhythmie (RSA) ist eine häufig verwendete Index der Parasympathikus Herz psychophysiology, und hat sich als Schlüssel Korrelat der Kinder Emotion Regulationsfähigkeit 19, 20 entstanden. RSA wird aus der Messung der Herzfrequenzvariation abgeleitet innerhalb des Atmungszyklus 21 (von efferenten Fasern des Nervus vagus gesteuert) 22<html> . Hohe Basis RSA zeigt eine bessere emotionale Regulierung und sozio-emotionalen Kompetenzen 21, während niedrigere Basis RSA zu negativen sozio-emotionalen Ergebnisse 23 verbunden ist. Baseline RSA spiegelt die Regulationsfähigkeit des Systems auf Stress zu reagieren, während Veränderungen in der RSA von den Ausgangswerten unter den Bedingungen der Herausforderung (RSA Reaktivität) ermöglichen höhere sympathische Einfluss und die Mobilisierung von Ressourcen. Dieser Prozess spiegelt eine Abkehr von homeostatic Forderungen an die Erleichterung der Daueraufmerksamkeit, Verhaltensselbstkontrolle, und die Erzeugung von Bewältigungsstrategien affektiven oder Verhaltenserregung 20 zu steuern, 26. RSA Reaktivität anspruchsvolle Laboraufgaben mit besseren Emotion regulatorischen Fähigkeiten und allgemeine adaptive Funktion verbunden sind , einschließlich weniger negativen Emotionalität und das Risiko für Verhaltensprobleme und eine bessere Daueraufmerksamkeit 21,ass = &quot;xref&quot;&gt; 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. RSA Reaktivität Herausforderung kann die Erhöhung (RSA Augmentation) oder Abnahme (RSA Unterdrückung) Parasympathikus Einfluss beschrieben. Die Flexibilität, mit der Parasympathikus Einfluss auf das Herz über Kontexte geregelt wird gedacht, um adaptive Emotionsregulation zugrunde liegen. Tatsächlich Veränderungen in der RSA Kinder Amplituden während einer Reihe von anspruchsvollen Aufgaben vorhersagen , ihre emotionalen regulatorischen Fähigkeiten 28. RSA ist auch in emotional herausfordernden Kontexten anspricht. Zum Beispiel RSA Unterdrückung (eine Abnahme von Basisniveau auf Task - Ebene) ist mit zu erleben Angst und Traurigkeit, aber Vergrößerung (Anstieg vom Ausgangswert bis Task) zu einer wirksamen Regulierung von Emotionen verbunden ist , wenn Trauer und Angst über Filmausschnitte hervorgerufen werden 29, </sup&gt; 30. Frühere Arbeiten, die auf dem Nutzen dieses nicht-invasive Methode zur Bewertung der in - vivo - Emotionsregulationsprozesse aktiviert hat , hat gezeigt , wie Kinder beim Umgang mit spezifischen kognitiven Emotionsregulationsstrategien RSA Reaktivität vorhergesagt , während sie beobachteten Emotion auslösenden Videos 31. Dieses Papier beschreibt eine neuartige experimentelle Paradigma, das die physiologischen Muster im Zusammenhang mit aktiven Emotionsregulation zu indizieren Regulationsfähigkeit verwendet, eine innovative Methode der mit seiner Erfahrung und Regulation von negativen Emotionen zu analysieren.

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psychophysiological assessment of the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies in childhood

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical work has been limited by predominantly correlational investigations of children's skills. Relatedly, a key conceptual challenge for emotion scientists is to distinguish between emotion responding and emotion regulatory processes. This paper presents a novel method to address these conceptual and methodological issues in child samples. An experimental paradigm that assesses the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective. Children are instructed to simply watch the emotion-eliciting film (control), distract themselves from negative emotions (cognitive distraction), or reframe the situation in a way that downplays the importance of the emotional event (cognitive reappraisal). Cardiac physiology, continuously acquired before and during the emotional task, serves as an objective measure of children's unfolding emotional responding while viewing evocative films. Key comparisons in patterns of obtained physiological reactivity are between the control and emotion regulation strategy conditions. Representative results from this approach are described, and discussion focuses on the contribution of this methodological approach to developmental science.

