Chapter 6
Pharmacokinetics: Drug Excretion and Clearance
Eliminación de fármacos: Introducción
When drugs enter the body, they eventually undergo irreversible elimination. Drug elimination primarily involves excretion and metabolism or ...
Cinética de eliminación: primer orden y orden cero
A drug that enters the body is eliminated in due course, primarily via the kidneys.
Clearance is a pharmacokinetic parameter, relating a drug's ...
Excreción renal de fármacos: información general
The kidneys are primary excretory organs, filtering waste products from the bloodstream and excreting them into urine.
The kidneys efficiently eliminate ...
Excreción renal de fármacos: filtración glomerular
In kidneys, drugs enter the renal artery, pass through the afferent arterioles, and drain into the glomerular capillaries surrounded by the Bowman's ...
Excreción de fármacos renales: reabsorción tubular
After glomerular filtration, substances in the tubular lumen transport back into the bloodstream via tubular reabsorption.
Nutrients are actively ...
Excreción Renal de Fármacos: Secreción Tubular
Blood exits glomeruli via efferent arterioles, reaching the capillary plexus surrounding the proximal tubule.
Here, unfiltered drugs are secreted into the ...
Excreción renal del fármaco: efecto del pH de la orina, la velocidad de flujo y el fármaco pka
Urine pH and a drug's pKa determine its percentage ionization, which influences renal reabsorption and elimination.
Urine pH depends on diet, drug ...
Excreción de fármacos hepáticos: ciclo enterohepático
The hepatic biliary system expels drugs and metabolites via bile secretions.
Hepatocytes lining bile canaliculi produce bile that contains water, ...
Excreción hepática de fármacos: factores influyentes
Bile, produced by hepatocytes, primarily comprises water, bile salts, and pigments. Membrane transporters in hepatocytes transfer the drug into bile.
...
Excreción de fármacos: vías pulmonares y glandulares
Drugs are excreted through various unconventional routes, including the lungs, breast milk, and saliva.
In the lungs, volatile drugs diffuse into the ...
Excreción de drogas: rutas misceláneas
Various bodily processes, including sweating, tears, and the digestive system, contribute to drug excretion.
Nonionized lipophilic drugs passively diffuse ...
Autorización de medicamentos: Descripción general
A drug that enters the body gets eliminated by the kidneys and liver through urine or bile, respectively. A pharmacokinetic parameter, drug clearance, ...
Modelos de Despeje: Modelos Fisiológicos
Drug clearance features irreversible drug removal from any organ in the body.
Physiological models determine clearance through an individual organ, ...
Modelos de espacio libre: Modelos de compartimentos
Clearance directly measures drug elimination from the central compartment, which comprises plasma and highly perfused organs like kidneys and liver.
...
Modelos de espacio libre: Modelos no compartimentados
Typically, clearance describes the drug elimination from the body using compartment models.
An alternative, the noncompartmental approach, estimates ...
Aclaración de medicamentos renales: información general
Renal clearance is defined as a constant fraction of the central volume of distribution containing the drug excreted by the kidney per unit of time.
It is ...
Aclaramiento de fármacos renales: comparación entre los métodos de excreción renal
Renal clearance is the summation of kidney filtration, secretion, and reabsorption calculated by a specific equation.
It is typically associated with the ...
Factores que afectan al aclaramiento renal: propiedades fisicoquímicas del fármaco y niveles plasmáticos
Various factors impact a drug's renal clearance, including its physical-chemical properties and plasma levels.
Molecular size, lipid solubility, and ...
Factores que afectan al aclaramiento renal: distribución de fármacos e interacciones farmacológicas
Renal clearance, pivotal in drug elimination, can be affected by drug distribution and interactions.
Drugs with a large distribution volume or bound to ...
Factores que afectan al aclaramiento renal: Insuficiencia renal
Renal dysfunction significantly impairs renal drug clearance.
Renal failure can be caused by various factors.
Uremia, characterized by impaired glomerular ...
Insuficiencia renal: ajustes de dosis
In patients with renal impairment, drugs exhibit altered pharmacokinetics.
Reduced renal clearance and elimination rate result in prolonged elimination ...
Determinación del aclaramiento renal del fármaco: métodos gráficos y de punto medio
Renal clearance can be determined using graphical and midpoint methods.
In the graphical method, clearance can be calculated and obtained by plotting the ...
Aclaramiento hepático de fármacos: aclaramiento restrictivo y no restrictivo
Hepatic clearance is the volume of blood cleared of a drug by the liver per unit of time. It equals total body clearance minus renal clearance.
Most ...
Aclaramiento hepático de fármacos: efecto de la unión a proteínas
Hepatic clearance can be affected by protein binding based on the extraction ratio of the drug.
Drugs with high extraction ratios are flow-limited and ...
Eliminación hepática de fármacos: papel de los transportadores
In the liver's bile canaliculi, modification of influx and efflux transporters can influence intrinsic clearance.
Transporters play a major role in ...
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