Estamos agradecidos con el laboratorio de Martin útil para los debates. Esta publicación está apoyada por una subvención del Instituto Canadiense de Investigación en Salud (MOP-89783). AM es apoyado por una investigación de Canadá Premio Cátedra de Nivel II.

Paso I: Aislamiento de las células B del bazo a través de enriquecimiento magnética <ol><li> Ratones experimentales deben ser mayores de 8-12 semanas para asegurar plena maduración del sistema inmunológico. </li><li> Sacrificar al ratón por dislocación cervical y de inmersión en etanol al 70%. Extraer quirúrgicamente el bazo al realizar una incisión a través de la piel y el músculo del hipocondrio izquierdo del abdomen y lo cortó en tres trozos grandes en tampón fosfato salino (PBS). Asegúrese de que todas las herramientas y los reactivos son estériles. </li><li> Con el extremo de caucho de un émbolo de una jeringa ml, suavemente mezcla del bazo a través de un filtro de 70 micras de células en PBS. Asegúrese de utilizar un movimiento de empujar en lugar de un movimiento de trituración de molienda puede conducir a la ruptura de los más grandes (es decir, la proliferación) las células. </li><li> Centrifugar las células a no más de 350 g por 5 minutos y resuspender el precipitado en PBS. Contar las células se resuspendieron utilizando un hemocitómetro. </li><li> Preparar una suspensión de 1x10 8 células / ml en PBS con suero de rata 5% de lo normal en un tubo de poliestireno estériles de 5 ml con tapa (volumen máximo de 2 ml por tubo). </li><li> Añadir 50 l de EasySep ratón negativo selección de cócteles enriquecimiento de las células B por cada ml de células. Pipeta de la mezcla, la tapa de los tubos, y colocar en la nevera durante 15 minutos. </li><li> Añadir 100 ml EasySep Cocktail Selección biotina por cada ml de células. Pipeta de la mezcla, la tapa de los tubos, y colocar en la nevera durante 15 minutos. </li><li> Añadir 100 ml de EasySep nanopartículas magnéticas (garantizar las nanopartículas se mezclan bien y la solución es homogénea) por cada ml de células. Pipeta de la mezcla, la tapa de los tubos, y colocar en la nevera durante 5 minutos. </li><li> Parte superior de la solución a 2,5 ml con PBS y colocar en un imán EasySep durante 5 minutos. Invertir el imán y el tubo y se vierte rápidamente en un tubo de poliestireno de nuevo. No agite el tubo de las células negativamente seleccionados serán magnético unido a las paredes del tubo. </li><li> Para aumentar aún más la pureza de la suspensión celular, el tubo puede ser reinsertado en el polo de atracción para otros 5 minutos y se vierte en un tubo nuevo. Esto puede reducir la recuperación general de la célula. </li><li> La pureza de las células B puede ser evaluada por citometría de flujo de los marcadores de superficie de la célula B. Después del enriquecimiento, que constantemente ve una pureza de&gt; 95% de células positivas B220. </li></ol> Paso II: tinción de células CFSE <ol><li> Resuspender las células aisladas en caliente PBS suplementado con 0,1% de albúmina sérica bovina a una concentración final de 1 x 10 6 células por ml. </li><li> Preparar una solución de 5 mm de CFSE (diluido en dimetilsulfóxido estéril) y añadir 2μL por cada ml de células en el tubo. La concentración final de 10μM es óptimo para la tinción de las células B primario. </li><li> Se incuba a 37 ° C durante 10 minutos en la oscuridad (nota: la CFSE es sensible a la luz y se debe mantener en la oscuridad cuando es posible). </li><li> Apagar la mancha mediante la adición de un volumen igual de suero de ternera bovina a las células e incubar en hielo durante 5 minutos. </li><li> Lavar las células por añadir los tubos con medio de cultivo (véase el paso III de la receta) y centrifugado a 350 g. Tenga en cuenta que por lo menos 5 veces el equivalente del volumen de los medios de comunicación hay que añadir para contrarrestar la viscosidad del suero de ternera de vacuno y de las células para producir una pastilla. </li><li> Lavar las células dos veces más en medio de cultivo. Las células están listas para la estimulación. </li></ol> Paso III: la estimulación de células con LPS <ol><li> Prepare su medio de cultivo in vitro de células B, completándolo RPMI 1640 con suero bovino fetal al 10% y M 50 / β-mercaptoetanol. </li><li> Preparar el medio de la estimulación mediante la adición de LPS a una concentración final de 50μg/mL. Alícuota de 125 l del medio de la estimulación en cada pocillo