culturing-microglia-from-the-neonatal-and-adult-central-nervous-system

Culturing Microglia from the Neonatal and Adult Central Nervous System

Microglia are the resident macrophage-like cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and, as such, have critically important roles in physiological and ...

Stony Brook University

We report on six additional patients with macrocephaly-cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (M-CMTC; MIM 602501) and review the literature. This syndrome is a multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation and overgrowth disorder comprising macrocephaly, cutis marmorata, vascular marks of lip and/or philtrum, syndactyly, hemihypertrophy, CNS anomalies, and developmental delay. Based on the findings in our 6 patients and on 69 patients previously reported we listed the very frequent (observed in >75%), frequent (25-75%), and less frequent (>25%) components of the syndrome.

Macrocephaly-cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita: report of six new patients and a review.

Unusual four-generation chromosome-22 rearrangement: when "normality" masks abnormality.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an important anti-inflammatory molecule that can cause immunosuppression and long-term pathogen persistence during chronic infection of mice with viruses such as lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. However, its specific role in immunity to acute viral infections is not fully understood. We found that IL-10 plays a detrimental role in host responses to acute influenza A virus since IL-10(-/-) mice had improved viral clearance and survival after infection compared to wild-type mice. Enhanced viral clearance in IL-10(-/-) mice was not correlated with increased CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-cell recruitment into the lung but was correlated with increased pulmonary anti-influenza virus antibody titers, and this was dependent upon the presence of T cells, primarily CD4(+) T cells. In addition, virus-specific antibody produced during the early stages of infection in the respiratory tract of IL-10(-/-) but not wild-type mice was sufficient to mediate passive protection against viral challenge of naÃ¯ve mice. Complement was necessary for this antibody-mediated passive protection, but FcgammaR or neutrophil deficiency did not significantly influence viral clearance. Our results show that an absence of IL-10 at the time of primary infection leads to enhanced local virus-specific antibody production and, thus, increased protection against influenza A virus infection.

A detrimental effect of interleukin-10 on protective pulmonary humoral immunity during primary influenza A virus infection.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes permanent debilitation due to the inability of axons to grow through established scars. Both the sugar chains and core proteins of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are inhibitory for neurite regrowth. Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) degrades the sugar chains and allows for synaptic plasticity, suggesting that after the sugar chain cleavage additional steps occur promoting a permissive microenvironment in the glial scar region. We report that the clearance of the core protein by the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)/plasmin proteolytic system partially contributes to ChABC-promoted plasticity. tPA and plasmin are upregulated after SCI and degrade the deglycosylated CSPG proteins. Mice lacking tPA (tPA(-/-)) exhibit attenuated neurite outgrowth and blunted sensory and motor recovery despite ChABC treatment. Coadministration of ChABC and plasmin enhanced the tPA(-/-) phenotype and supported recovery in WT SCI mice. Collectively, these findings show that the tPA/plasmin cascade may act downstream of ChABC to allow for synergistic sensory and motor improvement compared with each treatment alone and suggest a potential new approach to enhance functional recovery after SCI.

Axonal regrowth after spinal cord injury via chondroitinase and the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)/plasmin system.

The literature has shown that poorer levels of oral health are more frequently related to lower socio-economic status, consequently this cross-sectional and exploratory study conducted in 2003 investigated the association between caries and socio-economic factors, access to care, self-perception and habits among 266 12-year-old schoolchildren living in a community with low prevalence of dental caries. World Health Organization dental caries diagnosis methodology was used, in addition to the application of socio-economic and behavioral questionnaires. To identify the factors associated with dental caries, multivariate logistic regression was used and the dependent variable was synthesized into DMFT=0 and DMFT>0. Bearing in mind the limitations of a cross-sectional study, disliking the appearance of teeth, seeking dental care because of pain, studying at a state school and the head of the family being a manual worker were independently associated with dental caries. Even in a municipality with low prevalence of caries, the socio-economic status, dental care and self-perception were important factors in the incidence of dental caries among schoolchildren, and it is recommended that many factors in the bio-psychosocial context of multi-factorial dental caries should be investigated.

[Factors associated with the incidence of dental caries among schoolchildren living in a municipality with low prevalence of dental caries].

Poor oral status, represented by partial/complete tooth loss, may lead to changes in food choice, which may ultimately lead to underweight, overweight, or obesity. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether poor oral status is associated with underweight or overweight/obesity, regardless of physical activity.

Association between underweight and overweight/obesity with oral health among independently living Brazilian elderly.

High-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is a powerful molecular cytogenetic tool that is being adopted for diagnostic evaluation of genomic imbalances and study disease mechanisms and pathogenesis. We report on the design and use, of a custom whole-genome oligonucleotide-based array (called KaryoArrayÂ®v3.0; Agilent-based 8â€‰Ã—â€‰60â€‰K) for diagnostic setting, which was able to detect new and unexpected rearrangements in 11/63 (âˆ¼17.5%) of previous known pathological cases associated with known genetic disorders, and in the second step it identified at least one causal genomic imbalance responsible of the phenotype in âˆ¼20% of patients with psychomotor development delay and/or intellectual disability. To validate the array, first; we blindly tested 120 samples; 63 genomic imbalances that had previously been detected by karyotyping, FISH and/or MLPA, and 57 sex-matched control samples from healthy individuals; secondly a prospective study of 540 patients with intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder and multiple congenital anomalies were evaluated to confirm the utility of the tool. These data indicate that implementation of array technologies as the first-tier test may reveal that additional genomic imbalances could co-exist in patients with trisomies and classical del/dup syndromes, suggesting that aCGH may also be indicated in these individuals, at least when phenotype does not match completely with genotype. Â© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Luisa Torres

Department of Pharmacological Sciences,
Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology

Stony Brook University

Culturing Microglia from the Neonatal and Adult Central Nervous System

Luisa Torres

Department of Pharmacological Sciences,Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology

Stony Brook University

Culturing Microglia from the Neonatal and Adult Central Nervous System

Department of Pharmacological Sciences,
Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology