The authors would like to thank Agilent for their technical assistance. Kate Markham and Rafael Palomino are credited for their initial help in the synthesis and purification of the A&#946; peptide and Dr Hsiau-Wei Lee is thanked for his help in preparing Figure 1 of the manuscript.

1. Präparative HPLC-Reinigung des Aβ40 oder Aß42-Peptid <ol><li> Bereiten Sie die folgenden Puffer für die HPLC - Reinigung. <ol><li> Bereiten Puffer A (20 mM NH 4 OH) durch Zugabe von 1,3 ml NH 4 OH (28% ige Lösung) auf 1000 ml Reinstwasser. </li><li> Bereiten Puffer B (80% Acetonitril mit 20 mM NH 4 OH) durch Zugabe von 1,3 ml NH 4 OH (28% ige Lösung) zu einer Lösung von 800 ml HPLC-reines Acetonitril und 200 ml Reinstwasser. </li><li> Präparieren Probenlösungspuffer (0,1% NH 4 OH) durch Zugabe von 100 &amp; mgr; l NH 4 OH (28% ige Lösung) zu 100 ml Reinstwasser. </li></ol></li><li> Setup das HPLC - Gerät wie in Abbildung 1 dargestellt. <ol><li> Bringen Sie die Lösungsmittelflaschen, die A enthalten Puffer und Puffer B zu den Einlässen der HPLC-Pumpe mit Polymerschlauch. Bringen Sie den Polymerschlauch an die HPLC-Pumpe mit einem einteiligen Armatur. Stellen Sie sicher, dass der Polymerschlauch ausjeder Puffer an den richtigen Einlaßventil des Instruments angebracht. Den HPLC-Pumpe mit einem Entgaser. </li><li> Koppeln der HPLC - Pumpe mit dem Einlass der 300 Å 8 um 25 mm х 300 mm präparativen Säule (1B, Spalte ganz links, siehe Materialliste) polymer Schlauch verwendet wird . <ol><li> Bringen Sie den Polymerschlauch zur präparativen Säule mit einem einteiligen Finger eng anliegende. Sicherzustellen, dass die Polymersäule in der richtigen Weise ausgerichtet ist. HINWEIS: Die stationäre Phase der präparativen Säule aus Poly (styrol-divinylbenzol) -Teilchen umfassen. Die korrekte Orientierung der Polymer Säule wird mit einem einzigen Richtungspfeil auf dem äußeren Gehäuse markiert. </li></ol></li><li> Verbinden Sie den Ausgang der Säule mit dem Dual-Wellenlängen-Detektor Polymerschlauch mit und stellen Sie den Wellenlängen-Detektor auf 214 nm und 280 nm. <ol><li> Ändern Sie die Wellenlänge, die durch die Detektionswellenlängenparameter im Setup-Instrument Methode Option der VeränderungEinbau-HPLC-Software. </li></ol></li><li> Bringen Sie den Polymerschlauch mit dem Einlass des Wellenlängendetektor mit einem einteiligen Finger eng anliegende. Befestigen Polymerschlauch mit dem Ausgangsventil des Wellenlängendetektors. Bringen Sie den Polymerschlauch mit dem Auslassventil des HPLC-Detektor mit einem einteiligen Finger eng anliegende. Dies wird die Probensammelschlauch sein. HINWEIS: Das Fehlen eines starken Chromophor auf das Aß-Peptid diktiert, dass 214 nm für die Peaksammlung als primäre ultravioletter (UV) Wellenlängen verwendet werden. </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="Abbildung 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55482/55482fig1.jpg" /> Abbildung 1: Experimenteller Aufbau des HPLC Instrument zur Reinigung der amyloiden beta - Peptiden verwendet. (A) Die Pumpe quartären HPLC , ausgestattet mit einem Entgaser und Detektor mit variabler Wellenlänge auf 214 nm und 280 nm eingestellt; (B) HPLC - Säulen zur Reinigung der Amyloid - beta - Peptide verwendet, vonvon links nach rechts, 25 x 300 mm 2 präparativen Säule, 7,5 x 300 mm 2 semi präparativen Säule und 4,6 x 250 mm 2 analytische Säule; (C) Hand Injektor mit 20 &amp; mgr; l Edelstahl - Injektionsschleife für analytische HPLC verwendet wird ; (D) Manueller Injektor mit 10 ml Edelstahl - Injektionsschleife für die präparative und semi präparative Reinigung verwendet. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55482/55482fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier</a> , um <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55482/55482fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a> <ol start="3"><li> Programmieren der HPLC - Software die Reinigungsverfahren , wie gezeigt in Tabelle 1. Geben Sie den Reinigungsverfahren durch Ändern des Lösungsmittelfahrplanparameter (im Setup - Instrument Verfahren Option eingebaut in die HPLC - Software) ausgeführt werden . Schalten Sie die HPLC - Pumpe durch die &quot;on&quot; Taste auf der HPLC - Software klicken. HINWEIS: Die Pumpe Ausgangsverhältnis von Puffer A Versorgung beginnt und Puffer B durch die preparative Säule und die HPLC-Instrument. <ol><li> Verlassen das System für 30 min vollständig äquilibrieren. </li></ol></li></ol><table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody><tr><td> Zeit / min </td><td> % Puffer A a </td><td> % Puffer B b </td><td> Durchflussrate d / mL min -1 </td></tr><tr><td> 0 </td><td> 80 </td><td> 20 </td><td> 6 </td></tr><tr><td> 45 </td><td> 75.5 </td><td> 24.5 </td><td> 6 </td></tr><tr><td> 45,01 </td><td> 80 </td><td> 20 </td><td> 6 </td></tr><tr><td> 52,01 </td><td> 80 </td><td> 20 </td><td> 6 </td></tr><tr><td> 52,02 </td><td> 73 </td><td> 27 </td><td> 6 </td></tr><tr><td> 85 </td><td> 73 </td><td> 27 </td><td> 6 </td></tr><tr><td> 92 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 95 c </td><td> 6 </td></tr></tbody></table> &lt;strong&gt; Tabelle 1: Zeitplan für die Reinigung der Aß42 und Aβ40 Peptide, die die Säule 25 × 300 mm Polymer verwendet wird. einen Puffer A - H 2 O mit 20 mM NH 4 OH; b 80% MeCN / 20% H 2 O mit 20 mM NH 4 OH; c lief für 15 min , um die Säule vor der nächsten Injektion von Probe zu waschen; d Um eine Strömungsgeschwindigkeit von 6 ml / min auf die HPLC - Instrumentierung zu laufen, muss die Druckgrenze auf 200 bar reduziert werden. <ol start="4"><li> Reinigung des Aß - Peptidprobe Anmerkung: Das Rohpeptid durch automatisierte Festphasen-Peptidsynthese erhalten wurde. 