de una placa de fondo plano de cultivo de tejidos de 96 pocillos. </li><li> Prepare su manchadas CFSE células B en el medio de cultivo sin LPS a una concentración final de 3,2 x 10 6 células / ml. Añadir 125 l de la suspensión celular a los pozos que contienen el medio de la estimulación y mezclar con la pipeta suavemente. </li><li> Cada bien ahora consta de 4 x 10 5 células en una concentración final de 25 LPS mg / ml. Esto proporciona un nivel óptimo de la proliferación celular y cambio de clase, a pesar de las alteraciones de estos valores se puede hacer a su gusto. </li><li> Se incuban las células a 37 ° C y 5% de CO2 durante 72 a 96 horas. Después de 48 horas, los grupos de grandes células B proliferan será claramente visible bajo el microscopio. </li></ol> Paso IV: Análisis de citometría de flujo de cambio de clase <ol><li> Cuando esté listo para ver el cambio de clase, eliminar las células de las condiciones de su cultura y lavar dos veces en 1 ml de buffer de tinción (PBS con 2% de suero bovino de ternera). </li><li> Para evitar tinción no específica de anticuerpos de las células, que sedimenten las células al girar hacia abajo a 350 g y incubaciónte en 100μL de buffer de tinción con suero de ratón normal y 5% de 1 g de FcBlock per106 las células durante 15 minutos en hielo. El bloqueo de celulares se debe realizar en el hielo. </li><li> Sin lavarse las células, añadir 1 g por cada 10 6 células de un ratón anti marcado con fluorescencia de anticuerpos IgG3 y permitir que las células se mancha durante 30 minutos en hielo. </li><li> Lavar las células dos veces por centrifugación y se resuspenden en 200 a 300 l de buffer de tinción. Las células están listas para la evaluación por citometría de flujo. </li><li> CFSE es óptima emocionado a 492 nm (por un láser de argón-ion) y emite a 517 nm. El espectro de excitación y emisión de los anticuerpos IgG3 depende de su tinte fluorescente conjugada. </li></ol> Resultados representante Después del enriquecimiento magnética, la suspensión celular debe verse como una población homogénea de células indistinguibles pequeña circular (fig. 1A). Después de 48-72 horas de estimulación, grupos aislados de agrandamiento de la proliferación de células será claramente visible (fig. 1B). Una gran proporción de las células no proliferantes aparecerán pequeñas y granulares, ya que la apoptosis. RSE puede ser detectada normalmente al más alto nivel entre 72 y 96 horas después de la estimulación antes de que la mayoría de las células comienzan a morir 7. En esta etapa, las células que han sufrido una serie de divisiones celulares con células cambió aparecen en la población de células hijas más tarde. Un diagrama de flujo de citometría de representante de la dilución CFSE y la expresión superficial de IgG3 después de 96 horas de estimulación con LPS se puede ver en la Figura 2. Tabla 1. Isotipo cócteles. Nota: Los valores de concentración de estimulantes son sólo recomendaciones. Titulaciones que sean necesarias. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Isotipo deseado </td><td> Estimulación Cocktail </td></tr><tr><td> IgG1and IgE </td><td> LPS (25μg/mL) e IL-4 (10 ng / mL) </td></tr><tr><td> IgG1and IgE </td><td> Anti-CD40 (10μg/mL) e IL-4 (10 ng / mL) </td></tr><tr><td> IgG2a </td><td> LPS (25μg/mL) e IFN-γ (10 ng / mL) </td></tr><tr><td> IgG2b e IgG3 </td><td> LPS (25μg/mL) </td></tr><tr><td> IgA </td><td> LPS (25μg/mL), TGF-β (2 ng / ml) e IL-5 (1,5 ng / mL) </td></tr></tbody></table><img src="/files/ftp_upload/2130/2130fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. Aislamiento y estimulación con LPS de células B del bazo. (A) magnéticamente enriquecido células del bazo B antes de la estimulación con LPS. (B) 48 horas después de la estimulación con 25 mg / ml de LPS. Proliferación de las células se ven como las agrupaciones en un fondo de células apoptóticas y voladuras. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2130/2130fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" /> Figura 2. Proliferación y la recombinación de cambio de clase después de 96 horas. (A) la dilución CFSE para LPS estimula las células después de 96 horas en la cultura. Cada pico independiente representa una dilución de la fluorescencia CFSE que corresponde a una división de las células independientes. (B) la expresión IgG3 que muestra el surgimiento de una población IgG3 positivo después de varias rondas de división celular.

