Agradecemos a nuestros colegas en RIKEN-BSI por su amable apoyo y consejos durante este fructífero trabajo. Me gustaría expresar mi sincero agradecimiento al profesor Shigemi Mori, profesor G frontera Juh Qué, los Dres. Kiyoji Matsuyama, Katalin AK Kesi y rp d Dobolyi que me aconsejó que método de estudio de microdiálisis en el curso de postgrado en la Universidad de Postgrado para Estudios Avanzados, Japón. Finalmente, agradecemos al Sr. Chris Sarnecky y el Dr. Akitsugu Takasu por su apoyo en la grabación de vídeo.

Paso 1. Preparación de la implantación de la sonda <ol><li> Anestesia (no se muestra en el video) Anestesiar a cada ave con una inyección intraperitoneal de ketamina (12,5 mg / kg de peso corporal) y xilazina (25 mg / kg) de la mezcla para producir un nivel constante de anestesia quirúrgica. </li><li> Fijar la cabeza a un marco estereotáxico El uso de xilocaína (TM) jalea para reducir los dolores locales de bares de presión del oído &quot;. La cabeza de pájaro se fija en un aparato estereotáxico que consiste en bares y oído el titular de pico que tiene la cabeza en un ángulo de 45 °. Durante la cirugía estereotáxica para la implantación, calentar el cuerpo del ave por plataforma quirúrgica con control térmico (temperatura = 34 ~ 36 ° C). </li><li> Desinfectar el área quirúrgica Desinfectar el campo quirúrgico con Isodine (TM) antes de la cirugía. </li></ol> Paso 2. Posicionamiento estereotáxico <ol><li> Referencia punto de alineación Alinear la sonda ficticia (vidrio micropipeta) a la Lambda (Y punto) y la marca Y-punto con la pipeta llena de tinte. Restantes Dextran-TMR del estudio de seguimiento última se utilizó en el video. </li><li> Incisión de la piel Quite la piel y exponer la superficie del cráneo. Luego, limpie la superficie del cráneo con hisopos de algodón. </li><li> Colocación de la cánula dummy (en sentido horizontal) Mover la cánula maniquí al sitio de destino (AP eje y la coordinación lateral) </li><li> Craneotomía pequeña y la incisión de la duramadre. Use unas pinzas finas para craneotomía y una fina aguja de inyección (30 G) para las incisiones de la duramadre. Luego, limpie la superficie del cráneo. </li><li> Posicionamiento final (implantación) de la cánula maniquí Localizar la punta de la cánula guía en el 0,30 mm por encima de la sonda de microdiálisis intencionados región de destino. Por último, limpiar la superficie del cráneo, de nuevo, porque una superficie limpia y seca se requiere para la unión dura. </li></ol> Paso 3. El tratamiento previo de la superficie craneal (El procedimiento similar para la &quot;restauración de obturación directa&quot; del producto dental se emplea). <ol><li> Primer tratamiento <ol><li> Mix PRIMAR A con B líquido en un plato. </li><li> Aplique la mezcla en la superficie del cráneo con un pequeño cepillo. </li><li> Dejar durante 30 segundos. </li><li> Seca con corriente de aire templado. (No se lave.) </li></ol></li><li> Aplicación de agente de unión <ol><li> Aplicar el adhesivo sobre la superficie del cráneo con un pequeño cepillo. </li><li> Aplicar una corriente suave de aire. (No se lave.) </li><li> Fotocurado durante 20 segundos. </li></ol></li></ol> Paso 4. Montaje de resina compuesta <ol><li> Montaje de resina con condensador plano Si un condensador normal no está disponible, una espátula de micro-se puede utilizar en su lugar. </li><li> Fotopolimerización </li><li> Incremental de montaje Incremental de montaje se recomienda para asegurar la reacción completa de la resina. Para el montaje incremental, aplique adhesivo antes de cada montaje. </li><li> Molde de la resina compuesta y la luz de curado de endurecimiento final. </li><li> Final de la cirugía </li></ol> Limpie el área quirúrgica, se aplican los antibióticos (pomada de gentamicina), y retire el animal de la llama estereotáxica. Entonces, mantener al animal en una cámara de termo-control (temperatura = 33-35 ° C) para la recuperación postanestésica. Como se muestra en el video, no se observó un comportamiento anormal en cualquiera de los animales al día siguiente después de la cirugía.

<ol>
	<li>Adell, A., Artigas, F., Boulton, A., Baker, G., Bateson, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+Brain+microdialysis:+Principles+and+applications.">In vivo Brain microdialysis: Principles and applications.</a> In Vivo Neuromethods: Neuromethods. 32, 325-357 (1998).</li><li>Kendrick, K., Robinson, T., Justice, J., Bateson, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microdialysis+in+large+unrestrained+animals:+neuroendocrine+and+behavioral+studies+of+acetylcholine,+amino+acid,+monoamine+and+neuropeptide+release+in+the+sheep.">Microdialysis in large unrestrained animals: neuroendocrine and behavioral studies of acetylcholine, amino acid, monoamine and neuropeptide release in the sheep.</a> Microdialysis in the Neuroscience. 7, 327-348 (1991).</li><li>Oakley, B., Schafer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Experimental Neurobiology: A laboratory Manual. , (1978).</li><li>Okumura, T., Yamashita, Y., Okanoya, K., Tani, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Function+of+the+sensori-motor+nucleus+NIf+in+generation+of+complex+syntactical+song+in+the+Bengalese+Finch+I.+A+Biological+study.">Function of the sensori-motor nucleus NIf in generation of complex syntactical song in the Bengalese Finch I. A Biological study.</a> Soc. Neurosci Abst. 33, (2007).</li><li>Boulton, A., Baker, G., Robinson, T., Bateson, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relation+of+brain+electrical+activity+to+behavior.">The relation of brain electrical activity to behavior.</a> In Vivo Neuromethods: Neuromethods. 32, 325-357 (1998).</li><li>Yamashita, Y., Okumura, T., Okanoya, K., Tani, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Function+of+the+sensori-motor+nucleus+NIf+in+generation+of+complex+syntactical+song+in+the+Bengalese+finch.">Function of the sensori-motor nucleus NIf in generation of complex syntactical song in the Bengalese finch.</a> , 101-104 (2007).</li></ol>

Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo de acuerdo con las directrices para la experimentación con animales del cerebro instituto de ciencias, RIKEN (RIKEN-BSI) y de los animales del instituto del comité de ética aprobado.

En comparación con la aplicación de resinas acrílicas convencionales auto curación, la técnica introducida tiene varias ventajas importantes: 1. Contacto directo: Acrílico autocurado se inserta en el hueso por un tiempo pero no se adhiere a los huesos. Por lo tanto, los tornillos de anclaje están obligados a fijar una base de montaje (ver Figura 2a). Por el contrario, la resina de fotopolimerización pueden unirse al hueso directamente, de forma que los tornillos no son necesarios (Figura 2B). Por lo tanto, el t...

1A fotografía muestra a la sonda de microdiálisis (a), una tuerca (b) y una cánula guía (c). En esta foto, la cánula guía se encuentra rodeado por una resina dental que se adhiere al cráneo directamente. Foto B muestra un pájaro durante la perfusión de drogas. En la parte superior de la cabeza, hay una sonda de microdiálisis que está conectado a un tubo de Tefron bien. Las barras de escala = 1 cm de A y 2 cm de B, respectivamente. <img src="http://www.jove.com/files/249_2008_8_26_3/249_Figure-01.png" /> Figura 1 - Las fotografías de una sonda de microdiálisis (A) y un pájaro durante la perfusión de drogas (B)

application of light-cured dental adhesive resin for mounting electrodes or microdialysis probes in chronic experiments

En los experimentos de grabación crónica, auto-curado de resinas de acrílico dental se han utilizado como una base de montaje de los electrodos o sondas de microdiálisis. Dado que estos acrílicos no se unen a los huesos, tornillos han sido utilizados como anclajes. Sin embargo, en los pequeños animales de experimentación, como los pinzones o el ratón, sus cráneos son muy frágiles y no se puede sostener con éxito los anclajes. En este informe, proponemos una nueva aplicación de la luz de curado de resinas dentales base de montaje de los electrodos o sondas de microdiálisis en experimentos crónicos. Este material permite contacto directo con el cráneo. Por lo tanto, los tornillos de anclaje no son necesarias y campo quirúrgico se reduce considerablemente. Las experiencias pasadas muestran que el efecto de la vinculación mantiene más de 2 meses. Ventana de resina convencional de tiempo en que los materiales son flexibles y viables, a pocos minutos. Sin embargo, la ventana de tiempo de trabajo de estos adhesivos dentales es mucho más amplio y ajustable.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of Light-cured Dental Adhesive Resin for Mounting Electrodes or Microdialysis Probes in Chronic Experiments at JoVE.com

Application of Light-cured Dental Adhesive Resin for Mounting Electrodes or Microdialysis Probes in Chronic Experiments

En este informe, proponemos una nueva aplicación de la luz de curado de resinas dentales base de montaje de los electrodos o sondas de microdiálisis en experimentos crónicos. Este material permite contacto directo con el cráneo.

Aplicación de curado con luz Resina Adhesivo Dental para los electrodos de montaje o sondas de microdiálisis en experimentos crónica

In chronic recording experiments, self-curing dental acrylic resins have been used as a mounting base of electrodes or microdialysis-probes. Since these ...

application-light-cured-dental-adhesive-resin-for-mounting-electrodes

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

15.3K vistas.  RIKEN. En este informe, proponemos una nueva aplicación de la luz de curado de resinas dentales base de montaje de los electrodos o sondas de microdiálisis en experimentos crónicos. Este material permite contacto directo con el cráneo.

Video: Application of Light-cured Dental Adhesive Resin for Mounting Electrodes or Microdialysis Probes in Chronic Experiments

Preparation of Artificial Bilayers for Electrophysiology Experiments

Planar lipid bilayers, also called artificial lipid bilayers, allow you to study ion-conducting channels in a well-defined environment. These bilayers can be used for many different studies, such as the characterization of membrane-active peptides, the reconstitution of ion channels or investigations on how changes in lipid bilayer properties alter the function of bilayer-spanning channels.  Here, we show how to form a planar bilayer and how to isolate small patches from the bilayer, and in a second video  will also demonstrate a procedure for using gramicidin channels to determine changes in lipid bilayer elastic properties.   We also demonstrate the individual steps needed to prepare the bilayer chamber, the electrodes and how to test that the bilayer is suitable for single-channel measurements.

Planar lipid bilayers, also called artificial lipid bilayers, allow you to study ion-conducting channels in a well-defined environment. Here, we demonstrate the individual steps needed to prepare the bilayer chamber, the electrodes and how to test that the bilayer is suitable for single-channel measurements.

Preparación de la bicapa artificial para experimentos de electrofisiología

Planar lipid bilayers, also called artificial lipid bilayers, allow you to study ion-conducting channels in a well-defined environment. These bilayers can ...

Investigación

Biología

Fabrication of Amperometric Electrodes

Carbon fiber electrodes are crucial for the detection of catecholamine release from vesicles in single cells for amperometry measurements.  Here, we describe the techniques needed to generate low noise (&lt;0.5 pA) electrodes.  The techniques have been modified from published descriptions by previous researchers (1,2).  Electrodes are made by preparing carbon fibers and threading them individually into each capillary tube by using a vacuum with a filter to aspirate the fiber.  Next, the capillary tube with fiber is pulled by an electrode puller, creating two halves, each with a fine-pointed tip.  The electrodes are dipped in hot, liquid epoxy mixed with hardener to create an epoxy-glass seal.  Lastly, the electrodes are placed in an oven to cure the epoxy.  Careful handling of the electrodes is critical to ensure that they are made consistently and without damage.  This protocol shows how to fabricate and cut amperometric electrodes for recording from single cells.

This protocol describes how to generate carbon fiber electrodes. The electrodes are subsequently used to detect catecholamine release from vesicles with carbon fiber amperometry.

Fabricación de electrodos amperométricos

Carbon fiber electrodes are crucial for the detection of catecholamine release from vesicles in single cells for amperometry measurements.  Here, we ...

Robust 3D DNA FISH Using Directly Labeled Probes

3D DNA FISH has become a major tool for analyzing three-dimensional organization of the nucleus, and several variations of the technique have been published. In this article we describe a protocol which has been optimized for robustness, reproducibility, and ease of use. Brightly fluorescent directly labeled probes are generated by nick-translation with amino-allyldUTP followed by chemical coupling of the dye. 3D DNA FISH is performed using a freeze-thaw step for cell permeabilization and a heating step for simultaneous denaturation of probe and nuclear DNA. The protocol is applicable to a range of cell types and a variety of probes (BACs, plasmids, fosmids, or Whole Chromosome Paints) and allows for high-throughput automated imaging. With this method we routinely investigate nuclear localization of up to three chromosomal regions.

We describe a robust and versatile protocol for analyzing nuclear architecture by 3D DNA FISH using directly labeled fluorescent probes.

Robusto PESCADO ADN 3D utilizando sondas marcadas directamente

3D DNA FISH has become a major tool for  analyzing three-dimensional organization of the nucleus, and several variations  of the technique have been ...

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. To identify where signaling pathways and tissues act during patterning of the developing face, a 'face transplant' technique has been developed in embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis. A region of presumptive facial tissue (the "Extreme Anterior Domain" (EAD)) is removed from a donor embryo at tailbud stage, and transplanted to a host embryo of the same stage, from which the equivalent region has been removed. This can be used to generate a chimeric face where the host or donor tissue has a loss or gain of function in a gene, and/or includes a lineage label. After healing, the outcome of development is monitored, and indicates roles of the signaling pathway within the donor or surrounding host tissues. Xenopus is a valuable model for face development, as the facial region is large and readily accessible for micromanipulation. Many embryos can be assayed, over a short time period since development occurs rapidly. Findings in the frog are relevant to human development, since craniofacial processes appear conserved between Xenopus and mammals.

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

A technique for transplanting "Extreme Anterior Domain" facial tissue between Xenopus laevis embryos has been developed. Tissue can be moved from one gene expression background into another, allowing the study of local requirements for craniofacial development and for signaling interactions between facial regions.

Los trasplantes faciales en<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em&gt; Los embriones

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. ...

Multilayer Mounting for Long-term Light Sheet Microscopy of Zebrafish

Light sheet microscopy is the ideal imaging technique to study zebrafish embryonic development. Due to minimal photo-toxicity and bleaching, it is particularly suited for long-term time-lapse imaging over many hours up to several days. However, an appropriate sample mounting strategy is needed that offers both confinement and normal development of the sample. Multilayer mounting, a new embedding technique using low-concentration agarose in optically clear tubes, now overcomes this limitation and unleashes the full potential of light sheet microscopy for real-time developmental biology.

The development of zebrafish can be followed over days with light sheet microscopy when embryos are embedded in optically clear polymer tubes with low-concentration agarose.

Multicapa de montaje para microscopía de luz Hoja de largo plazo del pez cebra

Light sheet microscopy is the ideal imaging technique to study zebrafish embryonic development. Due to minimal photo-toxicity and bleaching, it is ...

Isolation and Culture of Dental Epithelial Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Incisor

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie tooth regeneration and renewal has become a topic of great interest1-4, and the mouse incisor provides a model for these processes. This remarkable organ grows continuously throughout the animal&#39;s life and generates all the necessary cell types from active pools of adult stem cells housed in the labial (toward the lip) and lingual (toward the tongue) cervical loop (CL) regions. Only the dental stem cells from the labial CL give rise to ameloblasts that generate enamel, the outer covering of teeth, on the labial surface. This asymmetric enamel formation allows abrasion at the incisor tip, and progenitors and stem cells in the proximal incisor ensure that the dental tissues are constantly replenished. The ability to isolate and grow these progenitor or stem cells in vitro allows their expansion and opens doors to numerous experiments not achievable in vivo, such as high throughput testing of potential stem cell regulatory factors. Here, we describe and demonstrate a reliable and consistent method to culture cells from the labial CL of the mouse incisor.

The continuously growing mouse incisor provides a model for studying renewal of dental tissues from dental epithelial stem cells (DESCs). A robust system for consistently and reliably obtaining these cells from the incisor and expanding them in vitro is reported here.

Aislamiento y cultivo de células madre epiteliales dental del adulto Ratón Incisivo

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie tooth regeneration and renewal has become a topic of great interest1-4, and the mouse ...

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes. It contains approximately 800 separate eye units, termed ommatidia1. Each ommatidium contains eight neuronal photoreceptors that develop from undifferentiated cells following the passage of the morphogenetic furrow in the third larval instar2. Following the sequential differentiation of the photoreceptors, non-neuronal cells develop, including cone and pigment cells, along with mechanosensory bristle cells3. Final differentiation processes, including the structured arrangement of all the ommatidial cell types, programmed cell death of undifferentiated cell types and rhodopsin expression, occurs through the pupal phase4-7. This technique focuses on manipulating the pupal eye disc, providing insight and instruction on how to dissect the eye disc during the pupal phase, which is inherently more difficult to perform than the commonly dissected third instar eye disc. This technique also provides details on immunostaining to allow the visualization of various proteins and other cell components.

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

The goal of this technique is to enable researchers to perform dissection, immunostaining and mounting of pupal eye discs from Drosophila melanogaster of any age.

Disección y montaje de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Pupal discos Eye

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes.  It contains approximately 800 ...

The Assembly and Application of 'Shear Rings': A Novel Endothelial Model for Orbital, Unidirectional and Periodic Fluid Flow and Shear Stress

Deviations from normal levels and patterns of vascular fluid shear play important roles in vascular physiology and pathophysiology by inducing adaptive as well as pathological changes in endothelial phenotype and gene expression. In particular, maladaptive effects of periodic, unidirectional flow induced shear stress can trigger a variety of effects on several vascular cell types, particularly endothelial cells. While by now endothelial cells from diverse anatomic origins have been cultured, in-depth analyses of their responses to fluid shear have been hampered by the relative complexity of shear models (e.g., parallel plate flow chamber, cone and plate flow model). While these all represent excellent approaches, such models are technically complicated and suffer from drawbacks including relatively lengthy and complex setup time, low surface areas, requirements for pumps and pressurization often requiring sealants and gaskets, creating challenges to both maintenance of sterility and an inability to run multiple experiments. However, if higher throughput models of flow and shear were available, greater progress on vascular endothelial shear responses, particularly periodic shear research at the molecular level, might be more rapidly advanced. Here, we describe the construction and use of shear rings: a novel, simple-to-assemble, and inexpensive tissue culture model with a relatively large surface area that easily allows for a high number of experimental replicates in unidirectional, periodic shear stress studies on endothelial cells.

Different levels and patterns of fluid shear are known to modulate endothelial gene expression, phenotype and susceptibility to disease. We discuss the assembly and use of 'shear rings': a model that produces unidirectional, periodic shear stress patterns. Shear rings are simple to assemble, economical and can produce high cell yields.

La Asamblea y la Aplicación de &#39;Shear Anillos&#39;: A Novel endotelial Modelo de Orbital, unidireccional y periódica flujo de fluido y la tensión de cizallamiento

Deviations from normal levels and patterns of vascular fluid shear play important roles in vascular physiology and pathophysiology by inducing adaptive as ...

