Este trabajo fue apoyado por una Alianza Nacional para la Investigación sobre la Esquizofrenia y la Depresión (NARSAD) Young Investigator Award y los Institutos Nacionales de Salud de subvención R01NS073635 a AV.

1. Preparación de los reactivos y soluciones <ol><li> El recubrimiento de 35 mm de placa de cultivo: Colágeno Tipo 1 solución se suministra como una solución acuosa en 20 mM de ácido acético (~ proteína de 100 mg / vial). Diluir un volumen apropiado de solución de colágeno a una concentración de trabajo de 0,01% usando agua de calidad de cultivo de tejido estéril. Platos capa con 1 ml de solución de colágeno durante 3-4 horas a temperatura ambiente (RT) o 37 ° C, o durante la noche a 2-8 º C. Retire el exceso de solución de la placa recubierta y deje que se seque durante la noche. Enjuague el recipiente con agua de calidad de cultivo de tejidos o PBS antes de la adición de medios de comunicación. Placas revestidas se pueden almacenar a 4 ° C durante un mes. </li><li> Preparar medio Eagle modificado de Dulbecco completo (DMEM). Complementar la DMEM (500 ml) con 10% de FBS y solución de antibiótico-antimicótico (concentración 1x; 1 ml/100 ml). DMEM completo se puede almacenar a 4 ° C durante dos meses. </li><li> Prepare una parte alícuota (50 ml) de DMEM con DNasa I (0,001 mg / ml), (a que se refiere como DMEM-DNasa I). </li><li> Preparar otra alícuota (10 ml) de DMEM con colagenasa y dispasa (1 mg / ml) (referido como DMEM-collagenase/dispase). </li><li> Preparar endotelial medio de cultivo celular (ECCM, 500 ml), suplementado con EGF (5 g), DE ECG (100 mg) y 5 l de solución de antibiótico-antimicótico. ECCM se puede almacenar a 4 ° C durante dos meses. </li><li> Precalentar todos los medios de comunicación antes de su uso. </li><li> Preparar tampón de purificación: PBS, pH 7.2 con 0.5% BSA y 2 mM de EDTA. Mantener tampón frío (2-8 ° C). </li></ol> 2. La eliminación de los embriones y la disección de Telencéfalo Todos los experimentos con animales de laboratorio han sido aprobados por los comités de cuidado y uso de animales de Hospital McLean y se ajustan a las directrices del NIH para el cuidado y uso de animales de laboratorio. <ol><li> Utilice ratones CD1 embarazadas cronometrados (día embrionario 15). El día del descubrimiento tapón vaginal se considera el día embrionario 0 (E0). Presas CD1 generalmente producen camadas grandes, por lo que 10 a 12 embrioness se espera de una presa embarazada. </li><li> Para histerotomía, anestesiar a los ratones embarazadas con una inyección intraperitoneal de ketamina (100 mg / kg) / xilazina (5 mg / kg). Para los ratones aproximadamente 20-30 g, entregar 0,3 ml de una solución anestésica 10 ml / kg de ketamina / xilazina y asegurarse de que el dolor y la angustia es mínima durante las inyecciones intraperitoneales de la anestesia. Utilice la restricción de mano para las inyecciones. </li><li> Compruebe anestesia profunda por pizca dedo del pie. Retire los embriones de los ratones anestesiados profundamente. Decapita a cada embrión inmediatamente después de retirarlos de la madre. Coloque las cabezas de embriones en placas de Petri estériles en hielo frío PBS. </li><li> Siga la histerectomía por eutanasia inmediata con sobredosis de anestesia (130 mg / kg de pentobarbital, IP), un método para la eutanasia, que es coherente con las Directrices AVMA de eutanasia de Animales: 2013 Edition. </li><li> Bajo un microscopio estereoscópico, retire el cerebro de la cabeza con unas tijeras MicroTip finas y unas pinzas finas. Nota: Una disección de alta calidadion es esencial para eliminar con éxito la membrana de la pía madre del cerebro embrionario. Esto se logra mediante la práctica. Bellas pinzas y tijeras MicroTip también son herramientas clave para conseguir una buena disección. </li><li> Utilice las pinzas para obtener un firme control sobre el cerebro y las tijeras MicroTip para despegar la membrana pial. Retire el mesencéfalo y metencephalon y aislar el telencéfalo. Traslado telencéfalo-pial libre de todos los embriones a una placa de cultivo de 35 mm con 2 ml de PBS en hielo. </li></ol> 3. El aislamiento de la célula <ol><li> Picar el telencéfalo en fragmentos de 1-2 mm con una hoja de bisturí y recoger el tejido en un tubo Falcon de 15 ml que contiene 2 ml de DMEM completo. </li><li> Disociar el tejido suave pero completamente con una pipeta de 1 ml hasta grumos desaparecen y se consigue una suspensión lechosa. </li><li> Centrifugar las células disociadas a 800-1.000 xg durante 5 min a TA. </li><li> Retire con cuidado el sobrenadante y el sedimento se vuelve a suspender en DMEM-DNasa I. suavemente disociar la ceLLS de nuevo utilizando 1 ml de la pipeta y se centrifuga a 800-1.000 xg durante 5 min a TA. </li><li> Resuspender el precipitado en caliente DMEM completo. Las células de filtro a través de una malla de nylon de 70 micras estéril. Recoger las células filtradas y mantenerse en hielo. </li><li> Recoge las proporciones de células retenidas en la malla y digerir más con DMEM-collagenase/dispase (2 ml) durante 1-2 minutos a temperatura ambiente. Lavar las células 3 veces en DMEM-DNasa I a través de centrifugación a 800-1.000 xg durante 5 min a TA. Reunir estas células con las células filtradas recogidos en el paso 3.5. Lavar las células una vez con un total de DMEM completo. Procederá a determinar el número de células y medidas de etiquetado magnéticos. Nota: Es importante para obtener una suspensión de células individuales antes de su etiquetado magnético. </li></ol> 4. Etiquetado magnético <ol><li> Este protocolo muestra el etiquetado magnético de 10 7 células. Para el número de células inferior a 10 7, utilice el mismo volumen de reactivo y para el número de células mayor que 10 7, la escala de todos los volúmenes de reactivo y el volumen totalen consecuencia (por ejemplo, para 2 x 10 7 células totales, utilizar dos veces el volumen de todos los reactivos indicados). Mantenga todos los reactivos y las células en hielo. </li><li> Determinar el número de células con un hemocitómetro. </li><li> Centrifugar la suspensión de células a 300 xg durante 10 min a TA. Aspirar el sobrenadante por completo. </li><li> Añadir 90 μl/10 7 células de tampón de purificación para el sedimento de células seguido de 10 l de microperlas CD31. Los Microbeads proporcionadas por el fabricante se conjugan al anticuerpo monoclonal anti-CD31 de ratón. </li><li> Mezclar bien e incubar durante 15 min en la nevera. Nota: Las temperaturas más altas y / o un mayor tiempo de incubación durante etiquetado magnética pueden dar lugar a la unión no específica. </li><li> Lavar las células mediante la adición de 1-2 ml/10 7 células de tampón de purificación y centrifugar a 300 xg durante 10 min. Retire las células sobrenadante y resuspender en 500 l de tampón de purificación. Proceder a la separación magnética o etapa de purificación. </li></ol> 5. Purificación <ol><li> Colocar la columna de la EM en el campo magnético del separador MACS. </li><li> Enjuague la columna con 500 l de tampón de purificación. </li><li> Aplicar la suspensión celular en la columna. Carga número apropiado de células a la columna de MS como el número de células más alta puede obstruir la columna. Precaución: Cada columna MS puede acomodar a un número máximo de 2 x 10 7 celdas, para un número mayor de células, utilizar más columnas. </li><li> Recoger y desechar de flujo continuo que contiene células no marcadas. </li><li> Lavar la columna con 500 l de tampón de purificación tres veces. Durante las etapas de lavado, asegúrese de que el depósito de la columna esté vacía antes de la adición de alícuotas sucesivas tampón de purificación. </li><li> Retire la columna del separador de MACS y colocarlo en un tubo Falcon de 15 ml. </li><li> Un émbolo se suministra junto con la columna de la MS. Pipetear 1 ml de tampón de purificación en la columna de la MS y de inmediato a eliminar las células marcadas magnéticamente empujando firmemente el émbolo en la columna. </li><li> Cel Platels en una placa de cultivo de 35 mm recubierto previamente con colágeno de tipo 1 y crecer las células en ECCM en una incubadora a 37 ° C con 95% de O2 y 5% de CO 2. </li><li> Cambiar el medio cada cuatro días. Utilice PVECs para experimentos o subcultura después de 10-12 días cuando el plato es confluente. </li></ol> 6. Subcultura de PV ECS <ol><li> Retire el CCME y enjuague la monocapa de PVECS con 1-2 ml de PBS estéril. </li><li> Añadir con cuidado 1,5 ml de solución de tripsina-EDTA 0,25% para cubrir la monocapa de células. </li><li> Devuelva el plato a la incubadora. Dentro de 5-7 minutos, las células se separará de la superficie del plato. </li><li> Después las células se han separado, añadir inmediatamente un volumen igual de inhibidor de la tripsina y se tritura varias veces. </li><li> Transferir las células a un tubo Falcon de 15 ml estéril. Centrifugar el tubo a 500 xg durante 5 min. </li><li> Eliminar el sobrenadante y resuspender el precipitado en 1 ml de precalentado ECCM. </li><li> Sembrar las células para la expansión de la cultura, el imenvejecimiento u otros ensayos. </li></ol>

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	<li>Shen, Q., S, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+cells+stimulate+self-renewal+and+expand+neurogenesis+of+neural+stem+cells.">Endothelial cells stimulate self-renewal and expand neurogenesis of neural stem cells.</a> Science. 304, 1338-1340 (2004).</li><li>Milner, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+three-dimensional+system+to+study+interactions+between+endothelial+cells+and+neural+cells+of+the+developing+central+nervous+system.">A novel three-dimensional system to study interactions between endothelial cells and neural cells of the developing central nervous system.</a> BMC Neurosci. 8, 3 (2007).</li><li>Rauch, M. F., Michaud, M., Xu, H., Madri, J. A., Lavik, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Co-culture+of+primary+neural+progenitor+and+endothelial+cells+in+a+macroporous+gel+promotes+stable+vascular+networks+in+vivo.">Co-culture of primary neural progenitor and endothelial cells in a macroporous gel promotes stable vascular networks in vivo.</a> 19, 1469-1485 (2008).</li><li>Vasudevan, A., Long, J. E., Crandall, J. E., Rubenstein, J. L., Bhide, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compartment-specific+transcription+factors+orchestrate+angiogenesis+gradients+in+the+embryonic+brain.">Compartment-specific transcription factors orchestrate angiogenesis gradients in the embryonic brain.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 11, 429-439 (2008).</li><li>Vasudevan, A., Bhide, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiogenesis+in+the+embryonic+CNS:+a+new+twist+on+an+old+tale.">Angiogenesis in the embryonic CNS: a new twist on an old tale.</a> Cell Adh. Migr. 2, 167-169 (2008).</li><li>Won, C. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autonomous+vascular+networks+synchronize+GABA+neuron+migration+in+the+embryonic+forebrain.">Autonomous vascular networks synchronize GABA neuron migration in the embryonic forebrain.</a> Nat. Commun. 4, 2149-2162 (2013).</li><li>Dong, Q. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+general+strategy+for+isolation+of+endothelial+cells+from+murine+tissues.+Characterization+of+two+endothelial+cell+lines+from+the+murine+lung+and+subcutaneous+sponge+implants.">A general strategy for isolation of endothelial cells from murine tissues. Characterization of two endothelial cell lines from the murine lung and subcutaneous sponge implants.</a> Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17, 1599-1604 (1997).</li><li>Erblich, B., Zhu, L., Etgen, A. M., Dobrenis, K., Pollard, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absence+of+colony+stimulation+factor-1+receptor+results+in+loss+of+microglia,+disrupted+brain+development+and+olfactory+deficits.">Absence of colony stimulation factor-1 receptor results in loss of microglia, disrupted brain development and olfactory deficits.</a> PLoS One. 6, (2011).</li><li>Wichterle, H., Garcia-Verdugo, J. M., Herrera, D. G., Alvarez-Buylla, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Young+neurons+from+medial+ganglionic+eminence+disperse+in+adult+and+embryonic+brain.">Young neurons from medial ganglionic eminence disperse in adult and embryonic brain.</a> 2, 461-466 (1999).</li><li>Snapyan, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vasculature+guides+migrating+neuronal+precursors+in+the+adult+mammalian+forebrain+via+brain-derived+neurotrophic+factor+signaling.">Vasculature guides migrating neuronal precursors in the adult mammalian forebrain via brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling.</a> J. Neurosci. 29, 4172-4188 (2009).</li><li>Whitman, M. C., Fan, W., Rela, L., Rodriguez-Gil, D. J., Greer, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+vessels+form+a+migratory+scaffold+in+the+rostral+migratory+stream.">Blood vessels form a migratory scaffold in the rostral migratory stream.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 516, 94-104 (2009).</li></ol>

No hay conflictos de interés declarado.

De PVEC son fisiológicamente más relevantes de adultos células endoteliales cerebrales y EC de otras fuentes de tejidos para estudios que se centran en las interacciones neurovasculares y también tienen un potencial terapéutico. Para la preparación PVEC, es principio fundamental con la disección que trabajar rápido para lograr una buena viabilidad ya que las células muertas se pueden unir de forma no específica a microperlas CD31. Además, si la suspensión de una sola célula no se consigue antes de la etapa ...

La angiogénesis, la neurogénesis y la migración neuronal son eventos críticos en el sistema nervioso central (SNC) el desarrollo, la reparación y la regeneración. Varios estudios elegantes han demostrado que las células endoteliales estimula la proliferación neuronal y viceversa a través de la liberación de factores solubles y por contacto directo. Encontramos curioso que en la mayoría de estos estudios 1-3, mientras que progenitoras neuronales células madre neurales / están aislados del cerebro embrionario, que se co-cultivaron con células endoteliales del cerebro adulto, otras fuentes de tejidos adultos, o con líneas de células endoteliales. Esto podría ser en parte debido a las dificultades técnicas asociadas con el aislamiento y el cultivo de poblaciones puras de células endoteliales del cerebro embrionario. Sin embargo, la angiogénesis, la neurogénesis, y la migración neuronal son eventos concurrentes que ocurren en órdenes de magnitud más robusto en el cerebro embrionario que en el cerebro adulto normal. La red vascular periventricular del embryonic cerebro anterior (telencéfalo) se origina a partir de un recipiente situado en el primordio ganglios basales y se desarrolla en la forma de un gradiente ordenada de ventral a dorsal telencéfalo por día embrionario 11 (E11) de 4,5. Este plexo de vasos de la red vascular periventricular son distintos de los buques de pial basada en orígenes, localización anatómica, patrones de crecimiento y regulación del desarrollo 4,5. La dirección de propagación de la pendiente de la angiogénesis periventricular coincide con el gradiente transversal neurogenetic telencephalic. Dentro del telencéfalo, el gradiente de la angiogénesis periventricular y el gradiente de las neuronas GABA que migran tangencialmente superpone espacialmente y 6. Con respecto a la sincronización, el gradiente de la angiogénesis es antes de la pendiente y de la neurona de GABA gradiente neurogenético en aproximadamente un día. Así, las células endoteliales periventriculares son espacial y temporalmente en buena posición para proporcionar señales vitales para ayudar en la neurogénesis y telencephalic4,6 migración neuronal. Por lo tanto, el uso de células endoteliales periventriculares embrionarias en experimentos de cocultivo con células progenitoras y / o neuronas neuronales proporcionaría un modelo más favorable para el estudio de interacciones neurovasculares y el desarrollo de nuevas vías para el tratamiento de la enfermedad neurodegenerativa o una lesión cerebral isquémica / traumática. Hacemos hincapié en la importancia de eliminar la membrana pial, no sólo para limitar la contaminación de las células epiteliales, sino también para separar las células endoteliales pial que son molecularmente y funcionalmente distinta de las células endoteliales de la red vascular periventricular 4,6 (PVECs denominados de distinguir de pial EC) . Aquí se describe el método que utilizamos habitualmente en nuestro laboratorio para obtener un rendimiento rica y pura de PVECs. Estas células endoteliales se preparan a partir de prosencéfalos embrionarios aislados a partir de un solo ratón temporizado-embarazada. Se pueden expandir, subcultivaron, y congelaron con éxito para su uso futuro.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="768">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">DNase I</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">D-4527</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Collagen, Type 1 solution from rat tail </td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C3867</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DPBS</td>
			<td>Quality Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">114057-131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EDTA</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M4055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>A2058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MS column</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-042-201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CD31 microbeads</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-097-418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MACS separator</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-042-102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MACS multi stand</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-042-303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cell strainer 70 &#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antibiotic and antimycotic solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A5955</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FBS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F4135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Collagenase/Dispase</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10269638001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">DMEM </td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Lonza</td>
			<td>12-604F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">35 mm culture dish</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>353001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15 ml falcon tube </td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>352097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50 ml falcon tube</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>352098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">ECCM kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">355054</td>
			<td>Kit Includes Endothelial cell growth supplement, EGF and Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Endothelial Cell Growth Supplement (ECGS)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">354006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RBECGM</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Cell applications </td>
			<td style="width:147px;">R819-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM F12 </td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">10565-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">glutamax</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">305050-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">tissue culture grade water</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">15230162</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">0.25% Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">15050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Soyabean trypsin inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">5425</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Matrigel</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">354234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Qtracker 655 Cell Labeling Kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Q25021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">CellLight Plasma Membrane-RFP, BacMam 2.0</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">C10608</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Biotinylated Isolectin B4 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">L2140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Anti-Von Willebrand factor</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">F3520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Anti-CD31/PECAM-1</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">550274</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">Vectashield Hardset Mounting media with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">H-1500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">Ketamine</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Butler Schein Animal Health Supply</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">44028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Xylazine</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Lloyd Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">1009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Motic</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">SMZ-168</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">267110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Olympus CK-40</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">CK-40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Flouroscent microscope</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Olympus FSX-100</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">FSX-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Fine forceps</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roboz surgical instrument</td>
			<td>7 inox</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Fine microtip scissors</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roboz surgical instrument</td>
			<td>RS5611</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and culture of endothelial cells from the embryonic forebrain