<ol>
	<li>Hodgkin, P. D., Lee, J. H., Lyons, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=B+cell+differentiation+and+isotype+switching+is+related+to+division+cycle+number.">B cell differentiation and isotype switching is related to division cycle number.</a> J Exp Med. 184, 277-281 (1996).</li><li>McCall, M. N., Hodgkin, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Switch+recombination+and+germ-line+transcription+are+division-regulated+events+in+B+lymphocytes.">Switch recombination and germ-line transcription are division-regulated events in B lymphocytes.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1447, 43-50 (1999).</li><li>Manis, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=53BP1+links+DNA+damage-response+pathways+to+immunoglobulin+heavy+chain+class-switch+recombination.">53BP1 links DNA damage-response pathways to immunoglobulin heavy chain class-switch recombination.</a> Nat Immunol. 5, 481-487 (2004).</li><li>de Yebenes, V. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miR-181b+negatively+regulates+activation-induced+cytidine+deaminase+in+B+cells.">miR-181b negatively regulates activation-induced cytidine deaminase in B cells.</a> J Exp Med. 205, 2199-2206 (2008).</li><li>McBride, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+class+switch+recombination+and+somatic+mutation+by+AID+phosphorylation.">Regulation of class switch recombination and somatic mutation by AID phosphorylation.</a> J Exp Med. 205, 2585-2594 (2008).</li><li>Ramachandran, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+RNF8/RNF168+ubiquitin+ligase+cascade+facilitates+class+switch+recombination.">The RNF8/RNF168 ubiquitin ligase cascade facilitates class switch recombination.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107, 809-8014 (2010).</li><li>Zaheen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AID+constrains+germinal+center+size+by+rendering+B+cells+susceptible+to+apoptosis.">AID constrains germinal center size by rendering B cells susceptible to apoptosis.</a> Blood. 114, 547-554 (2009).</li><li>Chaudhuri, J., Alt, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Class-switch+recombination:+interplay+of+transcription,+DNA+deamination+and+DNA+repair.">Class-switch recombination: interplay of transcription, DNA deamination and DNA repair.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 4, 541-552 (2004).</li><li>Kaminski, D. A., Stavnezer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimuli+that+enhance+IgA+class+switching+increase+histone+3+acetylation+at+S+alpha,+but+poorly+stimulate+sequential+switching+from+IgG2b.">Stimuli that enhance IgA class switching increase histone 3 acetylation at S alpha, but poorly stimulate sequential switching from IgG2b.</a> Eur J Immunol. 37, 240-251 (2007).</li><li>Kaminski, D. A., Stavnezer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibody+class+switching+differs+among+SJL,+C57BL/6+and+129+mice.">Antibody class switching differs among SJL, C57BL/6 and 129 mice.</a> Int Immunol. 19, 545-556 (2007).</li></ol>

El protocolo descrito anteriormente proporciona un estándar de ensayo para analizar la expresión de la AID y la función durante el cambio de clase de primaria de las células B murinas. Este protocolo utiliza bacteriana LPS para inducir el cambio de IgM a IgG3, a pesar de las modificaciones a los medios de estimulación se puede hacer para inducir el cambio a otros isotipos (que se resumen en la Tabla 1 8, 9). Hemos tomado nota de que, por razones aún desconocidas, suero bovin...