10 <ol><li> Man löst 3 mg rohes Aß Peptid in 4 ml der Probenlösungspuffer. Beschallen die Probe für 30-60 s bei Raumtemperatur und bei einer Frequenz von 40 kHz Auflösung zu unterstützen. </li><li> Injizieren Sie die gesamte Probe auf die HPLC-Säule eine 5 ml Plastikspritze mit einer 16-Gauge ausgestattet mitNadel aus rostfreiem Stahl. Führen Sie das Reinigungsverfahren wie in Teilschritt 1.3 skizziert. HINWEIS: Das System ermöglicht eine Probeninjektion durch den Einsatz einer manuellen Injektor mit einer 10 ml Edelstahl - Injektionsschleife (1D) angebracht erfolgen. Die gewünschte Aß - Peptid eluieren zwischen 72 und 74 min als scharfe gelöst Peak (2C). </li><li> Sammeln der Probe in einem 50 ml konischen Zentrifugenröhrchen. Bestätigen Sie die Identität des Aß-Spitze durch direkte Injektion Massenspektrometrie des gesammelten Eluenten. 11 Bewahren Sie das Eluens für bis zu 12 Stunden bei -20 ° C. HINWEIS: Die Lagerung der Lösung für einen Zeitraum länger als 12 h nicht aufgrund zur Oxidation des Peptids auf das Potential empfohlen. </li><li> Isolieren Sie das gereinigte Peptid durch Flash Einfrieren des gesammelten aliquoten / Aliquots des Aß-Peptid in flüssigem Stickstoff und lyophilisieren. Führen Lyophilisation durch Gefriertrocknung der Probe bei einer Temperatur von -60 ° C und einem pressicher von 20 mTorr für einen Zeitraum von 24 h. </li><li> Führen Sie die analytische HPLC-Protokolls, wie unten beschrieben, die Reinheit des Aß-Peptids zu bestimmen. Store-Peptide in ihrer lyophilisierten Form bei -20 ° C für einen Zeitraum von bis zu 6 Monaten. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Analytische HPLC-Analyse des gereinigten Aß-Protein <ol><li> Bereiten Sie die HPLC-Puffer, wie in Unterabschnitt 1.1 beschrieben. des obigen Protokolls. </li><li> Setup die analytische HPLC gemäß Schritt 1.2.1 und wie in Figur 1 mit dem 4,6 × 250 mm analytische Säule (1B, Spalte ganz rechts) und dem manuellen Injektor mit 20 &amp; mgr; l Edelstahl - Injektionsschleife dargestellt (Abbildung 1C) ausgerüstet der Instrument. </li><li> Programmieren der HPLC - Software die analytischen Verfahren , wie in Tabelle 2 gezeigt folgenden Anweisungen ähnlich zu denen in Schritt 1.3 ausgeführt werden . </li></ol><table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody><tr><td> Zeit /min </td><td> % Puffer A a </td><td> % Puffer B b </td><td> Durchflussrate / ml min -1 </td></tr><tr><td> 0 </td><td> 95 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 1 </td></tr><tr><td> 30 </td><td> 50 </td><td> 50 </td><td> 1 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabelle 2: Zeitplan für die HPLC - Reinheitsanalyse des Aß - Peptid. einen Puffer A - H 2 O mit 20 mM NH 4 OH; b 80% MeCN / 20% H 2 O mit 20 mM NH 4 OH. <ol start="4"><li> Reinheitsanalyse des Aß - Peptids <ol><li> Bereiten einer 1 mg / ml-Lösung des gereinigten Peptids durch Auflösen des Peptides in der Probenpufferlösung. HINWEIS: Die Puffer Rezept kann in Unterabschnitt 1.1. Proteinkonzentration wird durch Messung der Protein - Absorption bei 280 nm (A 280 nm) bestimmt. 12 Die m<html> olar Extinktionskoeffizienten (ε) verwendet Konzentration zu bestimmen ist ε = 1.490 dm 3 mol -1 cm -1. 13 </li><li> Injizieren Sie 20 ul der 1 mg / ml (222 &amp; mgr; M) Lösung auf die HPLC-Säule und führen Sie die analytische Methode, die Einrichtung in 2,3 Schritt war. HINWEIS: Die verbleibende Lösung nicht für die Analyse verwendet werden, können in flüssigem Stickstoff eingefroren und lyophilisiert, um das Aß-Peptid zu gewinnen. Die Gefriertrocknung Details können in Unterabschnitt 1.4.4 zu finden. Die Aß - Peptid werden aus der analytischen Säule zwischen 16 und 18 min (2D) eluieren. Verwenden Sie die integrierte Integrationsanalyse-Software, die die HPLC-Instrument begleitet die Reinheit des Aß-Peptids zu bestimmen. Die Reinheit wird durch die Integration von jedem der einzelnen Peaks im Spektrum bestimmt und Berechnen Peptid-peak Prozentbereich. Typischerweise sollte eine Reinigung von&gt; 95% festgestellt werden. </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="&lt;/ Html">&quot;2&quot; src = &quot;/ files / ftp_upload / 55482 / 55482fig2.jpg&quot; /&gt; Abbildung 2: Repräsentative HPLC Spuren von Aß42. (A) Traditionelle C 4 Silika Reinigung Bedingungen: Puffer A: H 2 O mit 0,1% Trifluoressigsäure (TFA), Puffer B: MeCN (Acetonitril) mit 0,1% TFA, Gradient: 20 bis 27% Puffer B über 40 min , gefolgt durch isokratische 27% Puffer B; (B) Die präparative Reinigung der 25 x 300 mm 2 Polymer Spalte, Bedingungen: Puffer A: H 2 O mit 20 mM NH 4 OH, Puffer B: 80% MeCN / 20% H 2 O mit 20 mM NH 4 OH, Gradient : 20 bis 27% Puffer B über 70 min durch isokratische 27% Puffer B; (C) Optimierte präparative Reinigung der 25 x 300 mm 2 Polymer Spalte werden die Bedingungen in Tabelle 1 beschrieben , befindet sich in Unterabschnitt 1.3 des Protokolls Beschreibungstext; (D) unter Verwendung Analytische HPLC die 4,6 x 250 mm 2 Polymer - Säule, Ltgitions: Puffer A: H 2 O mit 20 mM NH 4 OH, Puffer B: 80% MeCN / 20% H 2 O mit 20 mM NH 4 OH, Gradienten-5 bis 50% Puffer B über 30 min. Für Teile A, B und C der Spitze-Aß42 entspricht, wird durch ein Sternchen gekennzeichnet. Sammlung des markierten Aß42 peak in Teil C mit einer Reinheit von&gt; 95% ergibt, wie in Teil D. Massenspektrometrie gezeigt wurde verwendet, um die Identität des Aß42 Peak zu bestimmen. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55482/55482fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier</a> , um <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55482/55482fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a>

<ol><li>Querfurth, H. W., LaFerla, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20107219">Alzheimer's Disease.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 362 (4), 329-344 (2010).</li>
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<li>Zagorski, M. G., Yang, J., Shao, H., Ma, K., Zeng, H., Hong, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Methodological+and+Chemical+Factors+Affecting+Amyloid+%CE%B2+Peptide+Amyloidogenicity%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Methods+Enzymol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Methodological and Chemical Factors Affecting Amyloid β Peptide Amyloidogenicity.</a> Methods Enzymol. 309, 189-204 (1999).</li>
<li>Kim, W., Hecht, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2346586/">Mutations Enhance the Aggregation Propensity of the Alzheimer's Aβ Peptide.</a> J Mol Bio. 377 (2), 565-574 (2008).</li>
<li>Fezoui, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((An+improved+method+of+preparing+the+amyloid+beta-protein+for+fibrillogenesis+and+neurotoxicity+experiments%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Amyloid%22%5BJournal%5D)">An improved method of preparing the amyloid beta-protein for fibrillogenesis and neurotoxicity experiments.</a> Amyloid. 7 (3), 166-178 (2000).</li>
<li>Zhelev, N. Z., Barratt, M. J., Mahadevan, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Use+of+reversed-phase+high-performance+liquid+chromatography+on+polystyrene-divinylbenzene+columns+for+the+rapid+separation+and+purification+of+acid-soluble+nuclear+proteins%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Chromatogr+A%22%5BJournal%5D)">Use of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on polystyrene-divinylbenzene columns for the rapid separation and purification of acid-soluble nuclear proteins.</a> J Chromatogr A. 763 (1-2), 65-70 (1997).</li>
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<li>Layne, E. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279960568_Spectrophotometric_and_Turbidimetric_Methods_for_Measuring_Proteins">Spectrophotometric and turbidimetric methods for measuring proteins.</a> Met. Enzymology. 3, 447-455 (1957).</li>
<li>Ioannou, J. C., Donald, A. M., Tromp, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268005X1400469X">Characterizing the secondary structure changes occurring in high density systems of BLG dissolved in aqueous pH 3 buffer.</a> Food Hydro. 46, 216-225 (2015).</li>
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</ol>

Die Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren.

The HPLC purification of the A&#946; peptide is highly dependent upon the choice of both the stationary phase employed in the purification and the mobile phase chosen to elute the peptide. The low isoelectric point of the peptide and high propensity for aggregation render traditional chromatographic conditions for the separation of hydrophobic proteins (C4 or C8 stationary phase coupled with an acidic mobile eluent) challenging, with the A&#946; peptide eluting as a prolonged broad, non-resolved peak (Figure 2A</...

