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Chapter 6
Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter. Chemical changes and their accompanying ...
Energy Conservation Energy can be converted from one form into another, but all of the energy present before a change occurs always exists in some form ...
The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with ...
Thermal Energy Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a ...
As a system undergoes a change, its internal energy can change, and energy can be transferred from the system to the surroundings, or from the ...
Chemists ordinarily use a property known as enthalpy (H) to describe the thermodynamics of chemical and physical processes. Enthalpy is defined as the sum ...
For a chemical reaction (the system) carried out at constant pressure – with the only work done caused by expansion or contraction – the ...
Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a ...
Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant ...
There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally ...
Enthalpy changes are typically tabulated for reactions in which both the reactants and products are at the same conditions. A standard state is a commonly ...
Hess’s law can be used to determine the enthalpy change of any reaction if the corresponding enthalpies of formation of the reactants and products ...
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