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		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gibco</td>
<td>14190</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>EasySep Mouse B Cell Enrichment Kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Stemcell Technologies</td>
<td>19754</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Polystyrene tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Becton Dickinson Falcon</td>
<td>352058</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>A7030</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>CellTrace CFSE Cell Proliferation Kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>C34554</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Bovine Calf Serum</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>HyClone</td>
<td>SH30072.03</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>RPMI 1640 Culture Medium</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gibco</td>
<td>11875</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>L6529</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>&beta;-mercaptoethanol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gibco</td>
<td>21985</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>HyClone</td>
<td>SH30396.03</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Normal Mouse Serum</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
<td>011-000</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Purified Rat Anti-Mouse CD16/CD32 (Mouse BD Fc Block)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Becton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
<td>553141</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Rat Anti-Mouse IgG3</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Becton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
<td>553401</td>
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induction and assessment of class switch recombination in purified murine b cells

La inmunidad humoral es la rama del sistema inmune que mantiene las células B y mediado a través de la secreción de anticuerpos. Tras la activación de células B, el locus de la inmunoglobulina se somete a una serie de modificaciones genéticas para alterar la capacidad de unión y función efectora de los anticuerpos secretados. Este proceso se destaca por un evento de recombinación genómica conocida como recombinación de cambio de clase (CSR) en el que se sustituye el isotipo IgM por defecto para un anticuerpo de IgG, IgA o IgE. Cada isotipo posee distintas funciones efectoras con lo que la RSC crucial para el mantenimiento de la inmunidad. Diversificación de la locus de la inmunoglobulina es mediada por la enzima citidina deaminasa inducida por activación (AID). Un vídeo esquema que describe este proceso en detalle está disponible en línea (http://video.med.utoronto.ca/videoprojects/immunology/aam.html). La actividad de la AID y la vía de RSC son comúnmente estudiados en la evaluación de la función de las células B y la inmunidad humoral en ratones. El protocolo se describe en este informe se presenta un método de aislamiento de células B del bazo murino y posterior estimulación con lipopolisacárido bacteriano (LPS) para inducir el cambio a la clase IgG3 (para otros isotipos de anticuerpos ver Tabla 1). Además, la tinción de células fluorescentes de tinte carboxifluoresceína succinimidil ester (CFSE) se utiliza para controlar la división celular de las células estimuladas, un proceso crucial para el cambio de isotipo 1, 2. La regulación de la AID y el mecanismo por el que la RSE se produce aún no están claros y por lo tanto en ensayos in vitro de cambio de clase proporcionan un método confiable para las pruebas de estos procesos en modelos de ratones diferentes. Estos ensayos se han utilizado anteriormente en el contexto de la deficiencia de genes utilizando ratones knockout 3. Además, in vitro el cambio de las células B puede estar precedido por la transducción viral para modular la expresión génica mediante ARN derribo o la expresión del transgén 4-6. Los datos de este tipo de experimentos han impactado a nuestra comprensión de la actividad de AID, la resolución de la reacción de la RSE, y la inmunidad mediada por anticuerpos en los ratones.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells at JoVE.com

Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells

Después de la exposición al antígeno, las subpoblaciones de linfocitos B activados sufren un proceso conocido como recombinación de cambio de clase (CSR) para producir isotipos de anticuerpos con diferentes funciones efectoras. El protocolo se describe en este informe se explica cómo la RSE puede ser inducida y analizados<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; A los efectos de estudiar la función de las células B.

Inducción y evaluación de la recombinación de cambio de clase en las células murinas purificada B

Humoral immunity is the branch of the immune system maintained by B cells and mediated through the secretion of antibodies. Upon B cell activation, the ...

induction-assessment-class-switch-recombination-purified-murine-b

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

18.1K vistas.  University of Toronto. Después de la exposición al antígeno, las subpoblaciones de linfocitos B activados sufren un proceso conocido como recombinación de cambio de clase (CSR) para producir isotipos de anticuerpos con diferentes funciones efectoras. El protocolo se describe en este informe se explica cómo la RSE puede ser inducida y analizados In vitro A los efectos de estudiar la función de las células B.

Video: Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells

Murine Model of CD40-activation of B cells

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand (CD40L), human B cells can be expanded without difficulties from small amounts of peripheral blood within 14 days to very large amounts of highly-pure CD40-B cells (&gt;109 cells per patient) from healthy donors as well as cancer patients1-4. CD40-B cells express important lymph node homing molecules and can attract T cells in vitro5. Furthermore they efficiently take up, process and present antigens to T cells6,7. CD40-B cells were shown to not only prime na&iacute;ve, but also expand memory T cells8,9. Therefore CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been studied as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cell-based immunotherapy1,5,10. In order to further study whether CD40-B cells induce effective T cell responses in vivo and to study the underlying mechanism we established a cell culture system for the generation of murine CD40-activated B cells. Using splenocytes or purified B cells from C57BL/6 mice for CD40-activation, optimal conditions were identified as follows: Starting from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice (haplotype H-2b) lymphocytes are purified by density gradient centrifugation and co-cultured with HeLa cells expressing recombinant murine CD40 ligand (tmuCD40L HeLa)11. Cells are recultured every 3-4 days and key components such as CD40L, interleukin-4, -Mercaptoethanol and cyclosporin A are replenished. In this protocol we demonstrate how to obtain fully activated murine CD40-B cells (mCD40B) with similar APC-phenotype to human CD40-B cells (Fig 1a,b). CD40-stimulation leads to a rapid outgrowth and expansion of highly pure (&gt;90%) CD19+ B cells within 14 days of cell culture (Fig 1c,d). To avoid contamination with non-transfected cells, expression of the murine CD40 ligand on the transfectants has to be controlled regularly (Fig 2). Murine CD40-activated B cells can be used to study B-cell activation and differentiation as well as to investigate their potential to function as APC in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, they represent a promising tool for establishing therapeutic or preventive vaccination against tumors and will help to answer questions regarding safety and immunogenicity of this approach12.

In this video, we demonstrate the procedure of CD40-activation and expansion of murine B cells from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice, which can be used as a model antigen-presenting cell (APC) to study induction of immunity.

Modelo murino de CD40-activación de las células B

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Recombinant Retroviral Production and Infection of B Cells

The transgenic expression of genes in eukaryotic cells is a powerful reverse genetic approach in which a gene of interest is expressed under the control of a heterologous expression system to facilitate the analysis of the resulting phenotype. This approach can be used to express a gene that is not normally found in the organism, to express a mutant form of a gene product, or to over-express a dominant-negative form of the gene product. It is particularly useful in the study of the hematopoetic system, where transcriptional regulation is a major control mechanism in the development and differentiation of B cells 1, reviewed in 2-4.
Mouse genetics is a powerful tool for the study of human genes and diseases. A comparative analysis of the mouse and human genome reveals conservation of synteny in over 90% of the genome 5. Also, much of the technology used in mouse models is applicable to the study of human genes, for example, gene disruptions and allelic replacement 6. However, the creation of a transgenic mouse requires a great deal of resources of both a financial and technical nature. Several projects have begun to compile libraries of knock out mouse strains (KOMP, EUCOMM, NorCOMM) or mutagenesis induced strains (RIKEN), which require large-scale efforts and collaboration 7. Therefore, it is desirable to first study the phenotype of a desired gene in a cell culture model of primary cells before progressing to a mouse model. 
Retroviral DNA integrates into the host DNA, preferably within or near transcription units or CpG islands, resulting in stable and heritable expression of the packaged gene of interest while avoiding transcriptional silencing 8 9. The genes are then transcribed under the control of a high efficiency retroviral promoter, resulting in a high efficiency of transcription and protein production. Therefore, retroviral expression can be used with cells that are difficult to transfect, provided the cells are in an active state during mitosis. Because the structural genes of the virus are contained within the packaging cell line, the expression vectors used to clone the gene of interest contain no structural genes of the virus, which both eliminates the possibility of viral revertants and increases the safety of working with viral supernatants as no infectious virions are produced 10. 
Here we present a protocol for recombinant retroviral production and subsequent infection of splenic B cells. After isolation, the cultured splenic cells are stimulated with Th derived lymphokines and anti-CD40, which induces a burst of B cell proliferation and differentiation 11. This protocol is ideal for the study of events occurring late in B cell development and differentiation, as B cells are isolated from the spleen following initial hematopoetic events but prior to antigenic stimulation to induce plasmacytic differentiation.

An efficient system of structure and function analysis of a gene in an ex vivo culture of splenic B-lymphocytes is described. This method takes advantage of recombinant retroviral production in a helper free, ecotrophic packaging cell line. Stable, heritable expression of a gene of interest within primary lymphocytes is achieved leading to generation of surface antibodies on B cells undergoing class switch recombination.

Recombinante de producción retrovirales y la infección de células B

The transgenic expression of genes in eukaryotic cells is a powerful reverse genetic approach in which a gene of interest is expressed under the control ...

