El proyecto que se describe fue apoyada por el Centro Nacional de Recursos para investigación, Grant UL1 RR024975-01, y se encuentra ahora en el Centro Nacional para el Avance de las Ciencias de traslación, de Grant 2 UL1 TR000445-06. El contenido es de exclusiva responsabilidad de sus autores y no representa necesariamente las opiniones oficiales de los NIH.

1. Evaluación de la Respuesta a la luz del tacto <ol><li> Coloque la red de electrodos (por ejemplo, 128 canales geodésica red de sensores) el niño o la cabeza del bebé. Ajustar los sensores de contacto pleno uso de solución salina caliente. Si a un niño, asegúrese de niño está sentado cómodamente en padre o cuidador regazo. Si en un bebé, asegúrese de que niño está ligeramente envuelto y, o bien en los brazos de los cuidadores o en posición supina en una cuna abierta. </li><li> Coloque una boquilla de 1 mm de 0,5 cm por debajo de la punta del dedo índice de la mano probado. Coloque el dedo para un niño pequeño o de la palma de un niño en un soporte de molde y asegurar con cinta Velcro proximal y distal a la articulación para asegurar distancia constante de la boquilla con el dedo o la mano. Es absolutamente esencial que el niño mantiene la posición del dedo adecuado durante la sesión de pruebas. Asegúrese de que esta evaluando periódicamente dedo y colocación de las manos y tener hijos con el médico si el joven. Si la prueba a un bebé, deje de protocolosi el bebé llora y proporcionar comodidad antes de reiniciar. Si la prueba del niño pequeño, Consulte con el médico para proporcionar comodidad y seguridad a lo largo del período de prueba corto. </li><li> Comience compresor de aire a 40 psi a través del regulador para suministrar insumos de válvulas para los estímulos táctiles. </li><li> Ejecute el programa de entrega de estímulos. <ol><li> Para la mano probado, presentes 60 de hojaldre estímulos intercalan aleatoriamente con 60 simulacros de proceso (un soplo de aire emitido a través de una boquilla separada apuntando en dirección opuesta a la del dedo). </li><li> No presente más de dos repeticiones de un soplo o farsa en una fila. Varíe los intervalos entre ensayos al azar entre 2.000-2.500 ms. El propósito de esto es para reducir la habituación, donde un estímulo ya no se percibe. El tiempo total de una secuencia de 120 ensayos debería ser 4,5-5 min. </li><li> Ejecutar el protocolo idéntico de nuevo por el otro lado, si el estudio de trastornos somatosensoriales asimétricas. </li></ol></li><li> Para los protocolos que no requieren la atención a los estímulos no configurar más se necesita. Tsu aplica a pruebas de bebé. Para la mejora de la atención en los niños pequeños (que se traduce en grandes picos ERP específicos en la grabación), proporcionará una tarea. <ol><li> Ejemplo de tareas para 5 años de edad: Describa bocanadas de aire como &quot;burbujas&quot; soplado por &quot;peces&quot; en una &quot;pecera&quot; (una caja decorada ocultar el aparato soplador). Pida a los niños que adivinar si cada &quot;burbuja&quot; se entrega por un azul o un &quot;pez&quot; de color rojo. Dígale al niño que no es necesario y no debe decir nada, mientras que están realizando esta tarea (ver configurado con acuario simulacro en la Figura 1). </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Evaluación de la Respuesta al Protocolo Multisensorial (auditivo-táctil vs simultánea Resumió las respuestas individuales) <ol><li> Ejecutar a través de los pasos 1.1 a 1.3 como se describe anteriormente. Los estímulos se describen en la Tabla 1. </li><li> Ejecute el programa de suministro de estímulo (por ejemplo, en el software de E-Prime). Para la mano a prueba, un auditorio-táctil<html> paradigma puede presentar los siguientes 4 estímulos al azar, con 60 ensayos / estímulo: puff, puff-/ga /, / ga /-farsa, farsa. Una vez más, al limitar la posibilidad de la habituación, no presentar más de dos repeticiones de un soplo o farsa en una fila en cualquier condición, y variar los intervalos entre ensayos al azar entre 2.000-2.500 ms. Cada secuencia de 240 ensayos debe tomar entre 9-10 min. </li><li> Ejecutar protocolo idéntico el control para la otra parte. </li><li> Proporcionar una caricatura apropiada para su edad sin sonido al inicio del protocolo y continuarlo durante todo el procedimiento para evitar aumento de artefactos de motor de inquietud, y para disminuir el fondo de las grandes ondas delta generado por el paciente cuando están aburridos. Por ejemplo, en los niños de 5 años, hemos utilizado un bucle de 20 min un vídeo comprado, jugado en el mudo y reiniciado antes de cada sujeto se puso a prueba. No se necesita ninguna atención a los estímulos, por lo tanto, la caricatura en bucle proporciona un entorno visual desconectado de los estímulos. </li></ol>e_title &quot;&gt; 3. Software y Equipos Configurar <ol><li> Para programar el software, la creación de dos comandos serie enviados por la aplicación de control de estímulos. Uno identifica el soplo, la otra la farsa. Haga que la aplicación de control de estímulos enviar los comandos a un microcontrolador. </li><li> Tienes el microcontrolador generar un pulso TTL (por ejemplo, 20 ms de duración) para el canal de salida digital correspondiente. Esta salida debe ser separado en dos líneas, una para la entrada digital al sistema de registro de EEG y una para las válvulas de aire solenoide cerrada. Marque la apertura de ambas válvulas en el flujo de datos de EEG. </li><li> Mida el pulso a la latencia de hojaldre para ambas condiciones reales y simuladas con un osciloscopio y un micrófono. Estos deben ser uniforme, y en el orden de 10-15 mseg. Ajuste de la latencia después de la grabación. </li><li> Calcular la fuerza ejercida en la boquilla en PSI utilizando un manómetro y midiendo el diámetro de la boquilla. Utilice la fórmula F (N) = Presión * Area. Por ejemplo, la fuerza ejercida FROM una boquilla radio de 1 mm a 6 psi produce F (N) = 0,03 libras. </li><li> Para modificar la aplicación de control para el protocolo multisensorial, enviar dos comandos serie que identifican un soplo real o simulada al microcontrolador, así como un sonido de voz grabada o silencio. Nota: En nuestro paradigma se ha utilizado la generada por ordenador, acento neutral / ga / sonido, entre otros, como / da /, / du /, / bu /, etc. </li><li> Estímulos auditivos presente a través de un altavoz colocado en la línea media, 2 pies delante del sujeto. </li><li> Alinear la sincronización de inicio de sonido a ser simultánea con el inicio de la bocanada o con el retraso medido en el paso 3.3, dependiendo de la condición es deseable para el probador. </li></ol> 4. Adquisición de Datos y Preparación <ol><li> Elija filtros y referencias ajustes para muestrear los datos basados ​​en las metodologías de ERP estándar. En este caso, use un 1000 Hz con filtros establecidos a 0,1 a 400 Hz. Durante la recogida de datos, consulte todos los electrodos de Cz y les rereferenced offline a un promedioReferencia edad. </li><li> Para segmentar los datos, filtrar los datos registrados con filtros y segmentación deseados. Para este estudio se utiliza un filtro de paso de banda de 0,3 a 40 Hz y el segmento de la actual EEG basa en la aparición de estímulo para incluir una línea de base 200 ms prestimulus y un intervalo post-estímulo de 500 mseg. </li><li> Realizar el control de calidad de los datos. Screen cada segmento de artefactos a motor y oculares como la actividad muscular de alta frecuencia, usando algoritmos informáticos incluidos en el software ERP. Siga esta pantalla por una revisión manual. </li><li> Los criterios de selección automatizado se establecen de la siguiente manera en este protocolo, pero se pueden modificar: para los canales del ojo, tensión&gt; 140 mV = parpadeo y tensión&gt; 55 mV = movimientos oculares. </li><li> Corrija los datos de los ensayos contaminados utilizando una herramienta de corrección artefacto ocular. Nota: Cualquier canal con tensión&gt; 200 mV se considera de mala calidad. Si&gt; 15 canales son de mala calidad, se optó por descartar todo el juicio por razones de reproducibilidad. </li><li> ERPs media. Rereference a un medio de referencia y luego realizar la línea de base de corrección basado en criterios seleccionados en el paso 4.2. Extracto de media amplitud y latencias máximas para varios picos, extrapolados de grandes formas de onda medias de las poblaciones predefinidas. Nota: En nuestro caso, nos basamos en la siguiente literatura establecida de la respuesta de los niños de más edad a la estimulación del nervio mediano 10-14. Utilizamos P50 (30-80 ms), N70 (50-100 ms), P100 (80-150 ms), N140 (130-230 ms) y P2 (250-350 ms) picos. </li><li> Incluya sólo los datos de electrodos superpuestos lugares preestablecidos (Figura 2). Obtener los datos de los electrodos individuales y promedio dentro de cada grupo. </li></ol>

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Los autores declaran que no tienen intereses financieros en competencia.

Esta nueva combinación de soplo de aire y ERP (en adelante, el &quot;sistema Puffer&quot;) para medir el procesamiento cortical de toque ligero y respuestas táctiles auditiva es bien tolerado por los niños pequeños con discapacidades y de los lactantes. Esto es válido para las versiones unisensory y multisensoriales, y si el componente de atención se agrega o no en el caso de los niños pequeños. Las razones para el éxito de esta metodología en la evaluación de una población joven y vulnerable se deben tanto ...

El estudio del desarrollo de los procesos sensoriales corticales es esencial para entender la base para la mayoría de las funciones de orden superior. Experiencias sensoriales son responsables de gran parte de la organización del cerebro a través de la infancia y la niñez, sentando las bases para procesos complejos como la cognición, la comunicación, y el desarrollo motor 3.1. La mayoría de los estudios pediátricos de los procesos sensoriales se centran en dominios auditivas y visuales, principalmente debido a que estos estímulos son más fáciles de desarrollar, estandarizar y prueba. Sin embargo, el procesamiento táctil es de particular interés en lactantes y niños, ya que es el primer sentido para desarrollar en el feto de 4,5, y la información somatosensorial es parte integral de la función de otros sistemas corticales (por ejemplo, del motor, de la memoria, aprendizaje asociativo, límbico) 6. Los métodos actuales que evalúan el procesamiento somatosensorial están limitadas por la elección de estímulo táctil. Una opción común es la mediana de estimulación nerviosa eléctrica directa 7,8 </sup&gt;, Con el potencial de incomodidad. Otros métodos eficaces utilizan tareas activas, tales como la discriminación, el reconocimiento, y la localización de los estímulos, lo que requiere tanto la atención como los altos niveles de comprensión 9. Todos estos métodos son, por tanto, limitados en su uso en niños pequeños y bebés. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo fue desarrollar un paradigma táctil que se ocupa de estas limitaciones por ser no invasivo y reduce la necesidad de la participación activa de un sujeto. Además, es necesario tener un nivel estandarizado de estimulación y un simulacro de control. Para ello hemos desarrollado el sistema de &quot;globo&quot;, un doble canal, por tiempo, y el sistema de suministro de aire-puff calibrado, lo que nos permite medir los efectos del toque de luz en los lactantes y otros grupos vulnerables. Estudios de resonancia magnética funcional mostraron que la estimulación por bocanadas de aire activa cortezas sensoriales, aunque la duración y los retos de este tipo de estudios, como la inmovilización, lengtus sesiones, y los ajustes que provocan ansiedad hacen difícil de realizar en niños pequeños. Por lo tanto, hemos combinado nuestro nuevo sistema de introducción a la metodología (ERP) de eventos relacionados con Potencial para proporcionar resolución temporal del procesamiento sensorial del tacto ligero en una breve, sesión de pruebas para los niños. Este nuevo paradigma ofrece la flexibilidad necesaria para estudiar el procesamiento sensorial en diversas poblaciones, edades y entornos clínicos. También tiene la ventaja de ser compatible con los estímulos auditivos, permitiendo evaluaciones multisensorial. Hasta ahora, la evaluación precisa y fiable táctil no ha sido posible en los bebés o en los niños que no son capaces de responder de manera fiable debido a trastornos mentales / lenguaje intelectual. Esta metodología pretende llenar este vacío con el fin de ayudar en la identificación temprana de los déficit de procesamiento sensorial y la intervención durante un período de plasticidad cerebral máxima. Las mejoras en el procesamiento sensorial en la infancia pueden influir en la cascadadel neurodesarrollo En los procedimientos siguientes se han incluido en Vanderbilt Junta de Revisión Institucional aprobado protocolos.