Application of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Nitric Oxide (NO&#8226;) Probes, the geNOps, for Real-time Imaging of NO&#8226; Signals in Single Cells

Nitric Oxide (NO&#8226;) is a small radical, which mediates multiple important cellular functions in mammals, bacteria and plants. Despite the existence of a large number of methods for detecting NO&#8226; in vivo and in vitro, the real-time monitoring of NO&#8226; at the single-cell level is very challenging. The physiological or pathological effects of NO&#8226; are determined by the actual concentration and dwell time of this radical. Accordingly, methods that allow the single-cell detection of NO&#8226; are highly desirable. Recently, we expanded the pallet of NO&#8226; indicators by introducing single fluorescent protein-based genetically encoded nitric oxide (NO&#8226;) probes (geNOps) that directly respond to cellular NO&#8226; fluctuations and, hence, addresses this need. Here we demonstrate the usage of geNOps to assess intracellular NO&#8226; signals in response to two different chemical NO&#8226;-liberating molecules. Our results also confirm that freshly prepared 3-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-nitrosohydrazino)-N-methyl-1-propanamine (NOC-7) has a much higher potential to evoke change in intracellular NO&#8226; levels as compared with the inorganic NO&#8226; donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Furthermore, dual-color live-cell imaging using the green geNOps (G-geNOp) and the chemical Ca2+ indicator fura-2 was performed to visualize the tight regulation of Ca2+-dependent NO&#8226; formation in single endothelial cells. These representative experiments demonstrate that geNOps are suitable tools to investigate the real-time generation and degradation of single-cell NO&#8226; signals in diverse experimental setups.

This manuscript presents protocols for the application of novel genetically encoded nitric oxide (NO&#8226;) probes (geNOps) to monitor single cell NO&#8226; fluctuations in real-time using fluorescence microscopy. The Ca2+-triggered NO&#8226; formation on the level of individual endothelial cells was visualized by combining geNOps with a chemical Ca2+ sensor.

Aplicación de la codificados genéticamente fluorescente óxido nítrico (NO •) Probes, los geNOps, para imágenes en tiempo real de NO • Las señales en las células individuales

Nitric Oxide (NO&#8226;) is a small radical, which mediates multiple important cellular functions in mammals, bacteria and plants. Despite the existence ...

A Versatile Method for Mounting Arabidopsis Leaves for Intravital Time-lapse Imaging

The plant immune response associated with a genome-wide transcriptional reprogramming is initiated at the site of infection. Thus, the immune response is regulated spatially and temporally. The use of a fluorescent gene under the control of an immunity-related promoter in combination with an automated fluorescence microscopy is a simple way to understand spatiotemporal regulation of plant immunity. In contrast to the root tissues that have been used for a number of various intravital fluorescent imaging experiments, there exist few fluorescent live-imaging examples for the leaf tissues that encounter an array of airborne microbial infections. Therefore, we developed a simple method to mount leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana plants for live-cell imaging over an extended period of time. We used transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) genefused to the nuclear localization signal (NLS) under the control of the promoter of a defense-related marker gene, Pathogenesis-Related 1 (PR1). We infiltrated a transgenic leaf with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (avrRpt2) strain (Pst_a2) and performed in vivo time-lapse imaging of the YFP signal for a total of 40 h using an automated fluorescence stereomicroscope. This method can be utilized not only for studies on plant immune responses but also for analyses of various developmental events and environmental responses occurring in leaf tissues.

A Versatile Method for Mounting Arabidopsis Leaves for Intravital Time-lapse Imaging

We report a simple and versatile method for performing fluorescent live-imaging of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves over an extended period of time. We use a transgenic Arabidopsis plant expressing a fluorescent reporter gene under the control of an immunity-related promoter as an example for gaining spatiotemporal understanding of plant immune responses.

Un método versátil para el montaje de Arabidopsis las hojas para la proyección de imagen de Time-lapse Intravital

The plant immune response associated with a genome-wide transcriptional reprogramming is initiated at the site of infection. Thus, the immune response is ...

Aplicación de curado con luz Resina Adhesivo Dental para los electrodos de montaje o sondas de microdiálisis en experimentos crónica

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