Identifying DNA Mutations in Purified Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells

In recent years, it has become apparent that genomic instability is tightly related to many developmental disorders, cancers, and aging. Given that stem cells are responsible for ensuring tissue homeostasis and repair throughout life, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the stem cell population is critical for preserving genomic integrity of tissues. Therefore, significant interest has arisen in assessing the impact of endogenous and environmental factors on genomic integrity in stem cells and their progeny, aiming to understand the etiology of stem-cell based diseases.
LacI transgenic mice carry a recoverable &#955;&#160;phage vector encoding the LacI reporter system, in which the LacI gene serves as the mutation reporter. The result of a mutated LacI gene is the production of &#946;-galactosidase that cleaves a chromogenic substrate, turning it blue. The LacI reporter system is carried in all cells, including stem/progenitor cells and can easily be recovered and used to subsequently infect E. coli. After incubating infected E. coli on agarose that contains the correct substrate, plaques can be scored; blue plaques indicate a mutant LacI gene, while clear plaques harbor wild-type. The frequency of blue (among clear) plaques indicates the mutant frequency in the original cell population the DNA was extracted from. Sequencing the mutant LacI gene will show the location of the mutations in the gene and the type of mutation.
The LacI transgenic mouse model is well-established as an in vivo mutagenesis assay. Moreover, the mice and the reagents for the assay are commercially available. Here we describe in detail how this model can be adapted to measure the frequency of spontaneously occurring DNA mutants in stem cell-enriched Lin-IL7R-Sca-1+cKit++(LSK) cells and other subpopulations of the hematopoietic system.

Here we describe an in vivo mutagenesis assay for small numbers of purified hematopoietic cells using the LacI transgenic mouse model.&#160;The LacI gene can be isolated to determine the frequency, location, and type of DNA mutants&#160;spontaneously arisen or after exposure to genotoxins.

La identificación de mutaciones del ADN en Purificada hematopoyéticas células madre / progenitoras

In recent years, it has become apparent that genomic instability is tightly related to many developmental disorders, cancers, and aging. Given that stem ...

Detection of True IgE-expressing Mouse B Lineage Cells

B lymphocyte immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR) is a process wherein initially expressed IgM switches to other IgH isotypes, such as IgA, IgE and IgG. Measurement of IgH CSR in vitro is a key method for the study of a number of biologic processes ranging from DNA recombination and repair to aspects of molecular and cellular immunology. In vitro CSR assay involves the flow cytometric measurement surface Ig expression on activated B cells. While measurement of IgA and IgG subclasses is straightforward, measurement of IgE by this method is problematic due to soluble IgE binding to Fc&#949;RII/CD23 expressed on the surface of activated B cells. Here we describe a unique procedure for accurate measurement of IgE-producing mouse B cells that have undergone CSR in culture. The method is based on trypsin-mediated cleavage of IgE-CD23 complexes on cell surfaces, allowing for detection of IgE-producing B lineage cells by cytoplasmic staining. This procedure offers a convenient solution for flow cytometric analysis of CSR to IgE.

In vitro analysis of class switch recombination in mice is challenging due to cytophilic IgE molecules bound to Fc receptors on the surface of B cells. We describe a method for IgE detection using trypsin-mediated cleavage of surface-bound IgE prior to fixation and permeabilization for cytoplasmic fluorescence staining.

Detección de True IgE que expresan las células del linaje B de ratón

B lymphocyte immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR) is a process wherein initially expressed IgM switches to other IgH ...

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. We describe here an experimental colitis model that is initiated by adoptive transfer of syngeneic splenic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipient mice. The CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell population that largely consists of na&#239;ve effector cells is capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, closely resembling key aspects of human IBD. This method can be manipulated to study aspects of disease onset and progression. Additionally it can be used to study the function of innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cell populations, and the role of environmental exposures, i.e., the microbiota, in intestinal inflammation. In this article we illustrate the methodology for inducing colitis with a step-by-step protocol. This includes a video demonstration of key technical aspects required to successfully develop this murine model of experimental colitis for research purposes.

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we present a protocol to induce colonic inflammation in mice by adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipients. Clinical and histopathological features mimic human inflammatory bowel diseases. This method allows the study of the initiation of colonic inflammation and progression of disease.