Wie in den 2 und 3 gezeigt, ist ein typisches Ergebnis ist , dass die Kinder zu verwenden , kognitive Emotionsregulationsstrategien führt zu einem anderen Muster von RSA Reaktivität als einfach Betrachten der emotionalen Film (Control) anweist. Dies unterstützt die Idee, dass Befehle mit negativen Emotionen Ablenkung oder Neubeurteilung verursachen unterschiedliche Muster der physiologischen Reaktion während einer emotional herausfordernde Aufgabe, d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood at JoVE.com

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood

Ein detailliertes Protokoll für eine experimentelle Paradigma die Wirksamkeit zu beurteilen, mit denen Kinder regulieren Emotion beschrieben. Kinder werden zufällig zu verwenden, um bestimmte Emotionsregulationsstrategien zugeordnet, negative Emotionen mit Filmclips ausgelöst werden, und Änderungen in nachfolgenden psychophysiology Index das Ausmaß, in dem Emotionsregulation wirksam ist.

Psychophysiologische Bewertung der Wirksamkeit von Emotionsregulationsstrategien im Kindesalter

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical ...

psychophysiological-assessment-effectiveness-emotion-regulation

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

11.4K Aufrufe.  University of California, Riverside (UCR).  Ein detailliertes Protokoll für eine experimentelle Paradigma die Wirksamkeit zu beurteilen, mit denen Kinder regulieren Emotion beschrieben. Kinder werden zufällig zu verwenden, um bestimmte Emotionsregulationsstrategien zugeordnet, negative Emotionen mit Filmclips ausgelöst werden, und Änderungen in nachfolgenden psychophysiology Index das Ausmaß, in dem Emotionsregulation wirksam ist. 

Serie: Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

Die Messung der Fronto-limbischen Aktivität unter Verwendung einer emotionalen Oddball Aufgabe bei Kindern mit familiärer High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Forschung

Verhalten

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing1. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of deliberate and automatic emotion regulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used in healthy participants, both young and older, as well as in clinical patients.

Brain Imaging Untersuchung der neuronalen Korrelate der Emotionsregulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

Neurowissenschaften

Use of Galvanic Skin Responses, Salivary Biomarkers, and Self-reports to Assess Undergraduate Student Performance During a Laboratory Exam Activity

Typically, self-reports are used in educational research to assess student response and performance to a classroom activity. Yet, addition of biological and physiological measures such as salivary biomarkers and galvanic skin responses are rarely included, limiting the wealth of information that can be obtained to better understand student performance. A laboratory protocol to study undergraduate students&#39; responses to classroom events (e.g., exams) is presented. Participants were asked to complete a representative exam for their degree. Before and after the laboratory exam session, students completed an academic achievement emotions self-report and an interview that paralleled these questions when participants wore a galvanic skin sensor and salivary biomarkers were collected. Data collected from the three methods resulted in greater depth of information about students&#39; performance when compared to the self-report. The work can expand educational research capabilities through more comprehensive methods for obtaining nearer to real-time student responses to an examination activity.

Research on undergraduate students' academic achievement emotions have primarily relied on self-reports in laboratory settings. Studies rarely include bio-physiological measures to these self-reports. This protocol will describe a methodology that integrates self-reports with and bio-physiological measures to assess student response and performance during a laboratory examination activity.

Die Verwendung von galvanischen Haut Antworten, Biomarker aus dem Speichel, und Self-Berichte Bachelor-Student Leistung während einer Laborprüfung zur Beurteilung der Wirksamkeit

Typically, self-reports are used in educational research to assess student response and performance to a classroom activity. Yet, addition of biological ...