Alzheimer-Krankheit ist eine neurodegenerative Erkrankung, die Auswirkungen über 35 Millionen Menschen weltweit. 1 stark bei der Entstehung und Entwicklung der Krankheit in Verbindung gebracht, ist die hoch Aggregation neigen, hydrophoben Peptid Amyloid beta (Aß). 2 Aß im Bereich von 36 bis 43 Aminosäuren in der Länge, aber es wird angenommen , daß die 42-Aminosäurevariante Amyloid beta 42 (Aß42), ist die toxische Form des Proteins. 3 Dies ist zum größten Teil auf die Fähigkeit von Aß42 zu leicht diffusionsfähig, oligomere Spezies bilden , die vermutlich besonders neurotoxischen Einheiten sein. 4 Um unser Verständnis des Aß - Peptid zu fördern, ist es wichtig , regelmäßig zu hochreinem Material zu erhalten. Das Vorhandensein von Spurenverunreinigungen hat sich gezeigt, dramatisch die Aggregationsneigung Eigenschaften des Peptids zu verändern. 5 Trüher, wurde durch die Verwendung einer Kombination von C 4 oder C 8 Siliciumdioxid basierenden stationären Phasen und einer sauren mobilen Phase die Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie (HPLC) -Trennung von hydrophoben Peptiden , wie beispielsweise Aß getan. 6 Jedoch können solche Bedingungen eine Herausforderung für die Reinigung des Peptids darstellen. Der niedrige isoelektrische Punkt des Aß - Peptid (pI ungefähr 5,5) , 7 bedeutet , daß unter sauren Bedingungen, Peptidaggregation erhöht wird und als Ergebnis breite, nicht aufgelöste HPLC - Peaks , die oft schwierig zu isolieren sind (2A) hergestellt. Ferner können solche breite Peaks enthalten oft Verunreinigungen, die die Aggregationsprofil des Peptids beeinflussen können, und erfordern häufig nachfolgenden Runden der Reinigung, die die Menge an Peptid dramatisch beeinflussen können hergestellt werden. Die Poly (Styrol / Divinylbenzol) stationäre Phase, PLRP-S stellt ein alternatives Mittel zur purifying hydrophobe Peptide. Die stationäre Phase wurde bei der Reinigung von einer Reihe von verschiedenen Proteinen und messenger-Ribonukleinsäuren (mRNA) eingesetzt werden. 8, 9 Die PLRP-S stationäre Phase erfordert keine zusätzliche Alkylliganden für Umkehrphasentrennung, und was noch wichtiger ist , bei hohen pH chemisch stabil, die Desaggregation des Peptids führt. 7 Hier berichten wir über eine maßgeschneiderte HPLC - Reinigung - Protokoll , das hochreine Beta - Amyloid-42 (Aß42) und Beta - Amyloid-40 (Aβ40) Peptide ergibt.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Agilent 1260 Infinity II quarternary pump</td><td>Agilent</td><td>G7111B</td><td>http://www.agilent.com/en-us/products/liquid-chromatography/lc-pumps-vacuum-degassers/1260-infinity-ii-quaternary-pump</td></tr><tr><td>Agilent 1260 Infinity II Dual variable wavelength detector</td><td>Agilent</td><td>G7114A</td><td>http://www.agilent.com/en-us/products/liquid-chromatography/lc-detectors/1260-infinity-ii-variable-wavelength-detector</td></tr><tr><td>Agilent 1260 Infinity II Manual Injector fitted with 10 mL stainless steel sample loop</td><td>Agilent</td><td>0101-1232</td><td>http://www.agilent.com/en-us/products/liquid-chromatography/lc-injection-systems/1260-infinity-ii-manual-injector</td></tr><tr><td>Agilent 1260 Infinity II Manual Injector fitted with 20 &amp;micro;L stainless steel sample loop</td><td>Agilent</td><td>G1328C</td><td>http://www.agilent.com/en-us/products/liquid-chromatography/lc-injection-systems/1260-infinity-ii-manual-injector</td></tr><tr><td>Ring Stand Mounting Bracket</td><td>Agilent</td><td>1400-3166</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agilent PLRP-S 300 &amp;Aring; 5&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m 4.6 x 250 mm (Analytical)</td><td>Agilent</td><td>PL1512-5501</td><td>http://www.agilent.com/en-us/products/liquid-chromatography/lc-columns/biomolecule-separations/plrp-s-for-biomolecules#features</td></tr><tr><td>A&amp;beta;42 or A&amp;beta;40 peptide</td><td></td><td></td><td>Synthesized in-house using a CEM liberty automated peptide synthesizer.</td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium Hydroxide (NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;OH, 28% solution)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A669-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetonitrile</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A998-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HPLC grade water</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>W5-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Falcon 50 mL conical centrifuge tube</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>14-954-49A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Supelco PEEK Fitting One-piece fingertight, pkg of 5 ea</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>Z227250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Normject 5&amp;nbsp;cc sterile syringe</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>1481729</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16 Gauge SS Needle</td><td>Rheodyne</td><td>3725-086</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a tailored hplc purification protocol that yields high-purity amyloid beta 42 and amyloid beta 40 peptides, capable of oligomer formation

Amyloidogenic peptides such as the Alzheimer's disease-implicated Amyloid beta (A&#946;), can present a significant challenge when trying to obtain high purity material. Here we present a tailored HPLC purification protocol to produce high-purity amyloid beta 42 (A&#946;42) and amyloid beta 40 (A&#946;40) peptides. We have found that the combination of commercially available hydrophobic poly(styrene/divinylbenzene) stationary phase, polymer laboratory reverse phase - styrenedivinylbenzene (PLRP-S) under high pH conditions, enables the attainment of high purity (&gt;95%) A&#946;42 in a single chromatographic run. The purification is highly reproducible and can be amended to both semi-preparative and analytical conditions depending upon the amount of material wished to be purified. The protocol can also be applied to the A&#946;40 peptide with identical success and without the need to alter the method.

