Los autores desean agradecer el Premio Nacional Science Foundation 1006568 para la financiación de este proyecto.

1. Preparación Nano-VB 2 Nanoscópicos VB 2 se sintetiza directamente de vanadio elemental y boro a través de un molino de bolas en una relación molar 1:2. <ol><li> Limpie el carburo de tungsteno ml frasco de 50 de fresado y diez de 10 mm bolas de carburo de tungsteno. Bajo aire seco en un horno a 100 ° C durante 1 hora para asegurar que toda el agua se haya evaporado. </li><li> Limpie el interior de la jarra de molienda para asegurar que no queden residuos, repita el paso 1.1, si los residuos es visible. </li><li> Purgar la antesala de una guantera con argón 3 veces durante 10 minutos cada vez. Transfiera el tarro de molienda, bolas, y una espátula limpia en la guantera llena de argón. </li><li> Pesar vanadio y polvos de boro en una relación molar 1:2, 0,500 g de vanadio y 0,212 g de boro en la jarra de molienda, se suman las bolas, y sellar el frasco de fresado. </li><li> Retire el frasco cerrado de molienda de la guantera, colóquelo en un molino de bolas planetario a 600 rpm y molino durante 4 horas. </li><li> Después completion, permitir que el tarro de molienda se enfríe a temperatura ambiente antes de sacarlo del molino de bolas. </li><li> Purgar la antesala de una guantera con argón 3 veces durante 10 minutos cada vez. Transfiera el tarro de molienda, matraz, película de parafina, espátula y barra de agitación magnética en la guantera. </li><li> Aplicar el revestimiento de óxido de circonio a la preparada nanoscópico VB 2 de la siguiente manera: <ol><li> Dentro de la caja de guantes recoger el nano-VB 2 preparado previamente usando una espátula para raspar las paredes de la jarra de molienda hasta que la mayor parte de la masa de partida ha sido recuperado. Pesar y transferir la recogida de nano-VB 2 en un matraz de fondo redondo. </li><li> Pesar 3,5 por ciento en peso de cloruro de zirconio en comparación con la VB recogida 2 y a continuación, añadir el polvo al matraz de fondo redondo que contiene la conseguidas nano-VB 2. </li><li> Añadir una barra de agitación magnética al matraz y el uso de película de parafina sellar la abertura antes de retirar de la caja de guantes. Alternativamente, unaseptum se ha utilizado con resultados equivalentes Retirar el matraz de fondo redondo de la guantera. </li><li> Usando una jeringa de 10 ml, transferir 10 ml de éter dietílico en el matraz de fondo redondo. Cubrir rápidamente el agujero creado por la jeringa en la película de parafina con una pieza adicional de Parafilm. </li><li> Mezcle el matraz en una placa de agitación durante una hora en una posición media. </li><li> Después de una hora, se evapora el éter dietílico restante fuera de la nano-VB 2 utilizando un evaporador rotatorio u otra configuración de la bomba hasta que estén cubiertos nano-VB 2 aparece seco. </li><li> Después de Zr revestido nano-VB 2 está completamente seco, recoger. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Preparación de electrolitos <ol><li> Preparar una mezcla de 4 M KOH y solución 4 M de NaOH para su uso como el electrolito. (NOTA: Hacer sólo lo suficiente para durar un par de semanas, repita según sea necesario para formar nuevas células). Electrolitos acuosa de hidróxido de NaOH y KOH han sido explorados en el pasado que van en la concentración corrióging de 8 M para saturada. La combinación de NaOH 4 M y 4 M KOH produce marginalmente mejorado rendimiento de velocidad alta en comparación con los resultados anteriores con un puro NaOH electrolito. </li></ol> 3. Desmontaje de zinc / aire Baterias Consulte la tabla de regentes y materiales para obtener información detallada sobre el fabricante de la batería y el número de modelo. <ol><li> Apertura de la célula de zinc / aire para la fabricación posterior de VB 2 / celdas de aire. <ol><li> Crear un corte en el labio de la caja de tipo botón con unos alicates de corte diagonal. </li><li> Unir el filo exterior del labio hacia afuera. Después de pasar completamente alrededor de la celda dos veces, debe ser fácil de abrir. </li><li> Usando una hoja de afeitar, empuje hacia arriba en los bordes de la tapa lentamente, suavemente forzar abrir la celda. NOTA: Se puede