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children

Self-distancing (i.e., creating mental distance between the self and a stimulus by adopting a less egocentric perspective) has been studied as a way to improve adolescents' and adults' emotion regulation. These studies instruct adolescents and adults to use visual imagery or language to create distance from the self before engaging in self-regulation tasks and when thinking about past and future events. For example, adults are asked to recall past, negative emotional experiences from either a first-person perspective (no distance) or a third-person perspective (self-distanced). These studies show that a self-distanced perspective allows adults to cope more adaptively when recalling negative feelings. However, the self-distancing paradigm used with adults was not developmentally appropriate for young children. This modified self-distancing paradigm involves instructing children to think about their thoughts, feelings, and actions from different perspectives that vary in their distance from the self while completing a self-regulation task. The paradigm involves randomly assigning children to use one of three perspectives: self-immersed, third-person, or exemplar. In the self-immersed condition, children are asked to think about themselves using the first-person perspective (e.g., "How am I feeling?") and no distance is created from the self. In the third-person condition, children are asked to create distance from the self by using the third-person perspective (e.g., "How is [child's name] feeling?"). In the exemplar condition, the greatest distance from the self is created by asking children to pretend to be a media character and to think about that character's thoughts and feelings (e.g., "How is Batman feeling?"). Studies using the self-distancing paradigm with 4-6-year-olds have found that as the amount of distance from the self increases (self-immersed &lt; third-person &lt; exemplar), children perform better on self-regulation tasks. These findings suggest that the strategies implemented in the self-distancing protocol may be useful to include in self-regulation interventions for young children.

An experimental paradigm was created to measure the effects of self-distancing in young children (4-6-year-olds). Self-distancing is a process through which individuals adopt a less egocentric perspective. This paradigm has been used to examine the effects of self-distancing on young children&#39;s self-regulation.

Experimentelles Paradigma für die Messung der Auswirkungen selbst zu distanzieren, bei Kleinkindern

Self-distancing (i.e., creating mental distance between the self and a stimulus by adopting a less egocentric perspective) has been studied as a way to ...

A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences

Over the past ten years, research into students&#39; emotions in educational environments has increased. Although researchers have called for more studies that rely on objective measures of emotional experience, limitations on utilizing multi-modal data sources exist. Studies of emotion and emotional regulation in classrooms traditionally rely on survey instruments, experience-sampling, artifacts, interviews, or observational procedures. These methods, while valuable, are mainly&#160;dependent on participant or observer subjectivity and is limited in its authentic measurement of students&#39; real-time performance to a classroom activity or task. The latter, in particular, poses a stumbling block to many scholars seeking to objectively measure emotions and other related measures in the classroom, in real-time.
The purpose of this work is to present a protocol to experimentally study students&#39; real-time responses to exam experiences during an authentic assessment situation. For this, a team of educational psychologists, engineers, and engineering education researchers designed an experimental protocol that retained the limits required for accurate physiological sensor measurement, best-practices of salivary collection, and an authentic testing environment. In particular, existing studies that rely on physiological sensors are conducted in experimental environments that are disconnected from educational settings (e.g., Trier Stress Test), detached in time (e.g., before or after a task), or introduce analysis error (e.g., use of sensors in environments where students are likely to move). This limits our understanding of students&#39; real-time responses to classroom activities and tasks. Furthermore, recent research has called for more considerations to be covered around issues of recruitment, replicability, validity, setups, data cleaning, preliminary analysis, and particular&#160;circumstances (e.g., adding a variable in the experimental design) in academic emotions research that relies on multi-modal approaches.

An experimental design was developed to investigate the real-time influences of an examination experience to assess the emotional realities students experience in higher education settings and tasks. This design is the result of a cross-disciplinary (e.g., educational psychology, biology, physiology, engineering) and multi-modal (e.g., salivary markers, surveys, electrodermal sensor) approach.

Ein fachübergreifendes und multimodales Experimentelles Design zum Studium authentischer Prüfungserfahrungen in naher Echtzeitzeit

Over the past ten years, research into students&#39; emotions in educational environments has increased. Although researchers have called for more studies ...