Células endoteliales cerebrales embrionarias pueden servir como una herramienta importante en el estudio de la angiogénesis y el desarrollo neuro-vascular y las interacciones. Las dos redes vasculares del cerebro anterior embrionario, pial y periventricular, son espacialmente distintivo y tienen diferentes orígenes y patrones de crecimiento. Las células endoteliales de las redes vasculares pial y periventriculares tienen perfiles de expresión de genes únicos y funciones. Aquí se presenta un protocolo paso a paso para el aislamiento, la cultura, y la verificación de las poblaciones puras de células endoteliales de la red vascular periventricular (PVECs) del cerebro anterior embrionario (telencéfalo). En este enfoque, telencéfalo desprovisto de membrana de la pía madre obtenido a partir de día embrionario 15 ratones se pica, se digirió con colagenasa / dispasa, y se dispersa mecánicamente en una suspensión de células individuales. PVECs se purificaron a partir de la suspensión celular utilizando selección positiva con el anticuerpo conjugado con microperlas anti-CD-31/PECAM-1 usando un fuerte magnéticamétodo de separación. Las células purificadas se cultivan en placas de cultivo de colágeno 1 recubiertas en medio de cultivo de células endoteliales hasta que se vuelven confluentes y más subcultivado. PVECs obtiene con este protocolo de adoquines de exposiciones y fenotipos en forma de huso, como se visualiza mediante microscopía óptica de contraste de fases y microscopía de fluorescencia. Pureza de los cultivos PVEC se estableció con marcadores de células endoteliales. En nuestras manos, este método produce de forma fiable y consistente poblaciones puras de PVECs. Este protocolo se beneficiarán los estudios dirigidos a la obtención de conocimientos sobre mecánica en angiogénesis cerebro anterior, la comprensión de las interacciones PVEC y cruzadas las conversaciones con los tipos de células neuronales y tiene un enorme potencial para angiogénesis terapéutica.

