Los autores agradecen a Shad y Schipke Chesser Daniel por su ayuda con el diseño y fabricación del sistema y Myles Valtresa de asistencia con la preparación del manuscrito.

1. Tejido de cosecha y preparación <ol><li> Válvulas aórtica deben ser tomadas de cerdos adultos que no pesen más de 120 libras inmediatamente después de la muerte. </li><li> Lave las válvulas de dos veces con solución salina estéril tamponada de fosfato (PBS) y el transporte al laboratorio en hielo. </li><li> Todos los pasos posteriores se deben realizar bajo condiciones estériles. </li><li> Asegúrese de que los folletos no muestran ningún signo de degeneración, lagrimeo o calcificación. Quitar folletos de la raíz aórtica mediante la reducción de 1 / 3 de la distancia desde el anillo. </li><li> Folletos a cabo en los distintos pozos de una placa de seis pocillo e incubar durante la noche con 3 ml de Dulbecco modificado medio de Eagle suplementado con 1% de solución anti-biotic/anti-mycotic y el 10% de suero fetal bovino a 37 ° C y 5% CO 2. </li><li> Como una alternativa de células, aisladas pueden ser sembradas en placas de cultivo de seis pozos y se utiliza en el dispositivo de presión. Válvula de aislamiento de las células endoteliales y células intersticiales puede llevar a cabo como se describió previamente 13, 14. </li></ol> 2. Estudios de presión <ol><li> Un sistema de presión a medida ha sido diseñado para estudiar los efectos de la presión mechanobiological cíclico en el tejido de la válvula aórtica 15. </li><li> Inicie sesión en el ordenador y abrir el programa LabVIEW (Figura 1). </li><li> Calibración: <ol><li> Antes de la experimentación, el sistema debe estar bien calibrados. </li><li> Conecte la fuente de alimentación a la placa de circuito. Esto proporciona energía a las válvulas solenoides que controlan el flujo de aire dentro y fuera de la cámara. </li><li> Asegúrese de que el aire comprimido está conectado al sistema y abrir el suministro de aire a velocidad plena. </li><li> Encienda el amplificador de señal. Asegúrese de que la lectura de voltaje es de 0,00. Realice los ajustes necesarios </li><li> La interfaz de LabVIEW tiene un interruptor marcado &quot;TEST / RECORD&quot;. Asegúrese de que el interruptor está en &quot;TEST&quot;. Haga clic en el botón &quot;Air Supply&quot; para abrir la válvula solenoide de entrada. </li><li> Usando el regulador de presión de gas, presurizar la cámara con aire comprimido a un ISP. La presión en la cámara se pueden leer con el medidor de presión digital en la parte posterior de la placa terminal de la cámara. Una vez que la presión se equilibra, se registra la lectura de voltaje del amplificador de la señal. Repita el procedimiento para la ISP 2, 3, 4 y 5. </li><li> Construir una curva de calibración de presión función de la tensión. La presión debe ser convertida de PSI para mmHg. La ecuación de la gráfica se puede colocar en el código del programa LabVIEW </li></ol></li><li> Retire la placa frontal de aluminio de la cámara de presión y rocíe la cámara con un 70% de etanol. Deja por un mínimo de 10 minutos para permitir que los gases residuales de etanol a disiparse. </li><li> Coloque la placa de seis pozos que contienen las muestras de hoja en la cámara y vuelva a colocar la placa frontal. Asegúrese de que el sello hermético de apretar las tuercas ubicadas en las cuatro varillas roscadas (que se encuentra en cada esquina de la placa final) con la mano. Coloque la cámara de presión en la incubadora a 37 ° C. Un diagrama esquemático de la cámara de presión se muestra en la figura 2. </li><li> La interfaz le pedirá al usuario que proporcione la cantidad de tiempo entre los ciclos del sistema entrada de aire comprimido y de salida. Estos deben ser reguladas para las condiciones diastólica y sistólica y 0,6 s 0,4 s para imitar, respectivamente, a una frecuencia de 1Hz. El usuario debe entrar en una ruta de archivo de datos. </li><li> En LabVIEW, haga clic en Ejecutar y el interruptor &quot;TEST / RECORD&quot; cambiar a &quot;RECORD&quot;. </li><li> Asegúrese de que la presión está en el nivel deseado con el gráfico de la interfaz de LabVIEW. La presión se puede ajustar con el regulador de presión de gas. </li><li> Ejecute el programa de tiempo deseado. </li><li> Una vez que el experimento se haya completado, haga clic en el botón de parada en LabVIEW, a su vez el suministro de aire y abra la válvula de escape en la cámara de presión. </li><li> Retire la placa frontal de la cámara y recuperar muestras de seis pozos placa que contiene. Muestras que ahora se puede analizar la expresión de genes, expresión de la proteína, la histología, propiedades mecánicas, etc </li></ol> 3. Los resultados representativos: El sistema de presión es capaz de simular las presiones máximas transvalvular observado en normotensos, la etapa I y II etapa de las condiciones de hipertensos. Sin embargo, la presión no era capaz de imitar el gradiente de presión sistólica, que es esencialmente cero en vivo. La frecuencia se mantiene a 1 Hz, con un tiempo de entrada de aire de 0,6 s y un tiempo de 0,4 s de escape. Formas de onda representante presión de las condiciones normales de presión y elevados obtenidos del sistema se puede ver en la figura 3. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3316/3316fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1"/> Figura 1: Captura de pantalla de la interfaz de LabVIEW. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3316/3316fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2"/> Figura 2: Esquema de la cámara de vista de la presión A. isométrica de la cámara de presión, ver B. secundarios de la cámara de presión;C. Vista superior de la cámara de presión. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3316/3316fig3.jpg" alt="Figura 3"/> Figura 3: Gráfico de simulación de la presión dentro de la cámara de presión en (A) normotensos, (B) Fase I hipertensos, y (C) Fase II las condiciones de hipertensos.