Die Reinigung des Aß42 Peptid , das eine Kombination aus der PLRP-S stationäre Phase und ein hoher pH - Wert der mobilen Phase führt zur Bildung eines scharfen, aufgelöst Peak für das Aß - Peptid bei einer Retentionszeit zwischen 72 und 74 min (2C) verwendet wird . Bestätigung der Identität der Peaks wird durch direkte Injektion Massenspektrometrie des gesammelten Eluenten erfolgen. Der Eluent kann für bis zu 12 h bei -20 ° C in Lösung gelagert werden. Länger...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Tailored HPLC Purification Protocol That Yields High-purity Amyloid Beta 42 and Amyloid Beta 40 Peptides, Capable of Oligomer Formation at JoVE.com

A Tailored HPLC Purification Protocol That Yields High-purity Amyloid Beta 42 and Amyloid Beta 40 Peptides, Capable of Oligomer Formation

Wir berichten hier über eine HPLC-Reinigung Protokoll zugeschnitten, die hochreine Beta-Amyloid-42 (Aß42) und Beta-Amyloid-40 (Aβ40) Peptide, der fähig Oligomerbildung ergibt. Amyloid beta ist ein hoch Aggregation neigen, hydrophoben Peptid in Alzheimer-Krankheit in Verbindung gebracht. Die amyloidogenen Natur des Peptids macht seine Reinigung eine Herausforderung.

Ein Tailored HPLC Reinigungsprotokoll, dass die Renditen hochreine Amyloid Beta 42 und Amyloid Beta 40 Peptides, Fähig zur Oligomerbildung

Amyloidogenic peptides such as the Alzheimer's disease-implicated Amyloid beta (A&#946;), can present a significant challenge when trying to obtain high ...

a-tailored-hplc-purification-protocol-that-yields-high-purity-amyloid

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

11.9K Aufrufe.  University of California, Santa Cruz.  Wir berichten hier über eine HPLC-Reinigung Protokoll zugeschnitten, die hochreine Beta-Amyloid-42 (Aß42) und Beta-Amyloid-40 (Aβ40) Peptide, der fähig Oligomerbildung ergibt. Amyloid beta ist ein hoch Aggregation neigen, hydrophoben Peptid in Alzheimer-Krankheit in Verbindung gebracht. Die amyloidogenen Natur des Peptids macht seine Reinigung eine Herausforderung. 

Serie: A Tailored HPLC Purification Protocol That Yields High-purity Amyloid Beta 42 and Amyloid Beta 40 Peptides, Capable of Oligomer Formation

Preparation of Oligomeric &beta;-amyloid1-42 and Induction of Synaptic Plasticity Impairment on Hippocampal Slices

Impairment of synaptic connections is likely to underlie the subtle amnesic changes occurring at the early stages of Alzheimer s Disease (AD). &beta;-amyloid (A&beta;), a peptide produced in high amounts in AD, is known to reduce Long-Term Potentiation (LTP), a cellular correlate of learning and memory. Indeed, LTP impairment caused by A&beta; is a useful experimental paradigm for studying synaptic dysfunctions in AD models and for screening drugs capable of mitigating or reverting such synaptic impairments. Studies have shown that A&beta; produces the LTP disruption preferentially via its oligomeric form. Here we provide a detailed protocol for impairing LTP by perfusion of oligomerized synthetic A&beta;1-42 peptide onto acute hippocampal slices. In this video, we outline a step-by-step procedure for the preparation of oligomeric A&beta;1-42. Then, we follow an individual experiment in which LTP is reduced in hippocampal slices exposed to oligomerized A&beta;1-42 compared to slices in a control experiment where no A&beta;1-42 exposure had occurred.

Preparation of Oligomeric &#946;-amyloid1-42 and Induction of Synaptic Plasticity Impairment on Hippocampal Slices

One feature of Alzheimer's Disease is the elevation of A&beta;1-42 peptide. Here we provide a protocol for preparing synthetic A&beta;1-42 oligomers, which impairs hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation, a cellular correlate of memory. This procedure is useful for investigating mechanisms of A&beta;-induced pathology and drug screening.

Herstellung von oligomeren β-Amyloid 1-42 Und Induktion der synaptischen Plastizität Impairment auf Schnitten des Hippocampus

Impairment of synaptic connections is likely to underlie the subtle amnesic changes occurring at the early stages of Alzheimer s Disease (AD). ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

Selection of Aptamers for Amyloid &beta;-Protein, the Causative Agent of Alzheimer&#39;s Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, age-dependent, neurodegenerative disorder with an insidious course that renders its presymptomatic diagnosis difficult1. Definite AD diagnosis is achieved only postmortem, thus establishing presymptomatic, early diagnosis of AD is crucial for developing and administering effective therapies2,3.
Amyloid &beta;-protein (A&beta;) is central to AD pathogenesis. Soluble, oligomeric A&beta; assemblies are believed to affect neurotoxicity underlying synaptic dysfunction and neuron loss in AD4,5. Various forms of soluble A&beta; assemblies have been described, however, their interrelationships and relevance to AD etiology and pathogenesis are complex and not well understood6. Specific molecular recognition tools may unravel the relationships amongst A&beta; assemblies and facilitate detection and characterization of these assemblies early in the disease course before symptoms emerge. Molecular recognition commonly relies on antibodies. However, an alternative class of molecular recognition tools, aptamers, offers important advantages relative to antibodies7,8. Aptamers are oligonucleotides generated by in-vitro selection: systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX)9,10. SELEX is an iterative process that, similar to Darwinian evolution, allows selection, amplification, enrichment, and perpetuation of a property, e.g., avid, specific, ligand binding (aptamers) or catalytic activity (ribozymes and DNAzymes).
Despite emergence of aptamers as tools in modern biotechnology and medicine11, they have been underutilized in the amyloid field. Few RNA or ssDNA aptamers have been selected against various forms of prion proteins (PrP)12-16. An RNA aptamer generated against recombinant bovine PrP was shown to recognize bovine PrP-&beta;17, a soluble, oligomeric, &beta;-sheet-rich conformational variant of full-length PrP that forms amyloid fibrils18. Aptamers generated using monomeric and several forms of fibrillar &beta;2-microglobulin (&beta;2m) were found to bind fibrils of certain other amyloidogenic proteins besides &beta;2m fibrils19. Ylera et al. described RNA aptamers selected against immobilized monomeric A&beta;4020. Unexpectedly, these aptamers bound fibrillar A&beta;40. Altogether, these data raise several important questions. Why did aptamers selected against monomeric proteins recognize their polymeric forms? Could aptamers against monomeric and/or oligomeric forms of amyloidogenic proteins be obtained? To address these questions, we attempted to select aptamers for covalently-stabilized oligomeric A&beta;4021 generated using photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins (PICUP)22,23. Similar to previous findings17,19,20, these aptamers reacted with fibrils of A&beta; and several other amyloidogenic proteins likely recognizing a potentially common amyloid structural aptatope21. Here, we present the SELEX methodology used in production of these aptamers21.

Selection of Aptamers for Amyloid &#946;-Protein, the Causative Agent of Alzheimer's Disease

Aptamers are short ribo-/deoxyribo-oligonucleotides selected by in-vitro evolution methods based on affinity for a specific target. Aptamers are molecular recognition tools with versatile therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications. We demonstrate methods for selection of aptamers for amyloid &beta;-protein, the causative agent of Alzheimer's disease.

Selektion von Aptameren für Amyloid β-Protein, dem Erreger der Alzheimer-Krankheit

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, age-dependent, neurodegenerative disorder with an insidious course that renders its presymptomatic diagnosis ...

A11-positive &#946;-amyloid Oligomer Preparation and Assessment Using Dot Blotting Analysis

&#946;-amyloid (A&#946;) is a hydrophobic peptide with an intrinsic tendency to self-assemble into aggregates. Among various aggregates, A&#946; oligomer is widely accepted as the leading neurotoxin in the progress of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) and is considered to be the crucial event in the pathogenesis of AD. Therefore, A&#946; oligomer inhibitors might prevent neurodegeneration and have the potential to be developed as disease-modifying treatments of AD. However, different formation protocols of A&#946; oligomer might lead to oligomers with different characteristics. Moreover, there are not many methods to effectively screen A&#946;1-42 oligomer inhibitors. An A11 antibody can react with a subset of toxic A&#946;1-42 oligomer with anti-parallel &#946;-sheet structures. In this protocol, we describe how to prepare an A11-positive A&#946;1-42 oligomer-rich sample from a synthetic A&#946;1-42 peptide in vitro and to evaluate relative amounts of A11-positive A&#946;1-42 oligomer in samples by a dot blotting analysis using A11 and A&#946;1-42-specific 6E10 antibodies. Using this protocol, inhibitors of A11-positive A&#946;1-42 oligomer can also be screened from semi-quantitative experimental results.

This protocol describes how to prepare A&#946; oligomers from a synthetic peptide in vitro and to evaluate relative amounts of A&#946; oligomer by a dot blotting analysis.

A11-positiver β-Amyloid Oligomer Vorbereitung und Bewertung mit Dot-Blot-Analyse

&#946;-amyloid (A&#946;) is a hydrophobic peptide with an intrinsic tendency to self-assemble into aggregates. Among various aggregates, A&#946; oligomer ...

Biochemie

Purification and Aggregation of the Amyloid Precursor Protein Intracellular Domain

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a type I transmembrane protein associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP is characterized by a large extracellular domain and a short cytosolic domain termed the APP intracellular domain (AICD). During maturation through the secretory pathway, APP can be cleaved by proteases termed &alpha;, &beta;, and &gamma;-secretases1. Sequential proteolytic cleavage of APP with &beta; and &gamma;-secretases leads to the production of a small proteolytic peptide, termed A&beta;, which is amyloidogenic and the core constituent of senile plaques. The AICD is also liberated from the membrane after secretase processing, and through interactions with Fe65 and Tip60, can translocate to the nucleus to participate in transcription regulation of multiple target genes2,3. Protein-protein interactions involving the AICD may affect trafficking, processing, and cellular functions of holo-APP and its C-terminal fragments. We have recently shown that AICD can aggregate in vitro, and this process is inhibited by the AD-implicated molecular chaperone ubiquilin-14. Consistent with these findings, the AICD has exposed hydrophobic domains and is intrinsically disordered in vitro5,6, however it obtains stable secondary structure when bound to Fe657. We have proposed that ubiquilin-1 prevents inappropriate inter- and intramolecular interactions of AICD, preventing aggregation in vitro and in intact cells4. While most studies focus on the role of APP in the pathogenesis of AD, the role of AICD in this process is not clear. Expression of AICD has been shown to induce apoptosis8, to modulate signaling pathways9, and to regulate calcium signaling10. Over-expression of AICD and Fe65 in a transgenic mouse model induces Alzheimer's like pathology11, and recently AICD has been detected in brain lysates by western blotting when using appropriate antigen retrieval techniques12. To facilitate structural, biochemical, and biophysical studies of the AICD, we have developed a procedure to produce recombinantly large amounts of highly pure AICD protein. We further describe a method for inducing the in vitro thermal aggregation of AICD and analysis by atomic force microscopy. The methods described are useful for biochemical, biophysical, and structural characterization of the AICD and the effects of molecular chaperones on AICD aggregation.

A method for large-scale purification of the APP intracellular domain (AICD) is described. We also describe methodology to induce in vitro AICD aggregation and visualization by atomic force microscopy. The methods described are useful for biochemical/structural characterization of the AICD and the effects of molecular chaperones on its aggregation.

Reinigung und Aggregation des Amyloid Precursor Protein intrazelluläre Domäne

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a type I transmembrane protein associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP is characterized by a ...

Medizin

Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2-Dithiolane Modified Self-Assembling Peptides

This report focuses on the synthesis of an N-terminus 1,2-dithiolane modified self-assembling peptide and the characterization of the resulting self-assembled supramolecular structures. The synthetic route takes advantage of solid-phase peptide synthesis with the on-resin coupling of the dithiolane precursor molecule, 3-(acetylthio)-2-(acetylthiomethyl)propanoic acid, and the microwave-assisted thioacetate deprotection of the peptide N-terminus before final cleavage from the resin to yield the 1,2-dithiolane modified peptide. After the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification of the 1,2-dithiolane peptide, derived from the nucleating core of the A&#946; peptide associated with Alzheimer&#39;s disease, the peptide is shown to self-assemble into cross-&#946; amyloid fibers. Protocols to characterize the amyloid fibers by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are presented. The methods of N-terminal modification with a 1,2-dithiolane moiety to well-characterized self-assembling peptides can now be explored as model systems to develop post-assembly modification strategies and explore dynamic covalent chemistry on supramolecular peptide nanofiber surfaces.

A protocol for the synthesis of a 1,2-dithiolane modified peptide and the characterization of the supramolecular structures resulting from the peptide self-assembly.

Synthese und Charakterisierung von 1,2-Dithiolane geändert selbstorganisierende Peptide

This report focuses on the synthesis of an N-terminus 1,2-dithiolane modified self-assembling peptide and the characterization of the resulting ...

Chemie

Modeling Amyloid-&#946;42 Toxicity and Neurodegeneration in Adult Zebrafish Brain

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease in which accumulation of toxic amyloid-&#946;42 (A&#946;42) peptides leads to synaptic degeneration, inflammation, neuronal death, and learning deficits. Humans cannot regenerate lost neurons in the case of AD in part due to impaired proliferative capacity of the neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) and reduced neurogenesis. Therefore, efficient regenerative therapies should also enhance the proliferation and neurogenic capacity of NSPCs. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a regenerative organism, and we can learn the basic molecular programs with which we could design therapeutic approaches to tackle AD. For this reason, the generation of an AD-like model in zebrafish was necessary. Using our methodology, we can introduce synthetic derivatives of A&#946;42 peptide with tissue penetrating capability into the adult zebrafish brain, and analyze the disease pathology and the regenerative response. The advantage over the existing methods or animal models is that zebrafish can teach us how a vertebrate brain can naturally regenerate, and thus help us to treat human neurodegenerative diseases better by targeting endogenous NSPCs. Therefore, the amyloid-toxicity model established in the adult zebrafish brain may open new avenues for research in the field of neuroscience and clinical medicine. Additionally, the simple execution of this method allows for cost-effective and efficient experimental assessment. This manuscript describes the synthesis and injection of A&#946;42 peptides into zebrafish brain.

This protocol describes the synthesis, characterization, and injection of monomeric amyloid-&#946;42 peptides for generating amyloid toxicity in adult zebrafish to establish an Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, followed by histological analyses and detection of aggregations.

Modellierung von Amyloid-β42 Toxizität und Neurodegeneration bei Erwachsenen Zebrafisch-Gehirn

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease in which accumulation of toxic amyloid-&#946;42 (A&#946;42) peptides leads to ...

Characterization of pH-Dependent Reversible Self-Assembly of Amyloid Beta 1-40-Coated Gold Colloids

The characterization of A&#946;1-40 coated over the nano-gold colloidal particle surfaces was conducted using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The observed pH-dependent shift of the SPR band of A&#946;1-40-coated 20 nm gold particles was correlated with alternation of aggregation and disaggregation observed in the TEM images. A pH of ~4&#160;induced an unfolded conformation, and a pH of ~10&#160;induced a folded conformation of A&#946;1-40 on the gold surface. This reversible aggregation process was observed by Raman imaging as the pH was gradually changed from pH 4 to pH 10. We observed a pH-dependent morphology change in A&#946;1-40 on the gold surface, where clear aggregates were observed at pH 4. However, we observed very subtle differences in the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) spectrum between pH 4 and pH 10 conditions, with the most striking difference being spectral density in the region of 250 cm-1 and 1750 cm-1. Specifically, the mode analysis of the reversible aggregation indicated that the aggregates were formed by the unfolded conformation of A&#946;1-40 which involved the benzene ring section of Tyrosine and Phenylalanine. Conversely, the disassembly of the aggregates was associated with conformational changes in protein folding of A&#946;1-40 involving Histidine, Glutamine, Methionine, and Aspartic acid.

Here, we present a systematic method describing the quasi-reversible self-assembly of the amyloid beta 1-40 (A&#946;1-40)-coated 20 nm gold aggregates. The nano-size-dependent quasi-reversible networking between peptides was correlated with specific amino acids or sections of the A&#946;1-40 monomer.

Charakterisierung der pH-abhängigen reversiblen Selbstorganisation von Amyloid-beta-1-40-beschichteten Goldkolloiden

The characterization of A&#946;1-40 coated over the nano-gold colloidal particle surfaces was conducted using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy ...

Rapid Generation of Amyloid from Native Proteins In vitro

Proteins carry out crucial tasks in organisms by exerting functions elicited from their specific three dimensional folds. Although the native structures of polypeptides fulfill many purposes, it is now recognized that most proteins can adopt an alternative assembly of beta-sheet rich amyloid. Insoluble amyloid fibrils are initially associated with multiple human ailments, but they are increasingly shown as functional players participating in various important cellular processes. In addition, amyloid deposited in patient tissues contains nonproteinaceous components, such as nucleic acids and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). These cofactors can facilitate the formation of amyloid, resulting in the generation of different types of insoluble precipitates. By taking advantage of our understanding how proteins misfold via an intermediate stage of soluble amyloid precursor, we have devised a method to convert native proteins to amyloid fibrils in vitro. This approach allows one to prepare amyloid in large quantities, examine the properties of amyloid generated from specific proteins, and evaluate the structural changes accompanying the conversion.

Rapid Generation of Amyloid from Native Proteins In vitro

Proteins can either adopt a native structure or misfold into insoluble amyloid. Conditions that favor the misfolding pathway lead to the formation of different types of amyloid fibrils. The methods described here allow rapid conversion of native proteins into amyloid in vitro.

Proteins carry out crucial tasks in organisms by exerting functions elicited from their specific three dimensional folds. Although the native structures ...

Biologie

Biochemical Purification and Proteomic Characterization of Amyloid Fibril Cores from the Brain

Proteinaceous fibrillar inclusions are key pathological hallmarks of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. In the early stages of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), amyloid-beta peptides form protofibrils in the extracellular space, which act as seeds that gradually grow and mature into large amyloid plaques. Despite this basic understanding, current knowledge of the amyloid fibril structure, composition, and deposition patterns in the brain is limited. One major barrier has been the inability to isolate highly purified amyloid fibrils from brain extracts. Affinity purification and laser capture microdissection-based approaches have been previously used to isolate amyloids but are limited by the small quantity of material that can be recovered. This novel, robust protocol describes the biochemical purification of amyloid plaque cores using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solubilization with sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and ultrasonication and yields highly pure fibrils from AD patients and AD model brain tissues. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based bottom-up proteomic analysis of the purified material represents a robust strategy to identify nearly all the primary protein components of amyloid fibrils. Previous proteomic studies of proteins in the amyloid coronae have revealed an unexpectedly large and functionally diverse collection of proteins. Notably, after refining the purification strategy, the number of co-purifying proteins was reduced by more than 10-fold, indicating the high purity of the isolated SDS insoluble material. Negative staining and immuno-gold electron microscopy allowed confirmation of the purity of these preparations. Further studies are required to understand the spatial and biological attributes that contribute to the deposition of these proteins into amyloid inclusions. Taken together, this analytical strategy is well-positioned to increase the understanding of amyloid biology.

This biochemical purification method with mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis facilitates the robust characterization of amyloid fibril cores, which may accelerate the identification of targets for preventing Alzheimer's disease.

Biochemische Reinigung und proteomische Charakterisierung von Amyloid-Fibrillenkernen aus dem Gehirn

Proteinaceous fibrillar inclusions are key pathological hallmarks of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. In the early stages of Alzheimer&#39;s disease ...

Establishing an Alzheimer&#39;s Disease Model in Zebrafish Brain Through Amyloid Peptide Injection

Bhattarai, P., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/56014">Modeling Amyloid-&#946;42 Toxicity and Neurodegeneration in Adult Zebrafish Brain.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video demonstrates the procedure of injecting monomeric amyloid peptides into the forebrain of adult zebrafish to generate amyloid toxicity, mimicking the neuronal damage seen in Alzheimer&#39;s disease

Ein Tailored HPLC Reinigungsprotokoll, dass die Renditen hochreine Amyloid Beta 42 und Amyloid Beta 40 Peptides, Fähig zur Oligomerbildung

Zusammenfassung

Weitere Videos entdecken

Herstellung von oligomeren β-Amyloid_1-42 Und Induktion der synaptischen Plastizität Impairment auf Schnitten des Hippocampus

Selektion von Aptameren für Amyloid β-Protein, dem Erreger der Alzheimer-Krankheit

A11-positiver β-Amyloid Oligomer Vorbereitung und Bewertung mit Dot-Blot-Analyse

Reinigung und Aggregation des Amyloid Precursor Protein intrazelluläre Domäne

Synthese und Charakterisierung von 1,2-Dithiolane geändert selbstorganisierende Peptide

Modellierung von Amyloid-β42 Toxizität und Neurodegeneration bei Erwachsenen Zebrafisch-Gehirn

Charakterisierung der pH-abhängigen reversiblen Selbstorganisation von Amyloid-beta-1-40-beschichteten Goldkolloiden

Rapid Generation of Amyloid from Native Proteins In vitro

Biochemische Reinigung und proteomische Charakterisierung von Amyloid-Fibrillenkernen aus dem Gehirn

Etablierung eines Alzheimer-Modells im Gehirn von Zebrafischen durch Amyloid-Peptid-Injektion