The authors acknowledge the financial support from the programs of the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education (22KJB460033), and Jiangsu Science and Technology Programme - Young Scholar (BK20200251). This work is also partially supported by the XJTLU AI University Research Centre, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Centre of Data Science and Cognitive Computation at XJTLU and SIP AI innovation platform (YZCXPT2022103). The support from State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering via the open project (SKLMS2023019) and Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, are also acknowledged.

1. Microembossing process for microchannel patterning on nanopaper
<ol>
	<li>Mold preparation 
	NOTE: Refer to Yuan et al.12 for details on mold preparation.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare a PTFE film as indicated in the Table of Materials.</li>
		<li>Laser-cut the prepared PTFE film to make a convex microchannel mold (Figure 1A-I). 
		NOTE: The dimensions of the PTFE mold determine the microchannel dimensions (<stro...

Micro-Embossed Fabrication of Nanocellulose Paper-Based Analytical Devices  

<ol>
	<li>Zhu, H., Fang, Z., Preston, C., Li, Y., Hu, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transparent+paper:+fabrications,+properties,+and+device+applications.">Transparent paper: fabrications, properties, and device applications.</a> Energy &amp; Environmental Science. 7 (1), 269-287 (2013).</li><li>Nogi, M., Iwamoto, S., Nakagaito, A. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Designing+nanocellulose+materials+from+the+molecular+scale.">Designing nanocellulose materials from the molecular scale.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (28), 7174-7175 (2018).</li><li>Sehaqui, H., Liu, A., Zhou, Q., Berglund, L. 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The primary focus of this study is to develop a simple method for fabricating microchannels on nanopaper. An efficient embossing technique was devised using PTFE as the mold to address this challenge12. By optimizing the temperature and embossing pressure, a series of experiments were conducted to establish a reliable fabrication process for NanoPADs. Additionally, the use of a quick-reference table to adjust the applications of NanoPADs in different fields was demonstrated. Although this method i...

Recently, nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) paper (nanopaper) has emerged as a highly promising substrate material for various applications such as flexible electronics, energy devices, and biomedicals1,2,3,4. Derived from natural plants, nanopaper is cost-effective, biocompatible, and biodegradable, making it an appealing alternative to traditional cellulose paper5,6. Its exceptional properties include an ultra-smooth surface with a surface roughness of less than 25 nm and a dense cellulose matrix structure, allowing for the creation of highly structured nanostructures7. Abundant hydroxyl groups of nanopaper contribute to its compact and tightly packed nanocellulose structure8. Nanopaper exhibits excellent optical transparency and minimal optical haze, making it well-suited for optical sensors. Additionally, its inherent hydrophilicity enables pump-free flow, even with its thick structure, providing autonomous fluid motion9,10. Nanocellulose has diverse applications in biological sensors, conductive electronic devices, cell culture platforms, supercapacitors, batteries, and more, showcasing its versatility and potential11,12. Particularly, nanocellulose is promising for paper-based analytical microfluidic devices (&#181;PADs), offering unique advantages over conventional chromatography paper.
In the past decade, &#181;PADs have achieved significant attention due to their affordability, biocompatibility, pump-free operation, and ease of production13,14. These devices have emerged as effective point-of-care diagnostic tools, particularly in resource-limited settings15,16,17. A significant advancement in this field was the development of wax printing, pioneered by George Whitesides18 and the Bingcheng Lin group19, enabling the creation of functional &#181;PADs by incorporating microchannels on chromatography paper. Subsequently, &#181;PADs rapidly evolved, and various biosensing techniques, including electrochemical methods20, chemiluminescence21, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)22,23,24, were successfully implemented for the detection of diverse biomarkers such as proteins25,26, DNAs27,28, RNAs29,30, and exosomes31. Despite these achievements, &#181;PADs still face challenges, including slow flow speeds and solvent evaporation.
Several methods have been proposed for creating microchannels on nanopaper32,33,34. One approach involves 3D printing sacrificial ingredients into the material, but it requires a hydrophobic coating that limits pump-free operation33. Another technique involves manually stacking channel layers between nanopaper sheets using glue, which is labor-intensive32. Alternatively, spray-coating nanocellulose fibers onto pre-patterned molds can create microchannels, but it involves time-consuming and expensive mold preparation34. Notably, these methods are limited to millimeter-scale microchannels, compromising the advantages of microfluidic devices regarding reagent volume consumption and integration. Developing a simple nanopaper microchannel patterning process with micrometer-scale resolution remains a challenge.
This study presents a unique nanopaper microchannel patterning method based on practical microembossing. The approach offers several advantages over existing methods, as it requires no expensive or specialized equipment, is simple, cost-effective, and highly accurate. A convex microchannel mold is fabricated by laser cutting a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film, known for its chemical inertness and nonstick properties. This mold is then used to emboss microchannels onto a nanopaper gel membrane. A second layer of nanopaper gel is applied on top to create closed hollow channels. Using this patterning technique, fundamental microfluidic devices on nanopaper are developed, including a laminar mixer and droplet generator. Additionally, the fabrication of surface-enhanced Raman microscopy (SERS) NanoPADs is demonstrated. In-situ creation of a silver nanoparticle-based SERS substrate is achieved by introducing two chemical reagents (AgNO3 and NaBH4) into the channels, resulting in a remarkable performance with low limits of detection (LODs).

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AgNO3&#160;</td>
			<td>Hushi (Shanghai, China)</td>
			<td>7761-88-8</td>
			<td>&#62;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Hushi (Shanghai, China)</td>
			<td>64-17-5</td>
			<td>&#62;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexadecane</td>
			<td>Macklin (Shanghai, China)</td>
			<td>544-76-3</td>
			<td>&#62;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LabSpec software</td>
			<td>Horiba (Japan)</td>
			<td>LabSpec5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Melamine</td>
			<td>Macklin (Shanghai, China)</td>
			<td>108-78-1</td>
			<td>&#62;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaBH4</td>
			<td>Aladdin (Shanghai, China)</td>
			<td>16940-66-2</td>
			<td>&#62;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Origin lab software</td>
			<td>OriginLab (USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)&#160;</td>
			<td>Myers Industries (Akron, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polytetrafluoroethylene films</td>
			<td>Shenzhen Huashenglong plastic material Co., Ltd. (Shenzhen, China)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Teflon film</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVDF filter membrane</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore Corporation (USA)</td>
			<td>VVLP04700</td>
			<td>pore size: 0.1 &#956;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Raman spectrometer</td>
			<td>Horiba (Japan)</td>
			<td>Xplo RA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rhodamine B</td>
			<td>Macklin (Shanghai, China)</td>
			<td>81-88-9</td>
			<td>&#62;95%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)</td>
			<td>FEI(USA)</td>
			<td>Scios 2 HiVac</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicon wafer</td>
			<td>Horiba (Japan)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>diameter: 5 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TEMPO-oxidized NFC slurry</td>
			<td>Tianjin University of Science and Technology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1.0 wt% solid, carboxylate level 2.0 mmol/g solid, average nanofiber diameter: 10 nm</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

microembossing: a convenient process for fabricating microchannels on nanocellulose paper-based microfluidics

Nanopaper, derived from nanofibrillated cellulose, has generated considerable interest as a promising material for microfluidic applications. Its appeal lies in a range of excellent&#160;qualities, including an exceptionally smooth surface, outstanding optical transparency, a uniform nanofiber matrix with nanoscale porosity, and customizable chemical properties. Despite the rapid growth of nanopaper-based microfluidics, the current techniques used to create microchannels on nanopaper, such as 3D printing, spray coating, or manual cutting and assembly, which are crucial for practical applications, still possess certain limitations, notably susceptibility to contamination. Furthermore, these methods are restricted to the production of millimeter-sized channels. This study introduces a straightforward process that utilizes convenient plastic micro-molds for simple microembossing operations to fabricate microchannels on nanopaper, achieving a minimum width of 200 &#181;m. The developed microchannel outperforms existing approaches, achieving a fourfold improvement, and can be fabricated within 45 min. Furthermore, fabrication parameters have been optimized, and a convenient quick-reference table is provided for application developers. The proof-of-concept for a laminar mixer, droplet generator, and functional nanopaper-based analytical devices (NanoPADs) designed for Rhodamine B sensing using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy was demonstrated. Notably, the NanoPADs exhibited exceptional performance with improved limits of detection. These outstanding results can be attributed to the superior optical properties of nanopaper and the recently developed accurate microembossing method, enabling the integration and fine-tuning of the NanoPADs.

Author Spotlight: Revolutionizing Microfluidics Through Microchannel Fabrication on Nanopaper 

Microembossing: A Convenient Process for Fabricating Microchannels on Nanocellulose Paper-Based Microfluidics

Our research introduces nanopaper as an innovative substrate, in contrast to conventional paper. Nanopaper offers optical transparency, exceptional smoothness, and chemical adaptability. Now the substrate currently lacks an efficient microchannel fabrication method, limiting its broader adoption in microfluidics.The progression of manufacturing technologies, including laser cutting and micro-or nano-3D printing has significantly improved motor precision. Consequently, it has simplified and enhanced the precision of microfluidic fabrication. Additionally, the images of innovative substrate materials like nanocellulose paper, have further activated the performance of paper-based analytical microfluidic devices.Currently, one of the experimental challenges we face is laser-cutting processing, which limited most wide to 200 micrometers and impacts microchannel accuracy. To overcome this, future research will explore nano-3D printing for MoS, aiming to achieve a higher precision level in nanopaper-based analytic microfluidic devices. In contrast, to establish the techniques for microchannel fabrication on nanocellulose paper, such as 3D printing, spray coating, or manual cutting and assembly, our method offers a distinct advantage.It combines simplicity with superior accuracy, ensuring user friendliness, cost effectiveness, time efficiency, and the attunement of micrometer-level macro channels. Our findings provide a new, accurate and simple method to fabricate microchannels on nanopaper and eventually for making nanopaper-based microfluidic devices. In the big picture, with this method, the existing paper substrate nanopaper can be easily used in the field of microfluidics.

A unique method for creating microchannel patterns on nanopaper has been devised utilizing the practical plastic micro-molds through the convenient microembossing technique. Notably, this method accomplishes microchannel patterning at a scale as small as 200 &#181;m, which represents a fourfold improvement compared to existing methods32,33,34. After fine-tuning the patterning parameters, the provided guidelines exhibit excellent...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Revolutionizing Microfluidics Through Microchannel Fabrication on Nanopaper at JoVE.com

This protocol describes a straightforward process that utilizes convenient plastic micro-molds for simple microembossing operations to fabricate microchannels on nanofibrillated cellulose paper, achieving a minimum width of 200 &#181;m.

Nanopaper, derived from nanofibrillated cellulose, has generated considerable interest as a promising material for microfluidic applications. Its appeal ...

microembossing-convenient-process-for-fabricating-microchannels-on

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Nano-PAD Fabrication Using Micro-Embossing

To begin, laser cut the 500-micrometer-thick polytetrafluoroethylene or PTFE films using the laser cutting machine to generate the microchannel mold. Disperse four grams of TEMPO-oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose gel in distilled water. Stir the suspension heavily at 120.8 G for 30 minutes until no cellulose flock is seen.Vacuum filter the clear suspension to obtain a nanopaper gel. Next, place the PTFE mold on the surface of the nanopaper gel. Use a hot press to emboss the gel for 10 minutes under 750 kilopascals pressure at 50 degrees Celsius.To release the mold, peel off an additional layer of filter nanopaper gel from the filter membrane. Attach the peeled layer on top of the embossed nanopaper gel and stack the two layers to create a hollow microchannel structure. Dry the stacked layers in a drying oven at 75 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes.Next, prepare the Nano-PADs with straight and curved channels. Add red and blue droplets in the inlet zone simultaneously, allowing automatic channel flowthrough. Microchannel patterning at 200 micrometers was possible with micro-embossing.

1.0K Views.  Xi’an Jiaotong - Liverpool University.  This protocol describes a straightforward process that utilizes convenient plastic micro-molds for simple microembossing operations to fabricate microchannels on nanofibrillated cellulose paper, achieving a minimum width of 200 µm.

Micro-Embossed Fabrication of Nanocellulose Paper-Based Analytical Devices

Summary