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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Geodesic sensor net</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">EGI, Inc., Eugene, OR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">depends on size</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Net Station EEG software v. 4.2</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">EGI, Inc., Eugene, OR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">E-Prime stimulus control application</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">PST, Inc. Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:249px;">Manometer (model 6&#8221; 0-60PSI)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">H. O. Trerice Co, Oak Park, MI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Custom Puffer setup</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Nathalie Maitre</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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quantitative assessment of cortical auditory-tactile processing in children with disabilities

Medición objetiva y fácil de procesamiento sensorial es extremadamente difícil en pacientes pediátricos no verbales o vulnerables. Hemos desarrollado una nueva metodología para evaluar cuantitativamente el procesamiento cortical de los niños de tacto ligero, los sonidos del habla y el procesamiento multisensorial de los estímulos 2, sin que se requiera la participación de sujeto activo o causar molestias niños. Para ello hemos desarrollado un doble canal, el tiempo y la fuerza calibrada estimulador soplo de aire que permite tanto la estimulación táctil y control simulado. Combinamos esto con el uso de la metodología de potenciales evocados para permitir una alta resolución temporal de las señales de las cortezas somatosensoriales primaria y secundaria, así como el procesamiento de orden superior. Esta metodología también nos permitió medir la respuesta a la estimulación multisensorial auditivo-táctil.

Evaluación de toque ligero (Figura 3): Características de la respuesta cortical a la estimulación táctil usando el sistema del soplador: Los patrones de picos en respuesta a la bocanada son muy similares a las respuestas corticales obtenidos utilizando la estimulación del nervio mediano en adultos normales 10,11. La respuesta temprana (P50, N70, P100 picos) refleja principalmente la actividad en la corteza sensorial primaria 12</su...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities at JoVE.com

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Medición objetiva y fácil de procesamiento sensorial es extremadamente difícil en pacientes pediátricos no verbales o vulnerables. Hemos desarrollado una nueva metodología para evaluar cuantitativamente los bebés y procesamiento cortical de los niños de tacto ligero, los sonidos del habla y el procesamiento multisensorial de los estímulos 2, sin que se requiera la participación de sujeto activo o causar molestias en los pacientes vulnerables.

Evaluación cuantitativa de procesamiento cortical auditivo-táctil en Niños con Discapacidades

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

quantitative-assessment-cortical-auditory-tactile-processing-children

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.7K vistas.  Vanderbilt University.  Medición objetiva y fácil de procesamiento sensorial es extremadamente difícil en pacientes pediátricos no verbales o vulnerables. Hemos desarrollado una nueva metodología para evaluar cuantitativamente los bebés y procesamiento cortical de los niños de tacto ligero, los sonidos del habla y el procesamiento multisensorial de los estímulos 2, sin que se requiera la participación de sujeto activo o causar molestias en los pacientes vulnerables. 

Video: Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant. The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. These are infants who are at increased risk for poor developmental outcome because of insults during prenatal development, such as substance exposure or prematurity or factors such as poverty, poor nutrition or lack of prenatal care that can have adverse effects on the intrauterine environment and affect the developing fetus. The NNNS assesses the full range of infant neurobehavioral performance including neurological integrity, behavioral functioning, and signs of stress/abstinence. The NNNS is a noninvasive neonatal assessment tool with demonstrated validity as a predictor, not only of medical outcomes such as cerebral palsy diagnosis, neurological abnormalities, and diseases with risks to the brain, but also of developmental outcomes such as mental and motor functioning, behavior problems, school readiness, and IQ. The NNNS can identify infants at high risk for abnormal developmental outcome and is an important clinical tool that enables medical researchers and health practitioners to identify these infants and develop intervention programs to optimize the development of these infants as early as possible. The video shows the NNNS procedures, shows examples of normal and abnormal performance and the various clinical populations in which the exam can be used.

The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. The purpose of this article is to describe the NNNS, provide video examples of the NNNS procedures and discuss the ways in which the exam has been used.

Valoración y Evaluación del neonato de alto riesgo: La Escala UCIN Red neuroconductual

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant.  The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale ...

Investigación

Comportamiento

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

Medición de Fronto-límbico Actividad Usando una Emocional bicho raro de tareas en niños con alto riesgo familiar para la esquizofrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and signal processing make it possible to exploit information from other imaging modalities like structural MRI that provide high spatial resolution to overcome this constraint1. This is especially useful for investigations that require high resolution in the temporal as well as spatial domain. In addition, due to the easy application and low cost of EEG recordings, EEG is often the method of choice when working with populations, such as young children, that do not tolerate functional MRI scans well. However, in order to investigate which neural substrates are involved, anatomical information from structural MRI is still needed. Most EEG analysis packages work with standard head models that are based on adult anatomy. The accuracy of these models when used for children is limited2, because the composition and spatial configuration of head tissues changes dramatically over development3.&#160;
In the present paper, we provide an overview of our recent work in utilizing head models based on individual structural MRI scans or age specific head models to reconstruct the cortical generators of high density EEG. This article describes how&#160;EEG recordings are acquired, processed, and analyzed with pediatric populations at the London Baby Lab, including laboratory setup, task design, EEG preprocessing, MRI processing, and EEG channel level and source analysis.&#160;

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in estimating the cortical sources of scalp measured electrical activity for cognitive neuroscience experiments. This article describes how high density EEG is acquired and how recordings are processed for cortical source estimation in children from the age of 2 years at the London Baby Lab.

Cortical Análisis Fuente de Alta Densidad EEG Grabaciones en niños

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and ...

Experimental Assessment of Mouse Sociability Using an Automated Image Processing Approach

Mouse is the preferred model organism for testing drugs designed to increase sociability. We present a method to quantify mouse sociability in which the test mouse is placed in a standardized apparatus and relevant behaviors are assessed in three different sessions (called session I, II, and III).
The apparatus has three compartments (see Figure 1), the left and right compartments contain an inverted cup which can house a mouse (called &#34;stimulus mouse&#34;).
In session I, the test mouse is placed in the cage and its mobility is characterized by the number of transitions made between compartments. In session II, a stimulus mouse is placed under one of the inverted cups and the sociability of the test mouse is quantified by the amounts of time it spends near the cup containing the enclosed stimulus mouse vs. the empty inverted cup. In session III, the inverted cups are removed and both mice interact freely. The sociability of the test mouse in session III is quantified by the number of social approaches it makes toward the stimulus mouse and by the number of times it avoids a social approach by the stimulus mouse.
The automated evaluation of the movie detects the nose of the test mouse, which allows the determination of all described sociability measures in session I and II (in session III, approaches are identified automatically but classified manually). To find the nose, the image of an empty cage is digitally subtracted from each frame of the movie and the resulting image is binarized to identify the mouse pixels. The mouse tail is automatically removed and the two most distant points of the remaining mouse are determined; these are close to nose and base of tail. By analyzing the motion of the mouse and using continuity arguments, the nose is identified.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52508/52508fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Assessment of Sociability During 3 sessions. Session I (top): Acclimation of test mouse to the cage. Session II (middle): Test mouse moving freely in the cage while the stimulus mouse is enclosed in an inverted cup. Session III (bottom): Both test mouse and stimulus mouse are allowed to move freely and interact with each other.

This protocol describes a method to quantify mouse sociability. Mice are videotaped as they move and interact in a special cage. Movie processing allows for the automated quantification of sociability with excellent accuracy and reliability.

Evaluación experimental de ratón sociabilidad Utilizando un enfoque de procesamiento de imágenes automatizado

Mouse is the preferred model organism for testing drugs designed to increase sociability. We present a method to quantify mouse sociability in which the ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are now recognized as a core symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our ability to perceive and interact with the external world is rooted in sensory processing. For example, listening to a conversation entails processing the auditory cues coming from the speaker (speech content, prosody, syntax) as well as the associated visual information (facial expressions, gestures). Collectively, the &#8220;integration&#8221; of these multisensory (i.e., combined audiovisual) pieces of information results in better comprehension. Such multisensory integration has been shown to be strongly dependent upon the temporal relationship of the paired stimuli. Thus, stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are highly likely to result in behavioral and perceptual benefits &#8211; gains believed to be reflective of the perceptual system&#39;s judgment of the likelihood that these two stimuli came from the same source. Changes in this temporal integration are expected to strongly alter perceptual processes, and are likely to diminish the ability to accurately perceive and interact with our world. Here, a battery of tasks designed to characterize various aspects of sensory and multisensory temporal processing in children with ASD is described. In addition to its utility in autism, this battery has great potential for characterizing changes in sensory function in other clinical populations, as well as being used to examine changes in these processes across the lifespan.

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

Prueba de la función sensorial y multisensorial en niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational methods, it is difficult to make a quantitative assessment of a child's visual problems. This limits accurate diagnostics in children under the age of 4 years and in children with intellectual disabilities. Here we describe a quantitative method that overcomes these problems. The method uses a remote eye tracker and a four choice preferential looking paradigm to measure eye movement responses to different visual stimuli. The child sits without head support in front of a monitor with integrated infrared cameras. In one of four monitor quadrants a visual stimulus is presented. Each stimulus has a specific visual modality with respect to the background, e.g., form, motion, contrast or color. From the reflexive eye movement responses to these specific visual modalities, output parameters such as reaction times, fixation accuracy and fixation duration are calculated to quantify a child's viewing behavior. With this approach, the quality of visual information processing can be assessed without the use of communication. By comparing results with reference values obtained in typically developing children from 0-12 years, the method provides a characterization of visual information processing in visually impaired children. The quantitative information provided by this method can be advantageous for the field of clinical visual assessment and rehabilitation in multiple ways. The parameter values provide a good basis to: (i) characterize early visual capacities and consequently to enable early interventions; (ii) compare risk groups and follow visual development over time; and (iii), construct an individual visual profile for each child.

A method is described to quantify the quality of visual information processing based on reflexive eye movements in response to specific visual modalities. Reaction times and fixation output parameters are used to characterize visual performance in children with and without visual impairments from 6 months of age.

Un método para cuantificar procesamiento de la información visual en niños El uso de Eye Tracking

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational ...

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses

Collecting reliable behavioral data from toddlers and preschoolers is challenging. As a result, there are significant gaps in our understanding of human auditory development for these age groups. This paper describes an observer-based procedure for measuring hearing sensitivity with a two-interval, two-alternative forced-choice paradigm. Young children are trained to perform a play-based, motor response (e.g., putting a block in a bucket) whenever they hear a target signal. An experimenter observes the child&#39;s behavior and makes a judgment about whether the signal was presented during the first or second observation interval; the experimenter is blinded to the true signal interval, so this judgment is based solely on the child&#39;s behavior. These procedures were used to test 2 to 4 year-olds (n = 33) with no known hearing problems. The signal was a 1,000 Hz warble tone presented in quiet, and the signal level was adjusted to estimate a threshold corresponding to 71%-correct detection. A valid threshold was obtained for 82% of children. These results indicate that the two-interval procedure is both feasible and reliable for use with toddlers and preschoolers. The two-interval, observer-based procedure described in this paper is a powerful tool for evaluating hearing in young children because it guards against response bias on the part of the experimenter.

This paper describes a procedure for measuring hearing sensitivity in 2 to 4 year-old children. Children are trained to perform play-based responses when they hear a target signal. Thresholds are then estimated in a two-interval, two-alternative forced-choice paradigm, based on observations of the child&#39;s behaviors.

Evaluación del Comportamiento de la audición en 2 a 4 años de edad, los niños: un procedimiento en dos intervalos, a base de Observador El uso de respuestas condicionadas en base a juegos

Collecting reliable behavioral data from toddlers and preschoolers is challenging. As a result, there are significant gaps in our understanding of human ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of working memory in young school-age children. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop computer with a touchscreen interface and was specifically developed to be engaging and motivating for children. Although the long-term goal of the CABC-WM is to provide individualized working memory profiles in children, the present study focuses on the initial success and utility of the CABC-WM for measuring central executive, visuospatial, phonological loop, and binding constructs in children with typical development. Immediate next steps are to administer the CABC-WM to children with specific language impairment, dyslexia, and comorbid specific language impairment and dyslexia.

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &amp;#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Working memory predicts a significant amount of variance for a variety of cognitive tasks, including speaking, reading, and writing. However, few tools are available to assess working memory in children. We present an innovative, computer-based battery that comprehensively assesses different components of working memory in school-age children.

Evaluación de la Memoria de Trabajo en Niños: La Evaluación Integral de la Batería para Niños - Memoria de Trabajo (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation and processing. Its purpose is to create a reward task that is appropriate for young children with and without autism while controlling reward properties between two conditions: social and nonsocial. The current protocol allows for comparisons of brain activity between social and nonsocial reward conditions while keeping the reward itself identical between conditions. Using this protocol, we found evidence that neurotypical children demonstrate enhanced anticipatory brain activity during the social condition. Furthermore, we found that neurotypical children anticipate social reward more robustly than children with autism diagnoses. As the task uses snacks as a reward, it is most appropriate for young children. However, the protocol may be adapted for use with adolescent or adult populations if snacks are replaced by monetary incentives. The protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events (event-related potentials), but it may be customized for use with eye-tracking or fMRI.

This protocol is designed to measure reward anticipation and processing in young children with and without autism. Specifically, the protocol is designed to study the neural correlates of reward during social and nonsocial conditions while controlling for reward between conditions.

Un protocolo de electrofisiología a medida recompensa anticipación y tratamiento en niños

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation ...

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is currently a paucity of research exploring how preschool children with autism understand sentences using different types of cues. The mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension remains largely unclear. The present study presents a protocol to examine the sentence comprehension abilities of preschool children with autism. More specifically, a visual world paradigm of eye-tracking is used to explore the moment-to-moment sentence comprehension in the children. The paradigm has multiple advantages. First, it is sensitive to the time course of sentence comprehension and thus can provide rich information about how sentence comprehension unfolds over time. Second, it requires minimal task and communication demands, so it is ideal for testing children with autism. To further minimize the computational burden of children, the present study measures eye movements that arise as automatic responses to linguistic input rather than measuring eye movements that accompany conscious responses to spoken instructions.

We present a protocol to examine the use of morphological cues during real-time sentence comprehension by children with autism.