<ol>
	<li>Freeman, R. V., Otto, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectrum+of+calcific+aortic+valve+disease:+pathogenesis,+disease+progression,+and+treatment+strategies.">Spectrum of calcific aortic valve disease: pathogenesis, disease progression, and treatment strategies.</a> Circulation. 111, 3316-3326 (2005).</li><li>Robicsek, F., Thubrikar, M. J., Fokin, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cause+of+degenerative+disease+of+the+trileaflet+aortic+valve:+review+of+subject+and+presentation+of+a+new+theory.">Cause of degenerative disease of the trileaflet aortic valve: review of subject and presentation of a new theory.</a> Ann Thorac Surg. 73, 1346-1354 (2002).</li><li>Thubrikar, M. J., Aouad, J., Nolan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+calcific+deposits+in+operatively+excised+stenotic+or+purely+regurgitant+aortic+valves+and+their+relation+to+mechanical+stress.">Patterns of calcific deposits in operatively excised stenotic or purely regurgitant aortic valves and their relation to mechanical stress.</a> Am J Cardiol. 58, 304-308 (1986).</li><li>Agno, F. S., Chinali, M., Bella, J. N., Liu, J. E., Arnett, D. K., Kitzman, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aortic+valve+sclerosis+is+associated+with+preclinical+cardiovascular+disease+in+hypertensive+adults:+the+Hypertension+Genetic+Epidemiology+Network+study.">Aortic valve sclerosis is associated with preclinical cardiovascular disease in hypertensive adults: the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network study.</a> J Hypertens. 23, 867-8673 (2005).</li><li>Cawley, P. J., Otto, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevention+of+calcific+aortic+valve+stenosis+-+fact+or+fiction.">Prevention of calcific aortic valve stenosis - fact or fiction.</a> Annals of Medicine. 41, 100-108 (2009).</li><li>Durst, C. A., Grande-Allen, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+physical+characterization+of+a+synchronous+multivalve+aortic+valve+culture+system.">Design and physical characterization of a synchronous multivalve aortic valve culture system.</a> Ann Biomed Eng. 38, 319-3125 (2010).</li><li>Engelmayr, G. C., Soletti, L., Vigmostad, S. C., Budilarto, S. G., Federspiel, W. J., Chandran, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+flex-stretch-flow+bioreactor+for+the+study+of+engineered+heart+valve+tissue+mechanobiology.">A novel flex-stretch-flow bioreactor for the study of engineered heart valve tissue mechanobiology.</a> Ann Biomed Eng. 36, 700-712 (2008).</li><li>Sucosky, P., Padala, M., Elhammali, A., Balachandran, K., Jo, H., Yoganathan, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+of+an+ex+vivo+culture+system+to+investigate+the+effects+of+shear+stress+on+cardiovascular+tissue.">Design of an ex vivo culture system to investigate the effects of shear stress on cardiovascular tissue.</a> J Biomech Eng. 130, 035001-03 (2008).</li><li>Syedain, Z. H., Tranquillo, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+cyclic+stretch+bioreactor+for+tissue-engineered+heart+valves.">Controlled cyclic stretch bioreactor for tissue-engineered heart valves.</a> Biomaterials. 30, 4078-4084 (2009).</li><li>Lagana, K., Moretti, M., Dubini, G., Raimondi, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+bioreactor+for+the+controlled+application+of+complex+mechanical+stimuli+for+cartilage+tissue+engineering.">A new bioreactor for the controlled application of complex mechanical stimuli for cartilage tissue engineering.