La inducción de la inflamación intestinal murino por transferencia adoptiva de Efector CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD45RB<sup&gt; Alta</sup&gt; T células en ratones inmunodeficientes

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Assessment of the Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)

The immunomodulatory properties of multilineage human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) appear to be highly relevant for clinical use towards a wide-range of immune-related diseases. Mechanisms involved are increasingly being elucidated and in this article, we describe the basic experiment to assess MSC immunomodulation by assaying for suppression of effector leukocyte proliferation. Representing activation, leukocyte proliferation can be assessed by a number of techniques, and we describe in this protocol the use of the fluorescent cellular dye carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to label leukocytes with subsequent flow cytometric analyses. This technique can not only assess proliferation without radioactivity, but also the number of cell divisions that have occurred as well as allowing for identification of the specific population of proliferating cells and intracellular cytokine/factor expression. Moreover, the assay can be tailored to evaluate specific populations of effector leukocytes by magnetic bead surface marker selection of single peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations prior to co-culture with MSCs. The flexibility of this co-culture assay is useful for investigating cellular interactions between MSCs and leukocytes.

Assessment of the Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells MSCs

The immunomodulatory properties of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) appear increasingly relevant for clinical application. Using a co-culture system of MSCs and peripheral blood leukocytes pre-stained with the fluorescent dye carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), we describe the in vitro assessment of MSC immunomodulation on effector leukocyte proliferation and specific subpopulations.

Evaluación de las propiedades inmunomoduladoras de las células madre mesenquimales humanas (MSC)

The immunomodulatory properties of multilineage human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) appear to be highly relevant for clinical use towards a wide-range of ...

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS), is a Gram-positive, asymptomatic colonizer of the human gastrointestinal tract and vaginal tract of 10 - 30% of adults. In immune-compromised individuals, including neonates, pregnant women, and the elderly, GBS may switch to an invasive pathogen causing sepsis, arthritis, pneumonia, and meningitis. Because GBS is a leading bacterial pathogen of neonates, current prophylaxis is comprised of late gestation screening for GBS vaginal colonization and subsequent peripartum antibiotic treatment of GBS-positive mothers. Heavy GBS vaginal burden is a risk factor for both neonatal disease and colonization. Unfortunately, little is known about the host and bacterial factors that promote or permit GBS vaginal colonization. This protocol describes a technique for establishing persistent GBS vaginal colonization using a single &#946;-estradiol pre-treatment and daily sampling to determine bacterial load. It further details methods to administer additional therapies or reagents of interest and to collect vaginal lavage fluid and reproductive tract tissues. This mouse model will further the understanding of the GBS-host interaction within the vaginal environment, which will lead to potential therapeutic targets to control maternal vaginal colonization during pregnancy and to prevent transmission to the vulnerable newborn. It will also be of interest to increase our understanding of general bacterial-host interactions in the female vaginal tract.

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

The purpose of this protocol is to imitate human group B Streptococcus (GBS) vaginal colonization in a murine model. This method may be used to investigate host immune responses and bacterial factors contributing to GBS vaginal persistence, as well as to test therapeutic strategies.

Un modelo murino de Grupo B<em&gt; Streptococcus</em&gt; Colonización vaginal

Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS), is a Gram-positive, asymptomatic colonizer of the human gastrointestinal tract and vaginal tract of ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Particle-bound Bet v 1 Allergen in PM10

Flow cytometry is a method widely used to quantify suspended solids such as cells or bacteria in a size range from 0.5 to several tens of micrometers in diameter. In addition to a characterization of forward and sideward scatter properties, it enables the use of fluorescent labeled markers like antibodies to detect respective structures. Using indirect antibody staining, flow cytometry is employed here to quantify birch pollen allergen (precisely Bet v 1)-loaded particles of 0.5 to 10 &#181;m in diameter in inhalable particulate matter (PM10, particle size &#8804;10 &#181;m in diameter). PM10 particles may act as carriers of adsorbed allergens possibly transporting them to the lower respiratory tract, where they could trigger allergic reactions.
So far the allergen content of PM10 has been studied by means of enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and scanning electron microscopy. ELISA measures the dissolved and not the particle-bound allergen. Compared to scanning electron microscopy, which can visualize allergen-loaded particles, flow cytometry may additionally quantify them. As allergen content of ambient air can deviate from birch pollen count, allergic symptoms might perhaps correlate better with allergen exposure than with pollen count. In conjunction with clinical data, the presented method offers the opportunity to test in future experiments whether allergic reactions to birch pollen antigens are associated with the Bet v 1 allergen content of PM10 particles &#62;0.5 &#181;m.

