1. Alineación de configuración <ol><li> Comienza por más o menos alinear el láser, el haz de expender, la lente, y la cámara en el mismo eje, lo que sería el eje óptico. </li><li> Encienda el láser (sin el objetivo USAT), y asegúrese de que la luz pasa a través del centro de la lente. Utilice un iris de abertura para verificar. </li><li> Encienda la cámara y asegúrese de que la luz se concentra en el centro de la cámara. </li><li> Desplazar hacia atrás la cámara, utilizando el escenario z lineal. Dado que el sistema se va fuera de foco, el punto de luz crecerá. Asegúrese de que el centro de la mancha permanece en la misma posición lateral. Si no, cambie cuidadosamente la posición del sistema de imagen y repita este paso hasta que el punto se mantiene en la misma posición en el espacio, hasta un nivel de píxel. </li></ol> 2. Imágenes en las Tres planos Defocus <ol><li> Introduzca el destino de la prueba frente al expender viga. Coloque el blanco de manera que la luz que pasa a través de él pasará ªáspero el centro de la lente. </li><li> Captura de una imagen. Esta imagen será un punto de anclaje, y su ubicación será z 0, x 0 (todas las otras imágenes estarán en referencia a su ubicación). Esta imagen será I 1, b. </li><li> Cambiar de nuevo la cámara (usando la etapa Z lineal) una distancia de dz = 5,08 mm (o 0,2 en) y capturar una imagen. Esta imagen será I 2, b. </li><li> Desplazar hacia atrás la cámara otra distancia de dz = 5,08 mm (10,16 mm con respecto a z 0) y capturar una imagen. Esta imagen será I 3, b. </li><li> Volver a z 0. </li></ol> 3. El escaneo de la apertura <ol><li> Shift todo el sistema de formación de imágenes lateralmente (usando la etapa lineal x) una distancia de dx = 2,5 mm y capturar una imagen. Esta imagen será que 1, un. </li><li> Repita el proceso en el Protocolo 2. Cambiar de nuevo la cámara (usando la etapa Z lineal) una distancia de dz = 5,08 mm, y capturar una imagen (I 2, a). Desplazar hacia atrás the cámara otra distancia de dz = 5,08 mm, y capturar una imagen (I 3, a). </li><li> Ahora, repetir el procedimiento para el otro lado. Cambiar el sistema de proyección de imagen a una distancia de dx = -2,5 mm y capturar un conjunto de tres imágenes en tres posiciones z (I 1-3, c). </li><li> Volver a z 0, x 0. </li></ol> 4. Recuperación Fase (Cálculo Numérico) <ol><li> Utilizando el método de tres aviones de 14, y las imágenes que 1-3, b, recuperar la fase óptica de imagen que 1, b. Uso de la fase que se ha recuperado, definir q 1, b. </li><li> Supervisar el coeficiente de correlación entre I 1, b y | Q 1, b | 2, con el fin de verificar que el proceso iterativo converge. Para ello, utilice la función &#39;corr2&#39; en MATLAB. </li><li> Repita el proceso de recuperación de la fase de I 1-3, una, y 1-3, c. </li></ol> 5. Imagen de Super resuelto (Cálculo Numérico) <ol><li> Ucantar Fresnel propagación en el espacio libre (FSP) integral 15, de vuelta propagar los campos q 1, ac al plano de la lente. Estos campos serán lente Ê, ac +. </li><li> Multiplique los campos resultantes lente Ê, ac + por exp (+ πix 0 2) / λf), con el fin de pasar de nuevo a través de la lente. Estos campos serán lente Ê, ac -. </li><li> Con el fin de colocar la lente de campo E, una en su posición original, desplazar lateralmente una distancia de dx = 2,5 mm. </li><li> Con el fin de colocar la lente de campo E, C en su posición original, desplazar lateralmente una distancia de dx = -2,5 mm. </li><li> Sumar los tres campos de correo lente, CA, con el fin de combinarlos, y sintéticamente aumentar el tamaño de la abertura. </li><li> Multiplique el campo resultante por exp (-πix 0 2) / λf), y el espacio libre se propagan a plano de la imagen. </li><li> Una mejora de la resolución en un factor of 3 en la dirección de exploración debe ser presenciado. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>De Loor, G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Possibilities+and+uses+of+radar+and+thermal+infrared+systems.">Possibilities and uses of radar and thermal infrared systems.</a> Photogrammetria. 24, 43-58 (1969).</li><li>Simonett, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remote+sensing+with+imaging+radar:+A+review.">Remote sensing with imaging radar: A review.</a> Geoforum. , 61-74 (1970).</li><li>Born, M., Wolf, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Principles of optics: electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light. , (1999).</li><li>Wiley, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthetic+aperture+radars-a+paradigm+for+technology+evolution.">Synthetic aperture radars-a paradigm for technology evolution.</a> IEEE Trans. Aerospace Elec. Sys. 21, 440-443 (1985).</li><li>Brown, W., Porcello, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> An introduction to synthetic-aperture radar. , 52-62 (1969).</li><li>Cheney, M., Borden, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Fundamentals of Radar Imaging. Siam. , (2008).</li><li>Otto, R., Fritz, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Die+lehre+von+der+bildentstehung+im+mikroskop+von+Ernst+Abbe.">Die lehre von der bildentstehung im mikroskop von Ernst Abbe.</a> Vieweg Braunschweig. , (1910).</li><li>Gerchberg, W. R., Saxton, W. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+practical+algorithm+for+the+determination+of+phase+from+image+and+diffraction+plane+pictures.">A practical algorithm for the determination of phase from image and diffraction plane pictures.</a> Optik. 35, 237-246 (1972).</li><li>Misell, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+the+solution+of+the+phase+problem+in+electron+microscopy.">A method for the solution of the phase problem in electron microscopy.</a> J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 6, (1973).</li><li>Misell, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+examination+of+an+iterative+method+for+the+solution+of+the+phase+problem+in+optics+and+electron+optics:+I.+Test+calculations.">An examination of an iterative method for the solution of the phase problem in optics and electron optics: I. Test calculations.</a> J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 6, 2200-2216 (1973).</li><li>Misell, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+examination+of+an+iterative+method+for+the+solution+of+the+phase+problem+in+optics+and+electron+optics.">An examination of an iterative method for the solution of the phase problem in optics and electron optics.</a> II. Sources of error. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 6, 2217-2225 (1973).</li><li>Fienup, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconstruction+of+an+object+from+the+modulus+of+its+Fourier+transform.">Reconstruction of an object from the modulus of its Fourier transform.</a> Optics Lett. 3, 27-29 (1978).</li><li>Fienup, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase+retrieval+algorithms:+a+comparison.">Phase retrieval algorithms: a comparison.</a> Appl. Optics. 21, 2758-2769 (1982).</li><li>Gur, E., Zalevsky, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Image+deblurring+through+static+or+time-varying+random+perturbation+medium.">Image deblurring through static or time-varying random perturbation medium.</a> J. Electron. Imaging. 18, 033016-03 (2009).</li><li>Goodman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introduction+to+Fourier+Optics.">Introduction to Fourier Optics.</a> Roberts &amp; Company. , (2005).</li><li>Tippie, A. E., Kumar, A., Fienup, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+synthetic-aperture+digital+holography+with+digital+phase+and+pupil+correction.">High-resolution synthetic-aperture digital holography with digital phase and pupil correction.</a> Optics Express. 19, 12027-12038 (2011).</li><li>Lim, S., Choi, K., Hahn, J., Marks, D. L., Brady, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Image-based+registration+for+synthetic+aperture+holography.">Image-based registration for synthetic aperture holography.</a> Optics Express. 19, 11716-11731 (2011).</li></ol>

