Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
Class of Organic Compounds | Skeletal Structures of Compounds with Functional Groups in Red | Names of Compounds |
Aromatic hydrocarbon | Benzene | |
Phenol | Phenol (Hydroxybenzene) | |
Aldehyde | Ethanal (Acetaldehyde) | |
Ketone | Acetone | |
Acid or acyl chloride | Acetyl chloride | |
Carboxylic acid | Ethanoic acid (Acetic acid) | |
Ester | Ethyl acetate | |
Amine | Ethylamine | |
Amide | Acetamide | |
Nitrile | Acetonitrile | |
Phosphate | Methyl dihydrogen phosphate |
This text is adapted from Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section20.2: Alcohols and EthersandSection 20.3: Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters.
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