</a> Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 222, 705-715 (2008).</li><li>Wartella, K. A., Wayne, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioreactor+for+biaxial+mechanical+stimulation+to+tissue+engineered+constructs.">Bioreactor for biaxial mechanical stimulation to tissue engineered constructs.</a> J Biomech Eng. 131, 044501-044501 (2009).</li><li>Wallis, M. C., Yeger, H., Cartwright, L., Shou, Z., Radisic, M., Haig, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Feasibility+study+of+a+novel+urinary+bladder+bioreactor.">Feasibility study of a novel urinary bladder bioreactor.</a> Tissue Eng Part A. 14, 339-348 (2008).</li><li>Butcher, J. T., Nerem, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Valvular+endothelial+cells+regulate+the+phenotype+of+interstitial+cells+in+co-culture:+effects+of+steady+shear+stress.">Valvular endothelial cells regulate the phenotype of interstitial cells in co-culture: effects of steady shear stress.</a> Tissue Eng. 12, 905-915 (2006).</li><li>Metzler, S. A., Pregonero, C. A., Butcher, J. T., Burgess, S. C., Warnock, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclic+Strain+Regulates+Pro-Inflammatory+Protein+Expression+in+Porcine+Aortic+Valve+Endothelial+Cells.">Cyclic Strain Regulates Pro-Inflammatory Protein Expression in Porcine Aortic Valve Endothelial Cells.</a> J Heart Valve Dis. 17, 571-578 (2008).</li><li>Schipke, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Design of a cyclic pressure bioreactor for the ex vivo study of aortic heart valve mechanobiology. , (2008).</li><li>Smith, K. E., Metzler, S. A., Warnock, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclic+strain+inhibits+acute+pro-inflammatory+gene+expression+in+aortic+valve+interstitial+cells.">Cyclic strain inhibits acute pro-inflammatory gene expression in aortic valve interstitial cells.</a> Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. , (2009).</li><li>Warnock, J. N., Burgess, S. C., Shack, A., Yoganathan, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+immediate-early+gene+responses+to+elevated+pressure+in+porcine+aortic+valve+interstitial+cells.">Differential immediate-early gene responses to elevated pressure in porcine aortic valve interstitial cells.</a> J Heart Valve Dis. 15, 34-41 (2006).</li><li>Brathwaite, D., Weissman, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+new+onset+of+atrial+arrhythmias+following+major+noncardiothoracic+surgery+is+associated+with+increased+mortality.">The new onset of atrial arrhythmias following major noncardiothoracic surgery is associated with increased mortality.</a> Chest. 114, 462-468 (1998).</li><li>Walsh, S. R., Oates, J. E., Anderson, J. A., Blair, S. D., Makin, C. A., Walsh, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postoperative+arrhythmias+in+colorectal+surgical+patients:+incidence+and+clinical+correlates.">Postoperative arrhythmias in colorectal surgical patients: incidence and clinical correlates.</a> Colorectal Dis. 8, 212-216 (2006).</li><li>Walsh, S. R., Tang, T., Gaunt, M. E., Schneider, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+arrhythmias+after+non-cardiothoracic+surgery.">New arrhythmias after non-cardiothoracic surgery.</a> BMJ. 7, 333-333 (2006).</li><li>Walsh, S. R., Tang, T., Wijewardena, C., Yarham, S. I., Boyle, J. R., Gaunt, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postoperative+arrhythmias+in+general+surgical+patients.">Postoperative arrhythmias in general surgical patients.</a> Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 89, 91-95 (2007).</li></ol>

No hay conflictos de interés declarado.

El sistema de presión con éxito la válvula aórtica folletos expuestos a las presiones cíclicas que eran representativos de la presión diastólica transvalvular. Sin embargo, no fue capaz de imitar la presión sistólica transvalvular, como la única presión se redujo a 40 mmHg. Presión transvalvular es la diferencia entre la presión en la aorta ascendente y el ventrículo izquierdo. Durante la diástole, cuando la válvula está cerrada, la diferencia de presión es 80 mmHg en condiciones normotensos y 90 mmHg ...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Nombre del reactivo </th><th> Empresa </th><th> Número de catálogo </th><th> Comentarios (opcional) </th></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td> Sigma </td><td> D5671 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dulbecco PBS </td><td> Sigma </td><td> D5652 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Solución Anti-mycotic/antibiotic </td><td> Sigma </td><td> A5955 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> De suero fetal bovino </td><td> ThermoScientific </td><td> SH30070 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Viton Las válvulas de diafragma de solenoide </td><td> McMaster Carr </td><td> 4868K11 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Transductor de presión </td><td> Omega Engineering, Inc. </td><td> PX302-200GV </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> De carga acondicionado celular </td><td> Encore Electronics, Inc. </td><td> 4025-101 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Adquisición de Datos (DAQ) Módulo </td><td> Measurement Computing </td><td> PMD1608 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

design of a cyclic pressure bioreactor for the ex vivo study of aortic heart valves

La válvula aórtica, localizada entre el ventrículo izquierdo y la aorta, permite un flujo unidireccional de sangre, evitando el reflujo hacia el ventrículo. Folletos de la válvula aórtica se componen de células intersticiales suspendido dentro de una matriz extracelular (MEC) y se alinean con una monocapa de células endoteliales. La válvula resistente a un ambiente duro, dinámico y está constantemente expuesto a corte, flexión, tensión y compresión. Las investigaciones han demostrado lesiones calcificadas en las válvulas enfermas se producen en zonas de alto esfuerzo mecánico como consecuencia de la alteración del endotelio o daño de la matriz intersticial 1-3. Por lo tanto, no es de extrañar que los estudios epidemiológicos han demostrado que la hipertensión es un factor de riesgo en la aparición de la enfermedad de la válvula aórtica 4. La única opción de tratamiento actualmente disponibles para la enfermedad de la válvula es la cirugía de reemplazo de la válvula enferma por una válvula mecánica o bioprótesis 5. Una mejor comprensión de la biología de la válvula en respuesta a las tensiones físicas que ayudan a dilucidar los mecanismos de la patogénesis de la válvula. A su vez, esto podría ayudar en el desarrollo de terapias no invasivas, como la intervención farmacéutica o la prevención. Biorreactores varios han sido previamente desarrollado para estudiar la mecanobiología de las válvulas del corazón nativo o ingeniería 6-9. Biorreactores pulsátil también se han desarrollado para estudiar una amplia gama de tejidos incluyendo el cartílago 10, 11 huesos y la vejiga 12. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar un sistema de presión cíclica que puede ser utilizado para dilucidar la respuesta biológica de la válvula aórtica a las cargas de mayor presión. El sistema consistía en una cámara de acrílico en el que colocar las muestras y producir una presión cíclica, viton válvulas de solenoide del diafragma para controlar el tiempo del ciclo de presión, y un ordenador para controlar los dispositivos eléctricos. La presión se controlará mediante un transductor de presión, y la señal se acondicionó con un acondicionador de la célula de carga. Un programa LabVIEW regula la presión usando un dispositivo analógico a la bomba de aire comprimido en el sistema a la velocidad adecuada. El sistema imita la dinámica de los niveles de presión transvalvular asociados con la válvula aórtica, una onda de diente de sierra produce un aumento gradual en la presión, típico de la gradiente de presión transvalvular que está presente a través de la válvula durante la diástole, seguida de una fuerte caída de presión que representa la apertura de la válvula en sístole. El programa LabVIEW permite a los usuarios controlar la magnitud y la frecuencia de presión cíclica. El sistema fue capaz de someter a las muestras de tejido de las condiciones de presión fisiológicos y patológicos. Este dispositivo se puede utilizar para aumentar nuestra comprensión de cómo las válvulas del corazón responder a los cambios en el entorno mecánico local.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves at JoVE.com

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

Un biorreactor presión cíclica capaz de someter a los tejidos del corazón de la válvula de presión a las condiciones fisiológicas y patológicas ha sido diseñado. Un programa LabVIEW permite a los usuarios para controlar la presión magnitud, amplitud y frecuencia. Este dispositivo puede ser utilizado para estudiar el tejido mecanobiología de las válvulas del corazón o células aisladas.

Diseño de un biorreactor de presión cíclica de la Ex Vivo Estudio de las válvulas aórtica del corazón

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic ...

design-cyclic-pressure-bioreactor-for-ex-vivo-study-aortic-heart

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Physics

Bioengineering

Unit 1

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

Sources of Magnetic Fields

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

15.6K vistas.  Mississippi State University. Un biorreactor presión cíclica capaz de someter a los tejidos del corazón de la válvula de presión a las condiciones fisiológicas y patológicas ha sido diseñado. Un programa LabVIEW permite a los usuarios para controlar la presión magnitud, amplitud y frecuencia. Este dispositivo puede ser utilizado para estudiar el tejido mecanobiología de las válvulas del corazón o células aisladas.

Video: Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

Patient-specific Modeling of the Heart: Estimation of Ventricular Fiber Orientations

Patient-specific simulations of heart (dys)function aimed at personalizing cardiac therapy are hampered by the absence of in vivo imaging technology for clinically acquiring myocardial fiber orientations. The objective of this project was to develop a methodology to estimate cardiac fiber orientations from in vivo images of patient heart geometries. An accurate representation of ventricular geometry and fiber orientations was reconstructed, respectively, from high-resolution ex vivo structural magnetic resonance (MR) and diffusion tensor (DT) MR images of a normal human heart, referred to as the atlas. Ventricular geometry of a patient heart was extracted, via semiautomatic segmentation, from an in vivo computed tomography (CT) image. Using image transformation algorithms, the atlas ventricular geometry was deformed to match that of the patient. Finally, the deformation field was applied to the atlas fiber orientations to obtain an estimate of patient fiber orientations. The accuracy of the fiber estimates was assessed using six normal and three failing canine hearts. The mean absolute difference between inclination angles of acquired and estimated fiber orientations was 15.4 &deg;. Computational simulations of ventricular activation maps and pseudo-ECGs in sinus rhythm and ventricular tachycardia indicated that there are no significant differences between estimated and acquired fiber orientations at a clinically observable level.The new insights obtained from the project will pave the way for the development of patient-specific models of the heart that can aid physicians in personalized diagnosis and decisions regarding electrophysiological interventions.

A methodology to estimate ventricular fiber orientations from in vivo images of patient heart geometries for personalized modeling is described. Validation of the methodology performed using normal and failing canine hearts demonstrate that that there are no significant differences between estimated and acquired fiber orientations at a clinically observable level.

Modelado específico del paciente del corazón: Estimación de las orientaciones de las fibras ventriculares

Patient-specific  simulations of heart (dys)function aimed at personalizing cardiac therapy are hampered  by the absence of in vivo imaging technology for ...

Investigación

Bioingeniería

Design of a Biaxial Mechanical Loading Bioreactor for Tissue Engineering

We designed a loading device that is capable of applying uniaxial or biaxial mechanical strain to a tissue engineered biocomposites fabricated for transplantation. While the device primarily functions as a bioreactor that mimics the native mechanical strains, it is also outfitted with a load cell for providing force feedback or mechanical testing of the constructs. The device subjects engineered cartilage constructs to biaxial mechanical loading with great precision of loading dose (amplitude and frequency) and is compact enough to fit inside a standard tissue culture incubator. It loads samples directly in a tissue culture plate, and multiple plate sizes are compatible with the system. The device has been designed using components manufactured for precision-guided laser applications. Bi-axial loading is accomplished by two orthogonal stages. The stages have a 50 mm travel range and are driven independently by stepper motor actuators, controlled by a closed-loop stepper motor driver that features micro-stepping capabilities, enabling step sizes of less than 50 nm. A polysulfone loading platen is coupled to the bi-axial moving platform. Movements of the stages are controlled by Thor-labs Advanced Positioning Technology (APT) software. The stepper motor driver is used with the software to adjust load parameters of frequency and amplitude of both shear and compression independently and simultaneously. Positional feedback is provided by linear optical encoders that have a bidirectional repeatability of 0.1 &mu;m and a resolution of 20 nm, translating to a positional accuracy of less than 3 &mu;m over the full 50 mm of travel. These encoders provide the necessary position feedback to the drive electronics to ensure true nanopositioning capabilities. In order to provide the force feedback to detect contact and evaluate loading responses, a precision miniature load cell is positioned between the loading platen and the moving platform. The load cell has high accuracies of 0.15% to 0.25% full scale.

We designed a novel mechanical loading bioreactor that can apply uniaxial or biaxial mechanical strain to a cartilage biocomposite prior to transplantation into an articular cartilage defect.

Diseño de un Carga mecánica Biaxial biorreactor para Ingeniería de Tejidos

We  designed a loading device that is capable of applying uniaxial or biaxial  mechanical strain to a tissue engineered biocomposites fabricated for  ...

Operation of a Benchtop Bioreactor

Fermentation systems are used to provide an optimal growth environment for many different types of cell cultures. The ability afforded by fermentors to carefully control temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen concentrations in particular makes them essential to efficient large scale growth and expression of fermentation products. This video will briefly describe the advantages of the fermentor over the shake flask. It will also identify key components of a typical benchtop fermentation system and give basic instruction on setup of the vessel and calibration of its probes. The viewer will be familiarized with the sterilization process and shown how to inoculate the growth medium in the vessel with culture. Basic concepts of operation, sampling, and harvesting will also be demonstrated. Simple data analysis and system cleanup will also be discussed.

Fermentors are used to increase culture yield and productivity of bioengineered cells. After screening multiple microbial or animal cell culture candidates in shake flasks, the next logical step is to increase the selected culture&#x2019;s biomass with the fermentor. This video demonstrates the setup and operation of a typical benchtop bioreactor system.

La operación de un biorreactor de sobremesa

Fermentation systems are used to provide an optimal growth environment for many different types of cell cultures. The ability afforded by fermentors to ...

Characterization of Complex Systems Using the Design of Experiments Approach: Transient Protein Expression in Tobacco as a Case Study

Plants provide multiple benefits for the production of biopharmaceuticals including low costs, scalability, and safety. Transient expression offers the additional advantage of short development and production times, but expression levels can vary significantly between batches thus giving rise to regulatory concerns in the context of good manufacturing practice. We used a design of experiments (DoE) approach to determine the impact of major factors such as regulatory elements in the expression construct, plant growth and development parameters, and the incubation conditions during expression, on the variability of expression between batches. We tested plants expressing a model anti-HIV monoclonal antibody (2G12) and a fluorescent marker protein (DsRed). We discuss the rationale for selecting certain properties of the model and identify its potential limitations. The general approach can easily be transferred to other problems because the principles of the model are broadly applicable: knowledge-based parameter selection, complexity reduction by splitting the initial problem into smaller modules, software-guided setup of optimal experiment combinations and step-wise design augmentation. Therefore, the methodology is not only useful for characterizing protein expression in plants but also for the investigation of other complex systems lacking a mechanistic description. The predictive equations describing the interconnectivity between parameters can be used to establish mechanistic models for other complex systems.

We describe a design of experiments approach that can be used to determine and model the influence of transgene regulatory elements, plant growth and development parameters, and incubation conditions on the transient expression of monoclonal antibodies and reporter proteins in plants.

Caracterización de Sistemas Complejos Uso del Diseño de Experimentos Enfoque: Expresión de Proteínas transitoria en tabaco como un estudio de caso

Plants provide multiple benefits for the production of biopharmaceuticals including low costs, scalability, and safety. Transient expression offers the ...

Anatomically Realistic Neonatal Heart Model for Use in Neonatal Patient Simulators

Neonatal patient simulators (NPS) are artificial patient surrogates used in the context of medical simulation training. Neonatologists and nursing staff practice clinical interventions such as chest compressions to ensure patient survival in the case of bradycardia or cardiac arrest. The simulators used currently are of low physical fidelity and therefore cannot provide qualitative insight into the procedure of chest compressions. The embedding of an anatomically realistic heart model in future simulators enables the detection of cardiac output generated during chest compressions; this can provide clinicians with an output parameter, which can deepen the understanding of the effect of the compressions in relation to the amount of blood flow generated. Before this monitoring can be achieved, an anatomically realistic heart model must be created containing: two atria, two ventricles, four heart valves, pulmonary veins and arteries, and systemic veins and arteries. This protocol describes the procedure for creating such a functional artificial neonatal heart model by utilizing a combination of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 3D printing, and casting in the form of cold injection molding. Using this method with flexible 3D printed inner molds in the injection molding process, an anatomically realistic heart model can be obtained.

This protocol describes a procedure for creating functional artificial neonatal heart models by utilizing a combination of magnetic resonance imaging, 3D printing, and injection molding. The purpose of these models is for integration into the next generation of neonatal patient simulators and as a tool for physiological and anatomical studies.

Modelo corazón Neonatal anatómicamente realista para el uso en simuladores de paciente Neonatal

Neonatal patient simulators (NPS) are artificial patient surrogates used in the context of medical simulation training. Neonatologists and nursing staff ...

Light-sheet Fluorescence Microscopy for the Study of the Murine Heart

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy has been widely used for rapid image acquisition with a high axial resolution from micrometer to millimeter scale. Traditional light-sheet techniques involve the use of a single illumination beam directed orthogonally at sample tissue. Images of large samples that are produced using a single illumination beam contain stripes or artifacts and suffer from a reduced resolution due to the scattering and absorption of light by the tissue. This study uses a dual-sided illumination beam and a simplified CLARITY optical clearing technique for the murine heart. These techniques allow for deeper imaging by removing lipids from the heart and produce a large field of imaging, greater than 10 x 10 x 10 mm3. As a result, this strategy enables us to quantify the ventricular dimensions, track the cardiac lineage, and localize the spatial distribution of cardiac-specific proteins and ion-channels from the post-natal to adult mouse hearts with sufficient contrast and resolution.

This study uses a dual-sided illumination light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) technique combined with optical clearing to study the murine heart.

Hoja de luz fluorescencia microscopía para el estudio del corazón murino

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy has been widely used for rapid image acquisition with a high axial resolution from micrometer to millimeter scale. ...

A New Ex Vivo Model for the Evaluation of Endoscopic Submucosal Injection Material Performance

Increasing the performance of submucosal injection materials (SIMs) is important for endoscopic therapy of early gastrointestinal cancer. It is essential to establish an ex vivo model that can evaluate SIM performance accurately, for developing high-performance SIMs. In our previous study, we developed a new ex vivo model that can be used to evaluate the performance of various SIMs in detail by applying constant tension to the specimen&#39;s ends. We also confirmed that the proposed new ex vivo model allows accurate submucosal elevation height (SEH) measurement under uniform conditions and detailed comparisons of the performances of various types of SIMs. Here, we describe the new ex vivo model and explain the detailed setup methodology of this model. Since all parts of the new model were easy to obtain, the setup of the new model could be completed quickly. SEH of various SIMs could be measured more accurately by using the new model. The critical factor that determines SIM performance can be identified using the new model. SIM development speed will drastically increase after the factor has been identified.

A New Ex Vivo Model for the Evaluation of Endoscopic Submucosal Injection Material Performance

We developed a new ex vivo model that applies constant tension to the porcine gastric specimen. This development made it possible to evaluate the performance (the height and duration of the submucosal elevation) of various SIMs accurately.&#160; The detailed setup methodology of this new model is explained.

Un nuevo modelo Ex Vivo para la evaluación de la ejecución Material de la inyección Submucosal endoscópica

Increasing the performance of submucosal injection materials (SIMs) is important for endoscopic therapy of early gastrointestinal cancer. It is essential ...

Biaxial Mechanical Characterizations of Atrioventricular Heart Valves

Extensive biaxial mechanical testing of the atrioventricular heart valve leaflets can be utilized to derive&#160;optimal parameters used in constitutive models, which provide a mathematical representation of the mechanical function of those structures. This presented biaxial mechanical testing protocol involves (i) tissue acquisition, (ii) the preparation of tissue specimens, (iii) biaxial mechanical testing, and (iv) postprocessing of the acquired data. First, tissue acquisition requires obtaining porcine or ovine hearts from a local Food and Drug Administration-approved abattoir for later dissection to retrieve the valve leaflets. Second, tissue preparation requires using tissue specimen cutters on the leaflet tissue to extract a clear zone for testing. Third, biaxial mechanical testing of the leaflet specimen requires the use of a commercial biaxial mechanical tester, which consists of force-controlled, displacement-controlled, and stress-relaxation testing protocols to characterize the leaflet tissue&#39;s mechanical properties. Finally, post-processing requires the use of data image correlation techniques and force and displacement readings to summarize the tissue&#39;s mechanical behaviors in response to external loading. In general, results from biaxial testing demonstrate that the leaflet tissues yield a nonlinear, anisotropic mechanical response. The presented biaxial testing procedure is advantageous to other methods since the method presented here allows for a more comprehensive characterization of the valve leaflet tissue under one unified testing scheme, as opposed to separate testing protocols on different tissue specimens. The proposed testing method has its limitations in that shear stress is potentially present in the tissue sample. However, any potential shear is presumed negligible.

This protocol involves characterizations of atrioventricular valve leaflets with force-controlled, displacement-controlled, and stress-relaxation biaxial mechanical testing procedures. Results acquired with this protocol can be used for constitutive model development to simulate the mechanical behavior of functioning valves under a finite element simulation framework.

Biaxiales caracterizaciones mecánicas de válvulas auriculoventricular del corazón

Extensive biaxial mechanical testing of the atrioventricular heart valve leaflets can be utilized to derive&#160;optimal parameters used in constitutive ...

A Friction Testing-Bioreactor Device for Study of Synovial Joint Biomechanics, Mechanobiology, and Physical Regulation

In primary osteoarthritis (OA), normal 'wear and tear' associated with aging inhibits the ability of cartilage to sustain its load-bearing and lubrication functions, fostering a deleterious physical environment. The frictional interactions of articular cartilage and synovium may influence joint homeostasis through tissue level wear and cellular mechanotransduction. To study these mechanical and mechanobiological processes, a device capable of replicating the motion of the joint is described. The friction testing device controls the delivery of reciprocal translating motion and normal load to two contacting biological counterfaces. This study adopts a synovium-on-cartilage configuration, and friction coefficient measurements are presented for tests performed in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or synovial fluid (SF) bath. The testing was performed for a range of contact stresses, highlighting the lubricating properties of SF under high loads. This friction testing device can be used as a biomimetic bioreactor for studying the physical regulation of living joint tissues in response to applied physiologic loading associated with diarthrodial joint articulation.

The present protocol describes a friction testing device that applies simultaneous reciprocal sliding and normal load to two contacting biological counterfaces.

Un dispositivo de prueba de fricción-biorreactor para el estudio de la biomecánica de la articulación sinovial, la mecanobiología y la regulación física

In primary osteoarthritis (OA), normal 'wear and tear' associated with aging inhibits the ability of cartilage to sustain its load-bearing and lubrication ...

Procurement and Decellularization of Rat Hindlimbs Using an Ex Vivo Perfusion-Based Bioreactor for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

Patients with severe traumatic injuries and tissue loss require complex surgical reconstruction. Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is an evolving reconstructive avenue for transferring multiple tissues as a composite subunit. Despite the promising nature of VCA, the long-term immunosuppressive requirements are a significant limitation due to the increased risk of malignancies, end-organ toxicity, and opportunistic infections. Tissue engineering of acellular composite scaffolds is a potential alternative in reducing the need for immunosuppression. Herein, the procurement of a rat hindlimb and its subsequent decellularization using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is described. The procurement strategy presented is based upon the common femoral artery. A machine perfusion-based bioreactor system was constructed and used for ex vivo decellularization of the hindlimb. Successful perfusion decellularization was performed, resulting in a white translucent-like appearance of the hindlimb. An intact, perfusable, vascular network throughout the hindlimb was observed. Histological analyses showed the removal of nuclear contents and the preservation of tissue architecture across all tissue compartments.

Procurement and Decellularization of Rat Hindlimbs Using an Ex Vivo Perfusion-Based Bioreactor for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

We describe the surgical technique and decellularization process for composite rat hindlimbs. Decellularization is conducted using low-concentration sodium dodecyl sulfate through an ex vivo machine perfusion system.

Obtención y descelularización de extremidades posteriores de ratas utilizando un biorreactor basado en perfusión ex vivo para alotrasplante compuesto vascularizado

Patients with severe traumatic injuries and tissue loss require complex surgical reconstruction. Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is an ...