La caracterización fenotípica de PVECs de días 1-12 se muestra con contraste de fase microscopía de luz (Figura 2). Las células unidas a la placa en el día 1 muestran la morfología característica de la división celular (Figura 2A). Entre 5-8 días, PVECs transición de la piedra del adoquín de husillo morfología en forma típica de las células endoteliales y más afín a su estado in vivo (Figuras 2B y 2C). Durante el día 12 la cul...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain at JoVE.com

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Este video muestra una estrategia fácil y confiable para la preparación de cultivos puros de células endoteliales del cerebro anterior embrionario dentro de 10 a 12 días y será útil para la investigación se centró en muchos aspectos de la angiogénesis cerebral.

Aislamiento y cultivo de células endoteliales del cerebro anterior embrionarias

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two ...

isolation-culture-endothelial-cells-from-embryonic

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

15.3K vistas.  Harvard Medical School.  Este video muestra una estrategia fácil y confiable para la preparación de cultivos puros de células endoteliales del cerebro anterior embrionario dentro de 10 a 12 días y será útil para la investigación se centró en muchos aspectos de la angiogénesis cerebral. 

Video: Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

La disección y la Cultura de las neuronas comisurales de médula espinal embrionaria

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Stem Cells from Human Hair Follicles

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a well-characterized niche for adult stem cells1. This segment of the outer root sheath contains a number of different types of stem cells, including epithelial stem cells2, melanocyte stem cells3 and neural crest like stem cells4-7. Hair follicles represent an accessible and rich source for different types of human stem cells. We and others have isolated neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) from human fetal and adult hair follicles4,5. These human stem cells are label-retaining cells and are capable of self-renewal through asymmetric cell division in vitro. They express immature neural crest cell markers but not differentiation markers. Our expression profiling study showed that they share a similar gene expression pattern with murine skin immature neural crest cells. They exhibit clonal multipotency that can give rise to myogenic, melanocytic, and neuronal cell lineages after in vitro clonal single cell culture. Differentiated cells not only acquire lineage-specific markers but also demonstrate appropriate functions in ex vivo conditions. In addition, these NCSCs show differentiation potential toward mesenchymal lineages. Differentiated neuronal cells can persist in mouse brain and retain neuronal differentiation markers. It has been shown that hair follicle derived NCSCs can help nerve regrowth, and they improve motor function in mice transplanted with these stem cells following transecting spinal cord injury8. Furthermore, peripheral nerves have been repaired with stem cell grafts9, and implantation of skin-derived precursor cells adjacent to crushed sciatic nerves has resulted in remyelination10. Therefore, the hair follicle/skin derived NCSCs have already shown promising results for regenerative therapy in preclinical models.
Somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has shown enormous potential for regenerative medicine. However, there are still many issues with iPS cells, particularly the long term effect of oncogene/virus integration and potential tumorigenicity of pluripotent stem cells have not been adequately addressed. There are still many hurdles to be overcome before iPS cells can be used for regenerative medicine. Whereas the adult stem cells are known to be safe and they have been used clinically for many years, such as bone marrow transplant. Many patients have already benefited from the treatment. Autologous adult stem cells are still preferred cells for transplantation. Therefore, the readily accessible and expandable adult stem cells in human skin/hair follicles are a valuable source for regenerative medicine.

This article presents a robust protocol for isolation and culture of neural crest stem cells from human hair follicles.

Aislamiento y cultivo de células troncales de la cresta neural de los folículos del cabello humano

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a ...