Here, we present a protocol to quantify allergen-loaded particles by flow cytometry. Ambient particulate matter particles may act as carriers of adsorbed allergens. We show here that flow cytometry, a method widely used to characterize suspended solids &#62;0.5 &#181;m in diameter, can be used to measure these allergen-loaded particles.

Análisis de citometría de flujo de partículas unida a Bet v 1 de alérgenos en el MP10

Flow cytometry is a method widely used to quantify suspended solids such as cells or bacteria in a size range from 0.5 to several tens of micrometers in ...

Genome-wide Analysis of HDAC Inhibitor-mediated Modulation of microRNAs and mRNAs in B Cells Induced to Undergo Class-switch DNA Recombination and Plasma Cell Differentiation

Antibody responses are accomplished through several critical B cell-intrinsic processes, including somatic hypermutation (SHM), class-switch DNA recombination (CSR), and plasma cell differentiation. In recent years, epigenetic modifications or factors, such as histone deacetylation and microRNAs (miRNAs), have been shown to interact with B-cell genetic programs to shape antibody responses, while the dysfunction of epigenetic factors has been found to lead to autoantibody responses. Analyzing genome-wide miRNA and mRNA expression in B cells in response to epigenetic modulators is important for understanding the epigenetic regulation of B-cell function and antibody response. Here, we demonstrate a protocol for inducing B cells to undergo CSR and plasma cell differentiation, treating these B cells with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDIs), and analyzing mRNA and microRNA expression. In this protocol, we directly analyze complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences using next-generation mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) and miRNA-seq technologies, mapping of the sequencing reads to the genome, and quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR. With these approaches, we have defined that, in B cells induced to undergo CSR and plasma cell differentiation, HDI, an epigenetic regulator, selectively modulates miRNA and mRNA expression and alters CSR and plasma cell differentiation.

Epigenetic factors can interact with genetic programs to modulate gene expression and regulate B cell function. By combining in vitro B-cell stimulation, qRT-PCR, and high-throughput microRNA-sequence and mRNA-sequence approaches, we can analyze the epigenetic modulation of miRNA and gene expression in B cells.

Genoma-ancha análisis de inhibidor de HDAC mediada por modulación de microRNAs y mRNAs en células B inducida por recombinación del ADN someterse a interruptor de clase y diferenciación de células plasmáticas

Antibody responses are accomplished through several critical B cell-intrinsic processes, including somatic hypermutation (SHM), class-switch DNA ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms requires reliable models. Here, we describe models of tolerance to cardiac allograft in rat, induced by blockade of costimulation signals or by upregulation of immunoregulatory molecules through gene transfer. Each of these models allowed in vivo generation of regulatory cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs) or regulatory myeloid cells (RegMCs). In this manuscript, we describe two complementary protocols that have been used to identify and define in vitro and in vivo regulatory cell activity to determine their responsibility in tolerance induction and maintenance. First, an in vitro suppressive assay allowed rapid identification of cells with suppressive capacity on effector immune responses in a dose dependent manner, and can be used for further analysis such as cytokine measurement or cytotoxicity. Second, the adoptive transfer of cells from a tolerant treated recipient to a newly irradiated grafted recipient, highlighted the tolerogenic properties of these cells in controlling graft directed immune responses and/or converting new regulatory cells (termed infectious tolerance). These methods are not restricted to cells with known phenotypic markers and can be extended to any cell population. Furthermore, donor directed allospecificity of regulatory cells (an important goal in the field) can be assessed by using third party donor cells or graft either in vitro or in vivo. Finally, to determine the specific tolerogenic capacity of these regulatory cells, we provide protocols to assess the humoral anti-donor antibody responses and the capacity of the recipient to develop humoral responses against new or former known antigens. The models of tolerance described can be used to further characterize regulatory cells, to identify new biomarkers, and immunoregulatory molecules, and are adaptable to other transplantation models or autoimmune diseases in rodent or human.

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

Here, we present a protocol to induce tolerance in transplantation, and assess in vitro and in vivo the suppressive capacity of distinct cell subsets from the recipient and the immune status of the recipient toward donor or exogenous antigens.

In Vitro e In Vivo la evaluación de la actividad supresora T, B y las células mieloides y las respuestas humorales de los receptores de trasplante

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms ...