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Chapter 9
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a chronic condition in which stomach contents, including acidic gastric juices or bile, frequently flow back ...
GERD manifests with the following symptoms: Heartburn, or pyrosis, is an intermittent burning sensation that occurs from the sternum to the throat due to ...
Esophageal perforation occurs when the esophageal wall is compromised, allowing food, fluids, and digestive juices to escape into the chest cavity or ...
The clinical manifestations of esophageal perforations depend on the injury's location and severity. Patients with cervical esophageal perforations ...
Barrett's esophagus is characterized by severe damage to the mucosal lining due to persistent exposure to stomach acid or other digestive fluids. The ...
Barrett's esophagus is asymptomatic, but patients may experience symptoms associated with GERD, like heartburn and regurgitation. Other symptoms ...
Esophageal strictures refer to the abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophageal lumen, ranging from a mild constriction to a complete obstruction. ...
Esophageal stricture symptoms include difficulty swallowing, starting with solids and progressing to liquids. Additional symptoms include chest pain, ...
Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or ...
Esophageal varices lead to gastrointestinal bleeding, manifesting with symptoms like hematemesis, hematochezia, and melena. Additional signs include ...
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