Lectin-based Isolation and Culture of Mouse Embryonic Motoneurons

Spinal motoneurons develop towards postmitotic stages through early embryonic nervous system development and subsequently grow out dendrites and axons. Neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube that express Nkx6.1 are the unique precursor cells for spinal motoneurons1. Though postmitotic motoneurons move towards their final position and organize themselves into columns along the spinal tract2,3. More than 90% of all these differentiated and positioned motoneurons express the transcription factors Islet 1/2. They innervate the muscles of the limbs as well as those of the body and the inner organs. Among others, motoneurons typically express the high affinity receptors for brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), the tropomyosin-related kinase B and C (TrkB, TrkC). They do not express the tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA)4. Beside the two high affinity receptors, motoneurons do express the low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. The p75NTR can bind all neurotrophins with similar but lower affinity to all neurotrophins than the high affinity receptors would bind the mature neurotrophins. Within the embryonic spinal cord, the p75NTR is exclusively expressed by the spinal motoneurons5. This has been used to develop motoneuron isolation techniques to purify the cells from the vast majority of surrounding cells6. Isolating motoneurons with the help of specific antibodies (panning) against the extracellular domains of p75NTR has turned out to be an expensive method as the amount of antibody used for a single experiment is high due to the size of the plate used for panning. A much more economical alternative is the use of lectin. Lectin has been shown to specifically bind to p75NTR as well7. The following method describes an alternative technique using wheat germ agglutinin for a preplating procedure instead of the p75NTR antibody. The lectin is an extremely inexpensive alternative to the p75NTR antibody and the purification grades using lectin are comparable to that of the p75NTR antibody. Motoneurons from the embryonic spinal cord can be isolated by this method, survive and grow out neurites.

An alternative way of isolating mouse embryonic motoneurons from the spinal cord is described. The method takes into account the fact that lectin can bind to the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75NTR. This lectin-based preplating allows a purification similar to that with a specific antibody against the p75NTR.

Lectina basado en Aislamiento y cultivo de motoneuronas embrionarias de ratón

Spinal motoneurons develop towards postmitotic stages through early embryonic nervous system development and subsequently grow out dendrites and axons. ...

Isolation and Culture of Hippocampal Neurons from Prenatal Mice

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual neurons, researchers are able to analyze properties related to cellular trafficking, cellular structure and individual protein localization using a variety of biochemical techniques. Results from such experiments are critical for testing theories addressing the neural basis of memory and learning. However, unambiguous results from these forms of experiments are predicated on the ability to grow neuronal cultures with minimum contamination by other brain cell types. In this protocol, we use specific media designed for neuron growth and careful dissection of embryonic hippocampal tissue to optimize growth of healthy neurons while minimizing contaminating cell types (i.e. astrocytes). Embryonic mouse hippocampal tissue can be more difficult to isolate than similar rodent tissue due to the size of the sample for dissection. We show detailed dissection techniques of hippocampus from embryonic day 19 (E19) mouse pups. Once hippocampal tissue is isolated, gentle dissociation of neuronal cells is achieved with a dilute concentration of trypsin and mechanical disruption designed to separate cells from connective tissue while providing minimum damage to individual cells. A detailed description of how to prepare pipettes to be used in the disruption is included. Optimal plating densities are provided for immuno-fluorescence protocols to maximize successful cell culture. The protocol provides a fast (approximately 2 hr) and efficient technique for the culture of neuronal cells from mouse hippocampal tissue.

We provide a protocol for the culture of highly purified hippocampal neurons from prenatal mouse brains without the use of a feeder glial cell layer.

Aislamiento y cultivo de neuronas del hipocampo de ratones prenatales

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual ...

Isolation and Culture of Rat Embryonic Neural Cells: A Quick Protocol

We are describing a quick method to dissociate and culture hippocampal or cortical neurons from E15-17 rat embryos. The procedure can be applied successfully to the isolation of mouse and human primary neurons and neural progenitors. Dissociated neurons are maintained in serum-free medium up to several weeks. These cultures can be used for nucleofection, immunocytochemistry, nucleic acids preparation, as well as electrophysiology. Older neuronal cultures can also be transfected with a good efficiency rate by lentiviral transduction and, less efficiently, with calcium phosphate or lipid-based methods such as lipofectamine.

We describe a rapid methodology to isolate and culture hippocampal and cortical neurons from rodent embryos. This protocol allows us to perform experiments in which nearly pure neuronal cultures are required.

Aislamiento y cultivo de células neuronales de ratas embrionarias: un protocolo rápido

We are describing a quick method to dissociate and culture hippocampal or cortical neurons from E15-17 rat embryos. The procedure can be applied ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

Aislamiento y cultivo de células de la cresta neural de embriones murinos del Tubo Neural

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Isolation of Primary Murine Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells

The blood-brain-barrier is ultrastructurally assembled by a monolayer of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) interconnected by a junctional complex of tight and adherens junctions. Together with other cell-types such as astrocytes or pericytes, they form the neurovascular unit (NVU), which specifically regulates the interchange of fluids, molecules and cells between the peripheral blood and the CNS. Through this complex and dynamic system BMECs are involved in various processes maintaining the homeostasis of the CNS. A dysfunction of the BBB is observed as an essential step in the pathogenesis of many severe CNS diseases. However, specific and targeted therapies are very limited, as the underlying mechanisms are still far from being understood. 
Animal and in vitro models have been extensively used to gain in-depth understanding of complex physiological and pathophysiological processes. By reduction and simplification it is possible to focus the investigation on the subject of interest and to exclude a variety of confounding factors. However, comparability and transferability are also reduced in model systems, which have to be taken into account for evaluation. The most common animal models are based on mice, among other reasons, mainly due to the constantly increasing possibilities of methodology. In vitro studies of isolated murine BMECs might enable an in-depth analysis of their properties and of the blood-brain-barrier under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Further insights into the complex mechanisms at the BBB potentially provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies.
This protocol describes a method to isolate primary murine microvascular endothelial cells by a sequence of physical and chemical purification steps. Special considerations for purity and cultivation of MBMECs as well as quality control, potential applications and limitations are discussed.

Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) are interconnected by specific junctional proteins forming a highly regulated barrier separating blood and the central nervous system (CNS), the so-called blood-brain-barrier (BBB). The isolation of primary murine brain microvascular endothelial cells, as discussed in this protocol, enables detailed in vitro studies of the BBB.

Aislamiento de células primaria murino cerebro endoteliales microvasculares

The blood-brain-barrier is ultrastructurally assembled by a monolayer of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) interconnected by a junctional ...

Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes involved in physiological functions and vulnerability and death of these neurons is imparative to understanding the underlying causes and unraveling the cure for this common neurodegenerative disorder. Primary cultures of mesDA neurons provide a tool for investigation of the molecular, biochemical and electrophysiological properties, in order to understand the development, long-term survival and degeneration of these neurons during the course of disease. Here we present a detailed method for the isolation, culturing and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from E12.5 mouse (or E14.5 rat) embryos. Optimized cell culture conditions in this protocol result in presence of axonal and dendritic projections, synaptic connections and other neuronal morphological properties, which make the cultures suitable for study of the physiological, cell biological and molecular characteristics of this neuronal population.

The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson&#8217;s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of neurodegeneration.

Aislamiento, cultivo y mantenimiento a largo plazo de Primaria mesencefálico neuronas dopaminérgicas a partir de cerebros de embriones de roedores

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.

Establishing culture systems for the expansion of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) allows for the examination and application of aNSCs for therapy. The subcallosal zone (SCZ) has recently been recognized as a novel neuroblast-forming region in adult mice. Here, methods for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of SCZ-aNSCs are described.

Aislamiento y cultivo de células madre adultas neural de la Zona subcallosal Ratón

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation ...

Isolation and Culture of Embryonic Mouse Neural Stem Cells

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent and can give rise to the three major cell types of the central nervous system (CNS). In vitro culture and expansion of NSCs provide a suitable source of cells for neuroscientists to study the function of neurons and glial cells along with their interactions. There are several reported techniques for the isolation of neural stem cells from adult or embryo mammalian brains. During the microsurgical operation to isolate NSCs from different regions of the embryonic CNS, it is very important to reduce the damage to the brain cells to obtain the highest ratio of live and expandable stem cells. A possible technique for stress reduction during isolation of these cells from the mouse embryo brain is the reduction of surgical time. Here, we demonstrate a developed technique for rapid isolation of these cells from the E13 mouse embryo ganglionic eminence. Surgical procedures include harvesting E13 mouse embryos from the uterus, cutting the frontal fontanelle of the embryo with a bent needle tip, extracting the brain from the skull, microdissection of the isolated brain to harvest the ganglionic eminence, dissociation of the harvested tissue in NSC medium to gain a single cell suspension, and finally plating cells in suspension culture to generate neurospheres.

Here, we introduce a novel microsurgical technique for the isolation of neural stem cells from the E13 mouse embryo ganglionic eminence.