tomar un tiempo para conseguir la celda abierta. Tenga paciencia y cuidado para no romper o dañar cualquier parte al hacer este paso. Necesitará la célula para permanecer intacto. </li></ol></li><li> Preparación de la batería para el uso <ol><li> Una vez que la célula se abre en dos partes (la tapa y la parte inferior) comenzar a eliminar suavemente el material de ánodo de zinc a partir de la tapa y en la parte inferior. </li><li> Eliminar la mayor cantidad de zinc sólido como sea posible con la hoja de afeitar. No raspe el fondo, es importante no dañar las piezas. El separador (parte inferior) y los lados () juntas forman una sola capa opaca que puede ser fácilmente perforada por la aplicación de demasiada presión con la hoja de afeitar. Piercing separador resultará en daños en el cátodo de aire. Además, si la junta está perturbado se pierde la fiabilidad de la célula para ser aislado eléctricamente. </li><li> El uso de un hisopo de algodón limpie con cuidado el zinc restante y los residuos de la tapa, fondo y separador. </li><li> Limpie la tapa y el exterior de la célula con alcohol isopropílico. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Preparación de un electrodo de trabajo 5 mAh con una mezcla 70/30 seco <ol><li> Usando sintetizado Zr revestido nano-VB 2 como la activa materialescol, pesar 0,0012 g por electrodo para ser fabricado (por lo general 5 - 10 células se prueban a la vez) y la transferencia en un mortero y mano de mortero. </li><li> Añadir 30% de la VB pesado 2, 0,0005 g de negro de carbono grafítico (por electrodo), para el material activo en el mortero y la mano del mortero y moler durante 30 min. </li><li> Asegúrese de que no hay grandes agrupaciones visibles de material y recoger polvo. </li><li> Pesar aproximadamente 0,0017 g de la mezcla por 70/30-powder tapa del electrodo limpio usando una espátula. (Si la preparación de varias celdas a la vez, de lo contrario transferir el material a la tapa del electrodo). </li><li> Añadir una sola gota de alcohol isopropílico para cada tapa y el polvo del remolino con una espátula u otra pequeña punta afilada hasta que no queden grumos y la suspensión se distribuye uniformemente a través de la parte superior de la tapa. </li><li> Permitir que los electrodos se sequen durante 30 min. </li></ol> 5. Asamblea celular VB 2-Air - Método Seco <ol><li> Montar las células a la inversa de la de zinc / aicelular r con el electrodo de trabajo, gorra, boca abajo. </li><li> Organizar cada celda (el 5 - 10 está probando) en dos filas, las tapas en uno y de las partes inferiores correspondientes de la otra. Inspeccionar cada tapa para asegurar que el material del ánodo se distribuye uniformemente y no agrietado. </li><li> Añadir 27 l de 4 M KOH / mezcla de 4 M NaOH electrolito para cada separador. </li><li> Retire con cuidado el exceso de electrolito de los fondos que utilizan algodón frotando sólo una vez dentro de la parte inferior. </li><li> Con cuidado, cada uno de los fondos, darles la vuelta, y colocarlos en la parte superior de las tapas de manera que el material anódico está en contacto con el electrolito. </li><li> Aplique presión y sellar con un epoxi de secado rápido. </li></ol> 6. Nano-VB 2 Pruebas celular / Aire <ol><li> Una vez que se ha completado el proceso de fabricación, las células lugar en un estante de descarga o soporte de la batería. </li><li> Permitir cada celda un paso inicial de reposo de diez minutos para asegurar que las células se equilibran antes de descargar. </li><li> Descargarcélulas a una carga constante de 3,000 Ω (o una carga alternativa deseada) usando un probador de baterías. </li><li> Después de la etapa de equilibrado, tomar una medición del potencial de circuito abierto. </li><li> Luego se descargan bajo una carga constante hasta que se alcanza una tensión de 0,4 V parar. </li><li> La eficiencia de Coulomb a continuación, se puede calcular por el porcentaje de la capacidad de medición en comparación con el ánodo de la capacidad teórica de descarga de once electrones de 4060 Ah kg -1. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Linden, D., Reddy, T. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of Batteries. , (2010).</li><li>Rogulski, Z., Czerwin'ski, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cathode+Modification+in+the+Leclanche'+Cell.">Cathode Modification in the Leclanche' Cell.</a> Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry. 7, 118-121 (2003).</li><li>Neburchilov, V., Wang, H., Martin, J. J., Qu, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+on+air+cathodes+for+zinc+-+air+fuel+cells.">A review on air cathodes for zinc - air fuel cells.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 195, 1271-1291 (2010).</li><li>Yu, X., Licht, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+capacity+alkaline+super-iron+boride+battery.">High capacity alkaline super-iron boride battery.</a> Electrochimica Acta. 52, 8138-8143 (2007).</li><li>Licht, S., Wang, B., Ghosh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energetic+Iron(VI)+Chemistry:+The+Super-Iron+Battery.">Energetic Iron(VI) Chemistry: The Super-Iron Battery.</a> Science. 285, 1039-1042 (1990).</li><li>Licht, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+aluminum+batteries:+a+step+towards+derivation+of+superbatteries.">Novel aluminum batteries: a step towards derivation of superbatteries.</a> Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. , 134-241 (1998).</li><li>Licht, S., Myung, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorinated+Graphites+as+Energetic+Cathodes+for+Nonaqueous+Al+Batteries.">Fluorinated Graphites as Energetic Cathodes for Nonaqueous Al Batteries.</a> Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 5, A160-A163 (2002).</li><li>Licht, S., Ghosh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+power+BaFe(VI)O4/MnO2+composite+cathode+alkaline+super-iron+batteries.">High power BaFe(VI)O4/MnO2 composite cathode alkaline super-iron batteries.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 109, 465-468 (2002).</li><li>Licht, S., Myung, N., Peramunage, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrahigh+Specific+Power+Electrochemistry,+Exemplified+by+Al/MnO4-+and+Cd/AgO+Redox+Chemistry.">Ultrahigh Specific Power Electrochemistry, Exemplified by Al/MnO4- and Cd/AgO Redox Chemistry.</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 102, 6780-6786 (1998).</li><li>Licht, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aluminum/Sulfur+Battery+Discharge+in+the+High+Current+Domain.">Aluminum/Sulfur Battery Discharge in the High Current Domain.</a> J. Electrochem. Soc. 144, L133-L136 (1997).</li><li>Gao, X. -. P., Yang, H. -. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-electron+materials+for+high+energy+density+batteries.">Multi-electron materials for high energy density batteries.</a> Energy and Environmental Science. 3, 174-189 (2010).</li><li>Yang, H. X., Wang, Y. D., Ai, X. P., Cha, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metal+Borides:+Competitive+High+Capacity+Anode+Materials+for+Aqueous+Primary+Batteries.">Metal Borides: Competitive High Capacity Anode Materials for Aqueous Primary Batteries.</a> Electrochemical and Solid-State. 7, A212-A215 (2004).</li><li>Licht, S., Yu, X., Qu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+Alkaline+Redox+Couple:+Chemistry+of+the+Fe6+/B2-+Super-iron+Boride+Battery.">Novel Alkaline Redox Couple: Chemistry of the Fe6+/B2- Super-iron Boride Battery.</a> Chemical Communications. 2007, 2753-2755 (2007).</li><li>Licht, S., Wu, H., Yu, X., Wang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Renewable+Highest+Capacity+VB2/Air+Energy+Storage.">Renewable Highest Capacity VB2/Air Energy Storage.</a> Chemical Communications. 2008, 3257-3259 (2008).</li><li>Light, S., Ghosh, S., Wang, B., Jiang, D., Asercion, J., Bergmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoparticle+Facilitated+Charge+Transfer+and+Voltage+of+a+High+Capacity+VB2+Anode.">Nanoparticle Facilitated Charge Transfer and Voltage of a High Capacity VB2 Anode.</a> Electrochemical and Solid-State. 14, 83-85 (2011).</li><li>Licht, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nano-VB2+Synthesis+from+Elemental+Vanadium+and+Boron:+Nano-VB2+Anode/Air+Batteries.">Nano-VB2 Synthesis from Elemental Vanadium and Boron: Nano-VB2 Anode/Air Batteries.</a> Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters. 15, A12-A14 (2012).</li></ol>

Los autores, Chris Rhodes, Ruben Lopez, Xuguang Li, Mahesh Waje y Matthew Mullings son empleados de Lynntech Inc.

La construcción de la VB 2 / batería de aire de esta manera proporciona la capacidad de estudiar y sondear los once electrones por molécula de transferencia de carga que se produce, lo que permite la posibilidad de una batería de alta capacidad. Si los resultados obtenidos no muestran resultados reproducibles, asegurar que todo el material de ánodo de zinc se eliminó de la batería, que es una dispersión uniforme de material activo en la tapa, y que las células se pegan correctamente sin fugas. Si el ...

Vanadio diboruro como un ánodo tiene entre la capacidad de carga volumétrica más alta de cualquier material de ánodo. Este protocolo presenta un método para el estudio de este material fascinante. Metálica de zinc ha sido el material del ánodo predominante en los sistemas primarios acuosas debido a gravimétricos capacidades de almacenamiento de carga de 5,8 kAh L -1 y 820 Ah kg -1, respectivamente alta volumétrica y de dos electrones del metal de zinc. * La batería de zinc-carbono, conocido como la célula Leclanché, se introdujo por primera vez en el siglo 19, la combinación de un ánodo de zinc con una de dióxido de manganeso (corriente de colector de carbono) en un cátodo de cloruro de electrolito 1. La batería alcalina común utiliza la misma pareja, pero sustituyendo el cloruro de electrolito con un electrolito acuosa de hidróxido alcalino. Junto pilas de zinc-carbón y alcalinas constituyen la mayoría de las baterías primarias vendidos 1. Cuando se sustituye el cátodo de dióxido de manganeso en la célula alcalinapor un cátodo de aire, se consiguen capacidades de almacenamiento de energía sustancialmente más altos. Esta batería de zinc-aire utiliza el oxígeno del aire, y se encuentra comúnmente en las baterías de audífonos 1-3. Nuestra búsqueda de una mayor capacidad de almacenamiento de la batería se ha centrado en los materiales que pueden transferir múltiples electrones por molécula 4-11. Entre la gran variedad de pares redox que hemos explorado, VB 2 se destaca como un ánodo alcalina extraordinaria capaz de liberar 11 electrones por VB 2, con volumétricos y gravimétricos capacidades de 20.7 kAh L -1 y 4060 Ah kg-1, respectivamente. * En 2004, Yang y colaboradores comunicaron la descarga de VB 2, pero también documentaron el dominio extendida en la que VB 2 es susceptible a la corrosión en medios alcalinos 12. En 2007, se informó de que un revestimiento sobre las partículas de 2 VB impide la corrosión 13, que conduce a la demostración de la VB 2 / b del aireattery en 2008 14. En este trabajo se presenta un protocolo utilizado para investigar los sistemas metal / aire nuevos que emplean la tecnología desarrollada previamente para la celda de zinc / aire que se aplican a la VB 2 / cámara de aire. Un ánodo 2 nanoscopicVB se presenta como un ánodo de densidad de alta potencia de alta energía capaz de exhibir una reacción de oxidación de once electrones llegando a la capacidad teórica intrínseca de 4,060 Ah kg -1 en aumento de voltaje de la batería y la capacidad de carga de la batería. El 2 / aire pareja VB utiliza un electrolito alcalino de KOH / NaOH, empleando el mismo cátodo de aire de oxígeno extraído de la célula de zinc / aire 1. El cátodo electrocatalizador de carbono no se consume durante la descarga. Existe una necesidad de una mayor comprensión de la VB 2 / sistema de aire con el fin de mejorar aún más el rendimiento celular. Las propiedades y el rendimiento de los materiales nanoscópicos 2 VB se pueden explorar mediante la tconfiguración de la celda que de la célula de zinc / aire 15,16. Prueba electroquímica se puede realizar para nanoscópico VB 2 para comparar el rendimiento a través de la eficiencia por ciento a diversas velocidades.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>MATERIALS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boron</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>11337</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethyl Ether</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>9244-06</td>
			<td>4L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy</td>
			<td>Loctite</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Heavy Duty 5 min setting time</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl Alcohol</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Panasonic 675 Zinc/Air cell</td>
			<td>Panasonic</td>
			<td>PR675H</td>
			<td>Made in Japan (not German)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C-NERGY Super C65</td>
			<td>Timcal</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Graphitic carbon black</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vanadium</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>262935</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vanadium Diboride</td>
			<td>American Elements</td>
			<td>12007-37-3</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zirconium Chloride</td>
			<td>Spectrum</td>
			<td>Z20001</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>EQUIPTMENT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50-mL round bottom flask</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific Co LLC</td>
			<td>CG151001</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diagonal cutting pliers</td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot/stir plate</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>C-MAG HS 7</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glove box</td>
			<td>Labconco</td>
			<td>Precision Basic</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ten 10-mm tungsten carbide balls</td>
			<td>Lab Synergy</td>
			<td>55.0100.08</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten carbide milling jar</td>
			<td>Lab Synergy</td>
			<td>50.8600.00</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blade</td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retsch PM 100 planetary ball mill</td>
			<td>Retsch</td>
			<td>205400003</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stir bar</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>58947-140</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication of vb2/air cells for electrochemical testing

Se propone una técnica para investigar las propiedades y el rendimiento de los nuevos sistemas de batería de múltiples electrones de metal / aire y presentada. Un método para sintetizar nanoscópico VB 2 se presenta así como el procedimiento paso a paso para la aplicación de un recubrimiento de óxido de circonio a las partículas VB 2 para la estabilización el momento del alta. El proceso de desmontaje de las células de zinc / aire existentes se muestra, en la construcción de la adición del nuevo electrodo de trabajo para reemplazar el ánodo de la pila zinc / aire convencional con la nanoscópico VB 2 ánodo. Por último, se informó de descarga de la VB completado 2 / batería de aire. Se demuestra que el uso de la célula de zinc / aire como un banco de pruebas es útil para proporcionar una configuración consistente para estudiar el rendimiento de la alta capacidad nanoscópico VB 2 ánodo de alta energía.

Prueba electroquímica se lleva a cabo para determinar el rendimiento de VB 2 / baterías de aire. Los resultados obtenidos para varias celdas proporcionan evidencia de que la reproducibilidad del rendimiento de la célula. Figura 1 compara la VB 2 / baterías de aire durante un 3,000 ohmios (izquierda) y 1000 ohmios (a la derecha) de descarga. Tenga en cuenta que el voltaje de descarga, así como la fracción de la 4060 Ah kg -1 capacidad intrínseca es mayor con la nan...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing at JoVE.com

Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing

Un protocolo se presenta para estudiar los sistemas de baterías de aire metal multi-electrón / mediante el uso de la tecnología anterior desarrollado para la célula de zinc / aire. Ensayos electroquímicos se realiza después de las baterías fabricadas para evaluar el desempeño.

Fabricación de VB<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; / Células aire para verificar Electroquímica

A technique to investigate the properties and performance of new multi-electron metal/air battery systems is proposed and presented. A method for ...

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Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing

11.8K vistas.  The George Washington University. Un protocolo se presenta para estudiar los sistemas de baterías de aire metal multi-electrón / mediante el uso de la tecnología anterior desarrollado para la célula de zinc / aire. Ensayos electroquímicos se realiza después de las baterías fabricadas para evaluar el desempeño.

Video: Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime. Lithium ion batteries have also been considered to be used in electric and hybrid vehicles1 or even electrical grid stabilization systems2. All these applications simulate a dramatic increase in the research and development of battery materials3-7, including new materials3,8, doping9, nanostructuring10-13, coatings or surface modifications14-17 and novel binders18. Consequently, an increasing number of physicists, chemists and materials scientists have recently ventured into this area. Coin cells are widely used in research laboratories to test new battery materials; even for the research and development that target large-scale and high-power applications, small coin cells are often used to test the capacities and rate capabilities of new materials in the initial stage. 
 In 2010, we started a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored research project to investigate the surface adsorption and disordering in battery materials (grant no. DMR-1006515). In the initial stage of this project, we have struggled to learn the techniques of assembling and testing coin cells, which cannot be achieved without numerous help of other researchers in other universities (through frequent calls, email exchanges and two site visits). Thus, we feel that it is beneficial to document, by both text and video, a protocol of assembling and testing a coin cell, which will help other new researchers in this field. This effort represents the "Broader Impact" activities of our NSF project, and it will also help to educate and inspire students.
In this video article, we document a protocol to assemble a CR2032 coin cell with a LiCoO2 working electrode, a Li counter electrode, and (the mostly commonly used) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. To ensure new learners to readily repeat the protocol, we keep the protocol as specific and explicit as we can. However, it is important to note that in specific research and development work, many parameters adopted here can be varied. First, one can make coin cells of different sizes and test the working electrode against a counter electrode other than Li. Second, the amounts of C black and binder added into the working electrodes are often varied to suit the particular purpose of research; for example, large amounts of C black or even inert powder were added to the working electrode to test the "intrinsic" performance of cathode materials14. Third, better binders (other than PVDF) have also developed and used18. Finally, other types of electrolytes (instead of LiPF6) can also be used; in fact, certain high-voltage electrode materials will require the uses of special electrolytes7.

A protocol to construct and test coin cells of lithium ion batteries is described. The specific procedures of making a working electrode, preparing a counter electrode, assembling a cell inside a glovebox and testing the cell are presented.

Construcción y verificación de las células de la moneda de baterías de ion de litio

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime.  Lithium ion ...

Investigación

Ingeniería

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including microresonators. However, because of the increased acoustic radiative losses during direct liquid immersion of optomechanical devices, almost all published optomechanical experiments have been performed in solid phase. This paper discusses a recently introduced hollow microfluidic optomechanical resonator. Detailed methodology is provided to fabricate these ultra-high-Q microfluidic resonators, perform optomechanical testing, and measure radiation pressure-driven breathing mode and SBS-driven whispering gallery mode parametric vibrations. By confining liquids inside the capillary resonator, high mechanical- and optical- quality factors are simultaneously maintained.

Parametric optomechanical excitations have recently been experimentally demonstrated in microfluidic optomechanical resonators by means of optical radiation pressure and stimulated Brillouin scattering. This paper describes the fabrication of these microfluidic resonators along with methodologies for generating and verifying optomechanical oscillations.

Fabricación y Pruebas de microfluidos optomecánicos Osciladores

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

Fabrication Process of Silicone-based Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an elastomeric dielectric membrane sandwiched between two compliant electrodes. The large actuation strains of these transducers when used as actuators (over 300% area strain) and their soft and compliant nature has been exploited for a wide range of applications, including electrically tunable optics, haptic feedback devices, wave-energy harvesting, deformable cell-culture devices, compliant grippers, and propulsion of a bio-inspired fish-like airship. In most cases, DETs are made with a commercial proprietary acrylic elastomer and with hand-applied electrodes of carbon powder or carbon grease. This combination leads to non-reproducible and slow actuators exhibiting viscoelastic creep and a short lifetime. We present here a complete process flow for the reproducible fabrication of DETs based on thin elastomeric silicone films, including casting of thin silicone membranes, membrane release and prestretching, patterning of robust compliant electrodes, assembly and testing. The membranes are cast on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates coated with a water-soluble sacrificial layer for ease of release. The electrodes consist of carbon black particles dispersed into a silicone matrix and patterned using a stamping technique, which leads to precisely-defined compliant electrodes that present a high adhesion to the dielectric membrane on which they are applied.

This manuscript shows the fabrication process for the manufacture of dielectric elastomer soft actuators based on silicone membranes. The three key stages of production are presented in detail: blade casting of thin silicone membranes; pad printing of compliant electrodes; and the assembly of all the components.

Proceso de fabricación de elastómeros dieléctricos actuadores basados ​​en silicona

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an ...

Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron

Ablative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) allowed the first humans to safely return to Earth from the moon and are still considered as the only solution for future high-speed reentry missions. But despite the advancements made since Apollo, heat flux prediction remains an imperfect science and engineers resort to safety factors to determine the TPS thickness. This goes at the expense of embarked payload, hampering, for example, sample return missions. 
Ground testing in plasma wind-tunnels is currently the only affordable possibility for both material qualification and validation of material response codes. The subsonic 1.2MW Inductively Coupled Plasmatron facility at the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics is able to reproduce a wide range of reentry environments. This protocol describes a procedure for the study of the gas/surface interaction on ablative materials in high enthalpy flows and presents sample results of a non-pyrolyzing, ablating carbon fiber precursor. With this publication, the authors envisage the definition of a standard procedure, facilitating comparison with other laboratories and contributing to ongoing efforts to improve heat shield reliability and reduce design uncertainties.
The described core techniques are non-intrusive methods to track the material recession with a high-speed camera along with the chemistry in the reactive boundary layer, probed by emission spectroscopy. Although optical emission spectroscopy is limited to line-of-sight measurements and is further constrained to electronically excited atoms and molecules, its simplicity and broad applicability still make it the technique of choice for analysis of the reactive boundary layer. Recession of the ablating sample further requires that the distance of the measurement location with respect to the surface is known at all times during the experiment. Calibration of the optical system of the applied three spectrometers allowed quantitative comparison. At the fiber scale, results from a post-test microscopy analysis are presented.

Development of new ablative materials and their numerical modeling requires extensive experimental investigation. This protocol describes procedures for material response characterization in plasma flows with the core techniques being non-intrusive methods to track the material recession along with the chemistry in the reactive boundary layer by emission spectroscopy.

Investigación capa de emisión espectroscópica de límites durante el ablativo de Ensayo de Materiales en Plasmatron

Ablative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) allowed the first humans to safely return to Earth from the moon and are still considered as the only solution ...

Electrochemical Etching and Characterization of Sharp Field Emission Points for Electron Impact Ionization

A new variation of the drop-off method for fabricating field emission points by electrochemically etching tungsten rods in a NaOH solution is described. The results of studies in which the etching current and the molarity of the NaOH solution used in the etching process were varied are presented. The investigation of the geometry of the tips, by imaging them with a scanning electron microscope, and by operating them in field emission mode is also described. The field emission tips produced are intended to be used as an electron beam source for ion production via electron impact ionization of background gas or vapor in Penning trap mass spectrometry applications.

A method for electrochemically etching field emission tips is presented. Etching parameters are characterized and the operation of the tips in field emission mode is investigated.

Aguafuerte electroquímica y caracterización de los puntos agudos de emisión de campo de ionización por impacto electrónico

A new variation of the drop-off method for fabricating field emission points by electrochemically etching tungsten rods in a NaOH solution is described. ...

Fabrication of White Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells with Stable Emission from Exciplexes

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active layer which consists of blue-fluorescent poly(9,9-di-n-dodecylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFD) and &#960;-conjugated triphenylamine molecules. This white light emission originates from exciplexes formed between PFD and amines in electronically excited states. A device containing PFD, 4,4&#39;,4&#39;&#39;-tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA), Poly(ethylene oxide) and K2CF3SO3 showed white light emission with Commission internationale de l&#39;&#233;clairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.33, 0.43) and a Color Rendering Index (CRI) of Ra = 73 at an applied voltage of 3.5 V. Constant voltage measurements showed that the CIE coordinates of (0.27, 0.37), Ra of 67, and the emission color observed immediately after application of a voltage of 5 V were nearly unchanged and stable after 300 sec.

The authors present a method for fabricating stable white-light-emitting electrochemical cells utilizing emission from exciplexes formed between a blue-emitting fluorene polymer and aromatic amines.

La fabricación de la luz blanca de emisores de celdas electroquímicas con emisión estable de exciplejos

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active ...

Subsurface Defect Localization by Structured Heating Using Laser Projected Photothermal Thermography

The presented method is used to locate subsurface defects oriented perpendicularly to the surface. To achieve this, we create destructively interfering thermal wave fields that are disturbed by the defect. This effect is measured and used to locate the defect. We form the destructively interfering wave fields by using a modified projector. The original light engine of the projector is replaced with a fiber-coupled high-power diode laser. Its beam is shaped and aligned to the projector&#39;s spatial light modulator and optimized for optimal optical throughput and homogeneous projection by first characterizing the beam profile, and, second, correcting it mechanically and numerically. A high-performance infrared (IR) camera is set up according to the tight geometrical situation (including corrections of the geometrical image distortions) and the requirement to detect weak temperature oscillations at the sample surface. Data acquisition can be performed once a synchronization between the individual thermal wave field sources, the scanning stage, and the IR camera is established by using a dedicated experimental setup which needs to be tuned to the specific material being investigated. During data post-processing, the relevant information on the presence of a defect below the surface of the sample is extracted. It is retrieved from the oscillating part of the acquired thermal radiation coming from the so-called depletion line of the sample surface. The exact location of the defect is deduced from the analysis of the spatial-temporal shape of these oscillations in a final step. The method is reference-free and very sensitive to changes within the thermal wave field. So far, the method has been tested with steel samples but is applicable to different materials as well, in particular to temperature sensitive materials.

This method aims at locating vertical subsurface defects. Here, we couple a laser with a spatial light modulator and trigger its video input to heat a sample surface deterministically with two anti-phased modulated lines while acquiring highly resolved thermal images. The defect position is retrieved from evaluating thermal wave interference minima.

Localización del defecto subsuperficial mediante calentamiento estructurado mediante termografía fototérmica proyectada con láser

The presented method is used to locate subsurface defects oriented perpendicularly to the surface. To achieve this, we create destructively interfering ...

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

Solid-state electrolytes are a promising replacement for current organic liquid electrolytes, enabling higher energy densities and improved safety of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. However, a number of setbacks prevent their integration into commercial devices. The main limiting factor is due to nanoscale phenomena occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces, ultimately leading to degradation of battery operation. These key problems are highly challenging to observe and characterize as these batteries contain multiple buried interfaces. One approach for direct observation of interfacial phenomena in thin film batteries is through the fabrication of electrochemically active nanobatteries by a focused ion beam (FIB). As such, a reliable technique to fabricate nanobatteries was developed and demonstrated in recent work. Herein, a detailed protocol with a step-by-step process is presented to enable the reproduction of this nanobattery fabrication process. In particular, this technique was applied to a thin film battery consisting of LiCoO2/LiPON/a-Si, and has further been previously demonstrated by in situ cycling within a transmission electron microscope.

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

A protocol for the fabrication of electrochemically active LiPON-based solid-state lithium-ion nanobatteries using a focused ion beam is presented.

Ion enfocado viga fabricación de Nanobatteries LiPON basado en estado sólido-ion de litio para la prueba In Situ

Solid-state electrolytes are a promising replacement for current organic liquid electrolytes, enabling higher energy densities and improved safety of ...

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in industry. The wettability of the produced surface was analyzed by bouncing drop experiments and the topography was analyzed by confocal microscopy. In addition, we show various methodologies to measure its durability and anti-icing properties. Superhydrophobic surfaces hold a special texture that must be preserved to keep their water-repellency. To fabricate durable surfaces, we followed two strategies to incorporate a resistant texture. The first strategy is a direct incorporation of roughness to the metal substrate by acid etching. After this surface texturization, the surface energy was decreased by silanization or fluoropolymer deposition. The second strategy is the growth of a ceria layer (after surface texturization) that should enhance the surface hardness and corrosion resistance. The surface energy was decreased with a stearic acid film.
The durability of the superhydrophobic surfaces was examined by a particle impact test, mechanical wear by lateral abrasion, and UV-ozone resistance. The anti-icing properties were explored by studying the ability to repeal subcooled water, freezing delay, and ice adhesion.

We illustrate several methodologies to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces and to explore their durability and anti-icing properties.

Fabricación de superficies metálicas superhidrófobos para aplicaciones anti-hielo

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in ...

Fabrication of an Optical Cell Dryer for the Spectroscopic Analysis Cells

Optical cells, which are experimental instruments, are small, square tubes sealed on one side. A sample is placed in this tube, and a measurement is performed with a spectroscope. The materials used for optical cells generally include quartz glass or plastic, but expensive quartz glass is reused by removing substances, other than liquids, to be analyzed that adhere to the interior of the container. In such a case, the optical cells are washed with water or ethanol and dried. Then, the next sample is added and measured. Optical cells are dried naturally or with a manual hairdryer. However, drying takes time, which makes it one of the factors that increase the experiment time. In this study, the objective is to drastically reduce the drying time with a dedicated automatic dryer that can dry multiple optical cells at once. To realize this, a circuit was designed for a microcomputer, and the hardware using it was independently designed and manufactured.

A protocol for fabricating a device for simultaneously drying multiple optical cells is presented.

Fabricación de una célula óptica para las células de análisis espectroscópico

Optical cells, which are experimental instruments, are small, square tubes sealed on one side. A sample is placed in this tube, and a measurement is ...