Chapter 6
Pharmacokinetics: Drug Excretion and Clearance
Eliminazione dei farmaci: panoramica
When drugs enter the body, they eventually undergo irreversible elimination. Drug elimination primarily involves excretion and metabolism or ...
Cinetica di eliminazione: primo ordine e ordine zero
Eliminating drugs from the body is a vital process that occurs through excretion or metabolism. Understanding the kinetics of drug elimination is crucial ...
Escezione renale di farmaci: Panoramica
The kidneys are primary excretory organs, filtering waste products from the bloodstream and excreting them into urine.
The kidneys efficiently eliminate ...
Esportazione renale di farmaci: filtrazione glomerulare
The kidney serves as the primary organ responsible for eliminating drugs and their metabolites from the body. This process, known as renal elimination, ...
Escrezione renale di farmaci: riassorbimento tubulare
After glomerular filtration, substances in the tubular lumen transport back into the bloodstream via tubular reabsorption.
Nutrients are actively ...
Escrezione renale di farmaci: secrezione tubulare
Blood exits glomeruli via efferent arterioles, reaching the capillary plexus surrounding the proximal tubule.
Here, unfiltered drugs are secreted into the ...
Escezione renale di farmaci: effetto del pH urinario, della velocità di flusso e del farmaco pKa
Urine pH and a drug's pKa determine its percentage ionization, which influences renal reabsorption and elimination.
Urine pH depends on diet, drug ...
Escrezione epatica di farmaci: ciclo enteroepatico
The hepatic biliary system expels drugs and metabolites via bile secretions.
Hepatocytes lining bile canaliculi produce bile that contains water, ...
Escrezione epatica di farmaci: fattori che influenzano
Bile, produced by hepatocytes, primarily comprises water, bile salts, and pigments. Membrane transporters in hepatocytes transfer the drug into bile.
...
Escrezione di farmaci: vie polmonari e ghiandolari
Drugs are excreted through various unconventional routes, including the lungs, breast milk, and saliva.
In the lungs, volatile drugs diffuse into the ...
Escrezione di farmaci: Rotte varie
Various bodily processes, including sweating, tears, and the digestive system, contribute to drug excretion.
Nonionized lipophilic drugs passively diffuse ...
Autorizzazione dei farmaci: panoramica
A drug that enters the body gets eliminated by the kidneys and liver through urine or bile, respectively. A pharmacokinetic parameter, drug clearance, ...
Modelli di liquidazione: Modelli fisiologici
Drug clearance features irreversible drug removal from any organ in the body.
Physiological models determine clearance through an individual organ, ...
Modelli di liquidazione: Modelli a scomparti
Clearance directly measures drug elimination from the central compartment, which comprises plasma and highly perfused organs like kidneys and liver.
...
Modelli di liquidazione: Modelli non compartimentali
Typically, clearance describes the drug elimination from the body using compartment models.
An alternative, the noncompartmental approach, estimates ...
Clearance renale dei farmaci: Panoramica
Renal clearance is defined as a constant fraction of the central volume of distribution containing the drug excreted by the kidney per unit of time.
It is ...
Clearance renale dei farmaci: confronto tra i metodi di escrezione renale
Renal clearance is the summation of kidney filtration, secretion, and reabsorption calculated by a specific equation.
It is typically associated with the ...
Fattori che influenzano la clearance renale: proprietà fisico-chimiche del farmaco e livelli plasmatici
Various factors impact a drug's renal clearance, including its physical-chemical properties and plasma levels.
Molecular size, lipid solubility, and ...
Fattori che influenzano la clearance renale: distribuzione dei farmaci e interazioni farmacologiche
Renal clearance, pivotal in drug elimination, can be affected by drug distribution and interactions.
Drugs with a large distribution volume or bound to ...
Fattori che influenzano la clearance renale: Compromissione renale
Renal dysfunction significantly impairs renal drug clearance.
Renal failure can be caused by various factors.
Uremia, characterized by impaired glomerular ...
Insufficienza renale: aggiustamenti della dose
In patients with renal impairment, drugs exhibit altered pharmacokinetics.
Reduced renal clearance and elimination rate result in prolonged elimination ...
Determinazione della clearance renale dei farmaci: metodi grafici e del punto medio
Renal clearance can be determined using graphical and midpoint methods.
In the graphical method, clearance can be calculated and obtained by plotting the ...
Clearance epatica dei farmaci: clearance restrittiva e non restrittiva
Hepatic clearance is the volume of blood cleared of a drug by the liver per unit of time. It equals total body clearance minus renal clearance.
Most ...
Clearance epatica dei farmaci: effetto del legame proteico
Hepatic clearance can be affected by protein binding based on the extraction ratio of the drug.
Drugs with high extraction ratios are flow-limited and ...
Clearance dei farmaci epatici: ruolo dei trasportatori
In the liver's bile canaliculi, modification of influx and efflux transporters can influence intrinsic clearance.
Transporters play a major role in ...
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