This research was supported by the Czech Academy of Sciences RVO 68378050, LM2018126 Czech Centre for Phenogenomics provided by MEYS CR, OP RDE CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001789 (Upgrade of the Czech Centre for Phenogenomics: developing toward translation research by MEYS and ESIF), OP RDE CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/18_046/0015861 (CCP Infrastructure Upgrade II by MEYS and ESIF), and OP RDI CZ.1.05/2.1.00/19.0395 (higher quality and capacity for transgenic models by MEYS and ERDF). In addition, this study received funding from the NGO &#34;Association of Gene Therapy (ASGENT)&#34;, Czechia (https://asgent.org/) and LM2023036 Czech Centre for Phenogenomics provided by Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic.

All animals and experiments used in this study underwent ethical review and were conducted in accordance with the European Directive 2010/63/EU. The study was approved by the Czech Central Commission for Animal Welfare. Mice were housed in individually ventilated cages and maintained at a constant temperature of 22 &#177; 2 &#176;C with a 12 h light/dark cycle. The mice were provided with mouse chow and water ad libitum. The mice were housed in groups of three to six animals per cage. No handling other than weig...

Validating a Murine Model of Angelman Syndrome Using Behavioral Tests

AS models created in different murine strains are commonly validated with tests of animal emotional state, motor functions, and cognitive abilities to facilitate comparison to human symptoms31,32. A motor deficit in AS models is the most consistent finding across laboratories, followed by an unchanged emotionality state of mutants and difficulties building nests31,32,33....

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disease. The most common genetic origin of AS is a large deletion of the 15q11-q13 region of the maternally-derived chromosome, which is found in nearly 74% of patients1. Deletion of this region causes the loss of UBE3A, the main causative gene of AS that encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The paternal allele of the UBE3A gene in neurons is silenced in a process known as imprinting. As a consequence, paternal imprinting of the gene allows only maternal expression in the central nervous system (CNS)2. Therefore, UBE3A gene deletion from the maternally-derived chromosome leads to the development of AS symptoms. In humans, AS manifests at around 6 months of age, with developmental retardation that persists throughout all developmental stages and results in severe debilitating symptoms in affected individuals3,4. The core symptoms of the disorder include the deficit of fine and gross motor skills, including jerky ataxic gait, serious speech impairment, and intellectual disability. Approximately 80% of AS patients also suffer from sleep disturbances and epilepsy. To date, the only available treatment are symptomatic drugs, which reduce epileptic seizures and improve sleep quality1. Therefore, the development of robust animal models with reproducible behavioral phenotypes alongside refined phenotyping analysis will be essential to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disorder and discover effective medications and treatments.
The complexity of the human disorder affecting the CNS demands model organisms to possess a comparable genome, physiology, and behavior. Mice are popular as a model organism due to their short reproductive cycle, small size, and relative ease of DNA modification. In 1984, Paul Willner proposed three basic disease model validation criteria: the construct, face, and predictive validity, which are used to determine the model&#39;s value5. Simply, construct validity reflects the biological mechanisms responsible for the disorder development, face validity recapitulates its symptoms, and predictive validity describes the model response to therapeutic drugs.
To adhere to the above principles, we have chosen the most common genetic etiology, a large deletion of the maternal 15q11.2-13q locus including the UBE3A gene, to create AS model mice. We used the CRISPR/Cas9 technique to delete a 76,225 bp long region spanning the entire UBE3A gene, encompassing both the coding and non-coding elements of the gene, in mice from a C57BL/6N background6. We then bred the animals to obtain UBE3A+/&#8722; heterozygous mice. For face validation of the model, we used animals from crosses of UBE3A+/&#8722; females and wild-type males to gain UBE3A+/- progeny (strain named C57BL/6NCrl-UBE3A&#60;em1(IMPC)Ccpcz&#62;/Ph and later assigned as UBE3AmGenedel/+) and control littermates. We tested their fine and gross motor skills, emotionality, and affect to recapitulate core AS symptoms. In a previous article, we also evaluated the animals&#39; cognitive functions, as AS patients also suffer from intellectual disability6. However, we found no cognitive impairments in UBE3AmGenedel/+ mice, perhaps due to the young age of the animals at the time of testing7. Later examination of the older animals, around 18 weeks old, revealed a deficit in behavioral flexibility during reversal learning in the place preference paradigm. However, the complexity of the employed equipment for this analysis requires a separate methodological module and it is not included here.
The behavioral tests presented here belong to the common phenotyping tools in genetic research, thanks to their high predictive value and sufficient construct validity8,9,10. We used these tests to validate a mouse model of AS by recapitulating core symptoms of the human disease in a reproducible, age-independent manner. The emotionality of the animal was evaluated in the elevated plus maze and open field tests. Both of these tests are based on the approach-avoidance conflict, where animals explore a new environment in search of food, shelter, or mating opportunities while simultaneously avoiding anxiogenic compartments11. Additionally, the open field test is used to test a mouse&#39;s locomotor activity8. The tail suspension test is widely used in depression research to screen for new antidepressant drugs or depressive-like phenotypes in mouse knockout models12. This test evaluates the despair that animals develop over time in an inescapable situation. Motor learning and detailed gait characteristics were determined on the rotarod and in DigiGait, respectively. Animal endurance on the accelerating rod characterizes its balance and movement coordination skills, while detailed analysis of a mouse&#39;s step patterns is a sensitive evaluation of neuromuscular impairments connected to many neurogenerative movement disorders13,14,15. The nestlet shredding test is part of the standard methodology for detecting impulsive behavior in rodents, and since it utilizes natural rodent building behavior, it indicates the animal&#39;s well-being16,17.
The size of the experimental groups was a result of a compromise to meet the 3R rule demands and efficient usage of colony breeding performance. However, to obtain statistical power, the groups had no fewer than 10 individuals, due to the establishment of a sufficient amount of breeding pairs. Unfortunately, breeding performance did not always result in a sufficient number of animals.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cages, individually ventilated</td>
			<td>Techniplast</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DigiGait</td>
			<td>Mouse Specifics, Inc., 2 Central Street Level 
			Unit 110 
			Framingham, MA 01701, USA</td>
			<td>Equipment was tendered, no catalogue&#160; number was provided, nor could be find on company&#39;s web site</td>
			<td>Detailed analysis of mouse gait, hardware and software provided.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FDA Nestlet squares</td>
			<td>Datesand Ltd., 7 Horsfield Way, Bredbury, Stockport SK6, UK</td>
			<td>Material was bought from Velaz vendor via direct email request. Velaz do not provide any catalogue no.</td>
			<td>Cotton nestlets for nest building test. Nestlet discription: 2-3 g each, with diameter around 5 x 5 x 0.5cm.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse chow</td>
			<td>Altramion</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotarod</td>
			<td>TSE Systems GmbH, Barbara-McClintock-Str.4 
			12489 Berlin, Germany</td>
			<td>Equipment was tendered, no catalogue&#160; number was provided, nor could be find on company&#39;s web site</td>
			<td>Rotarod for 5 mice, hardware and software provided. Drum dimensions: Diameter: 30 mm, width per lane: 50 mm, falling distance 147 mm.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tail Suspension Test</td>
			<td>Bioseb, In Vivo Research Instruments, 13845 Vitrolles 
			FRANCE</td>
			<td>Reference: BIO-TST5</td>
			<td>Fully automated equipment for immobility time evaluation of 3 mice hanged by tail, hardware and software provided</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transpore medical tape</td>
			<td>Medical M, Ltd.</td>
			<td>P-AIRO1291</td>
			<td>The tape used to attach an animal to the hook by its tail.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Viewer - Video Tracking System</td>
			<td>Biobserve GmbH, Wilhelmstr. 23 A 
			53111 Bonn, Germany</td>
			<td>Equipment with software were tendered, no catalogue&#160; number was provided, nor could be find on company&#39;s web site</td>
			<td>Software with custom made hardware: maze, IR base, IR sensitive cameras. Custom-made OF dimensions: 42 x 42 cm area, 49 cm high wall, central zone area: 39 cm2. A custom-made EPM was elevated 50 cm above the floor, with an open arm 79 cm long,&#160; 9 cm wide, and closed arm 77 cm long, 7.6 cm wide.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

behavioral characterization of an angelman syndrome mouse model

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of AS. We use the rotarod learning paradigm, detailed gait analysis, and nest building test to detect and characterize animal motor impairments. We test animal emotionality in the open field and elevated plus maze tests, as well as the affect in the tail suspension test. When AS mice are tested in the open field test, the results should be interpreted with care, since motor dysfunctions influence mouse behavior in the maze and alter activity scores.
The reproducibility and effectiveness of the presented behavioral tests has already been validated in several independent Uba3a mouse lines with different knockout variants, establishing this set of tests as an excellent validation tool in AS research. Models with the relevant construct and face validity will warrant further investigations to elucidate the pathophysiology of the disease and grant the development of causal treatments.

Author Spotlight: A Battery of Highly Reproducible Behavioral Tests to Validate an Angelman Syndrome Murine Model 

Behavioral Characterization of an Angelman Syndrome Mouse Model

Our goal is to elucidate the physiological roles of genes using mice as an experimental model. We also focus on developing mouse models of specific diseases that scientists can use to investigate disease causation and develop effective treatments. An example of such activity is the mouse model of Angelman syndrome.Arguably, the most promising new technology with potential is integrating artificial intelligence based on deep learning techniques in animal research. This approach can be used to monitor animal behavior in the home cage directly without need for the experimenter to disturb the animals. The biggest challenge in behavioral studies currently is reproducibility.Therefore, we introduce a battery of tests that validate the Angelman syndrome of model in a way that does not depend on the model's age or species. We use established behavioral tests to validate our AS model. However, with the novel approach for the model development closely resembling the human condition with a large deletion.Using CRISPR technology, we deleted the entire UBE3A gene from the mouse genome. In contrast to other models where the deletion is limited to 3KB. We're working on developing a genetic therapy that could restore a symptoms in a mouse model.

Elevated plus maze and open field tests 
The EPM and OF tests use the natural tendency of rodents to explore new environments18,19. The exploration is governed by an approach-avoidance conflict, where rodents choose between the exploration of a new environment and avoidance of possible danger. Animals explore unknown places in search for shelter, social contact, or foraging. However, new places may involve risk factors such as predators or c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Battery of Highly Reproducible Behavioral Tests to Validate an Angelman Syndrome Murine Model at JoVE.com

This manuscript presents a set of highly reproducible behavioral tests to validate an Angelman syndrome mouse model.

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of ...

behavioral-characterization-of-an-angelman-syndrome-mouse-model