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Many children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) are known to have executive dysfunction, which weakens their abilities to learn and behave in daily living. This protocol describes the methodology that is required for the intervention (psychotherapy) based on planning, attention, successive, and simultaneous (PASS theory) cognitive processing and fear emotional processing. It provides guiding principles and practical recommendations. A disproportionately high level of fear (dysregulation) increases the vulnerability for dysfunction in learning and behavior. We explain the interplay between emotion and cognition at the neurological level.
A go/no go task (The Adventures of Fundi), which involves decision making, is administered in a PC- mode to a sample of 66 ADHD subjects. The Adventures of Fundi, a computer program, was constructed to induce successive or simultaneous processing when involving the training of planning and selective attention. It aims to improve the executive function with planning and selective attention. If executive function improves, learning improves, and behavior ameliorates. After intervention over 6 months, remission was achieved in 70% of subjects.
The instructor encourages the use of appropriate strategies and points out the ways in which the strategies can be useful in finding the solution to the problem (go/no go). The emphasis is not on rehearsing and adult instructed verbal sequence. The verbalization may reveal the conscious verbalized strategy to solve a task that is not really the strategy being unconsciously used in that case. A self-verbal report is unreliable. This is an inductive learning rather than deductive rule-learning approach central to cognitive PASS training. This inductive training has proved to produce not only near transfer but also far transfer.
Noncognitive factors (emotional factors) must be considered to maximize the benefit of cognitive training. Indirect and metaphorical communication considers the emotional factor.

This protocol illustrates a remedial therapy based on inductive learning and indirect communication (Ericksonian metaphorical hypnosis) that can be applied to children with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). Particularly, this protocol is intended to test the effectiveness of a go/no-go decision task. Neuroscientific rationale is presented throughout the text.

Die Abenteuer der Fundi-Intervention basierend auf der kognitiven und emotionalen Verarbeitung bei Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktiven Patienten

Many children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) are known to have executive dysfunction, which weakens their abilities to learn and ...

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Learning disabilities (LDs) encompass disorders of those who have difficulty learning and using academic skills, exhibiting performance below expectations for their chronological age in the areas of reading, writing, and/or mathematics. Each of the disorders making up the LDs involve different deficits; however, some commonalities can be found within that heterogeneity, such in terms of learning self-regulation and metacognition. Unlike in early ages and later educational levels, there are hardly any evidence-based evaluation protocols for adults with LDs. LDs influence academic performance but also have serious consequences in professional, social, and family contexts. In response to this, the current work proposes a multimodal evaluation protocol focused on metacognitive, self-regulation of learning, and emotional processes, which make up the basis of the difficulties in adults with LDs. The assessment is carried out through analysis of the on-line learning process using a variety methods, techniques, and sensors (e.g., eye tracking, facial expressions of emotion, physiological responses, concurrent verbalizations, log files, screen recordings of human-machine interactions) and off-line methods (e.g., questionnaires, interviews, and self-report measures). This theoretically-driven and empirically-based guideline aims to provide an accurate assessment of LDs in adulthood in order to design effective prevention and intervention proposals.

The current work proposes a multimodal evaluation protocol focused on metacognitive, self-regulation of learning, and emotional processes, which make up the basis of the difficulties in adults with LDs.

Multimodales Protokoll zur Bewertung der Metakognition und Selbstregulierung bei Erwachsenen mit Lernschwierigkeiten

Learning disabilities (LDs) encompass disorders of those who have difficulty learning and using academic skills, exhibiting performance below expectations ...

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of two branches, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, and controls the function of internal organs (e.g., heart rate, respiration, digestion) and responds to everyday and adverse experiences 1. ANS measures in children have been found to be related to behavior problems, emotion regulation, and health 2-7. Therefore, understanding the factors that affect ANS development during early childhood is important. Both branches of the ANS affect young children&#8217;s cardiovascular responses to stimuli and have been measured noninvasively, via external monitoring equipment, using valid and reliable measures of physiological change 8-11. However, there are few studies of very young children with simultaneous measures of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, which limits understanding of the integrated functioning of the two systems. In addition, the majority of existing studies of young children report on infants&#8217; resting ANS measures or their reactivity to commonly used mother-child interaction paradigms, and less is known about ANS reactivity to other challenging conditions. We present a study design and standardized protocol for a non-invasive and rapid assessment of cardiac autonomic control in 18 month old children. We describe methods for continuous monitoring of the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the ANS under resting and challenge conditions during a home or laboratory visit and provide descriptive findings from our sample of 140 ethnically diverse toddlers using validated equipment and scoring software. Results revealed that this protocol can produce a range of&#160;physiological responses to both resting and developmentally challenging conditions, as indicated by changes in heart rate and indices of parasympathetic and sympathetic activity. Individuals demonstrated&#160;variability in resting levels, responses to challenges, and challenge reactivity, which provides additional evidence that this protocol is useful for the examination of ANS individual differences for toddlers.

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

We describe the methods for continuous monitoring of the autonomic nervous system under resting and challenge conditions with 18 month old children. Results revealed that this protocol can produce meaningful physiological responses in both branches of the autonomic nervous system and elicit significant individual variability in patterns of responses.

Mess Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Aktivität in Kleinkinder - Ruhe- und Entwicklungs Herausforderungen

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of two branches, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, and controls the function of internal ...

Medizin

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) show heightened brain activity in limbic and orbitofrontal regions when confronted with negative emotions, which could be associated with impairments in emotion regulation skills. The ability to regulate emotions is a necessary coping mechanism when facing emotionally distressing situations, and deliberate emotion regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal have been extensively studied in the general population. Despite this, little is known about potential deliberate emotion regulation deficits in OCD patients and the associated neural correlates. Here, we describe a protocol to investigate the neural correlates of deliberate emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in OCD patients in comparison to a matched control sample. This protocol follows current gold standards for neuroimaging studies and includes both task activation and connectivity analysis (as well as behavioral data) to allow a more complete investigation. Therefore, we expect it will contribute to expanding the knowledge of the neural correlates of emotion (dys)regulation in OCD, and it could also be applied to explore emotion regulation deficits in other psychiatric disorders.

We introduce a protocol for exploring the neural correlates of a cognitive emotion regulation task, namely cognitive reappraisal, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol was used in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and healthy controls but can also be used in other clinical samples.

Erforschung der neuronalen Korrelate der kognitiven Neubewertung bei Zwangsstörungen mit Hilfe der aufgabenbasierten funktionellen Magnetresonanztomographie

Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) show heightened brain activity in limbic and orbitofrontal regions when confronted with negative ...

Physiological Correlates of Emotion Recognition

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls the activity of the body's internal organs and regulates changes in their activity depending on the current environment. The vagus nerve, which innervates many of the internal organs, is an important part of the system. When our brain senses danger, vagal tone is inhibited, leading to a set of changes in the body designed to make us more prepared to fight or flee; for example, our heart rate increases, our pupils dilate, and we breath more quickly. Conversely, when the vagal system is activated, these physiological responses are inhibited, leading to a calmer state. The vagus nerve, then, acts as a kind of "brake" on our arousal. One interesting consequence of this calmer state is that it tends to promote social interaction-when we are not tensed and afraid of our immediate environment we are instead receptive to interacting with others. Poor functioning of this regulatory mechanism, therefore, may be associated with difficulties in social behavior.
One index of autonomic regulation is heart rate variability (HRV). HRV is a measure of how much the gap between one beat and the next varies over time. High HRV means there are continual fluctuations in the heart rate over time, a reflection of successful autonomic regulation. Low HRV means there is consistency of the heart rate over time, a condition associated with poor autonomic regulation. 
In this study we will test the hypothesis that increased HRV is associated with more accurate categorization of emotional stimuli.1,2 Following a study by Park et al., we will measure HRV and test its association on a task that measures skill at perceiving facial emotions.3

Correlating Heart Rate Variability with Emotion Recognition

Physiologische Korrelate der Emotionserkennung

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls the ...

Psychophysiologische Bewertung der Wirksamkeit von Emotionsregulationsstrategien im Kindesalter

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