No hay nada que revelar.

El radar de apertura sintética óptica conceptual (OSAR) que se presenta en este trabajo es un nuevo enfoque súper resuelto que utiliza el algoritmo GS y técnica de exploración con el fin de mejorar la resolución espacial de un objeto en la dirección de la exploración. El movimiento de la plataforma de formación de imágenes puede ser auto-generado durante el uso de una plataforma en el aire o vía satélite. A diferencia de muchas técnicas de multiplexación en el tiempo SR, nuestro método no requiere ninguna...

En imágenes de radar, un haz estrecho ángulo de pulso de radiofrecuencia (RF) se transmite mediante una antena que se monta en una plataforma. La señal de radar transmite en una dirección lateral que mira hacia el 1,2 superficie. La señal reflejada es retrodispersada desde la superficie y es recibida por la misma antena 2. Las señales recibidas se convierten a una imagen de radar. En real Radar de Apertura (RAR) la resolución en la dirección de acimut es proporcional a la longitud de onda e inversamente proporcional a la dimensión de la abertura 3. Por lo tanto, se requiere una antena más grande para una mayor resolución de azimut. Sin embargo, es difícil unir gran antena a un plataformas móviles tales como aviones y satélites. En 1951 Wiley 4 sugirió una nueva técnica de radar denominado radar de apertura sintética (SAR), que utiliza el efecto Doppler creada por el movimiento de la plataforma de formación de imágenes. En SAR, la amplitud, así como la fase de la señal recibida se registran 5 </sup&gt;. Esto es posible ya que la frecuencia óptica SAR es aproximadamente 1-100 GHz 6 y la fase se registra utilizando un resonador local de referencia instalado en la parte superior de la plataforma. En formación de imágenes ópticas, se utilizan longitudes de onda más cortas, tales como el visible y el infrarrojo cercano (NIR), que es aproximadamente 1 m, es decir, frecuencia de aproximadamente 10 Hz 14. La intensidad del campo, en lugar de el campo mismo, se está detectando ya que los cambios de fase óptica demasiado rápido para la detección utilizando detectores basados ​​en silicio estándar. Mientras imágenes de un objeto a través de un sistema óptico, la abertura de la óptica sirve como un filtro de paso bajo. Por lo tanto, la información espacial de alta frecuencia del objeto se pierde 7. En este trabajo nos proponemos resolver cada uno de los temas mencionados por separado, es decir, la fase pierde y el efecto límite de difracción. Gerchberg y Saxton (GS) 8 sugieren que la fase óptica puede Retrieved usando un proceso iterativo. Misell 9-11 ha extendido el algoritmo para cualquiera de los dos planos de entrada y salida. Estos enfoques son probados para converger a una distribución de fase con un error cuadrático medio mínimo (MSE) 12,13. Gur y Zalevsky 14 presentan un método de tres aviones que mejora el algoritmo Misell. Proponemos y demostrar experimentalmente que la restauración de la fase mientras que el cambio de la lente de formación de imágenes, como se hizo con la antena en la solicitud de SAR nos permite aumentar sintéticamente el tamaño efectivo de la abertura a lo largo del eje de exploración y, finalmente, mejorar la resolución de formación de imágenes dado. La aplicación de la SAR en la imagen óptica utilizando interferometría y holografía es bien conocida 16,17. Sin embargo, el método propuesto tiene como objetivo para imitar una plataforma de imágenes de exploración, lo que es adecuado para la imagen no coherente (como plataforma aérea de visión lateral). Por lo tanto, el concepto de la holografía, WHICH utiliza un haz de referencia, no es adecuado para una aplicación tal. En lugar de ello, el algoritmo de Gerchberg-Saxton revisada se utiliza con el fin de recuperar la fase.

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			<td align="left" height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">Red Laser Module</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Thorlabs</td>
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			<td align="left" height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">10X Galilean Beam Expander</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"><a href="http://thorlabs.com/thorProduct.cfm?partNumber=BE10M-A">BE10M-A</a></td>
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			<td align="left" height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">Negative 1951 USAF Test Target</td>
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			<td style="width:259px;"><a href="http://thorlabs.com/thorProduct.cfm?partNumber=R3L3S1N">R3L3S1N</a></td>
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			<td align="left" height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">Lens f = 100.0mm</td>
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time multiplexing super resolving technique for imaging from a moving platform

Se propone un método para aumentar la resolución de un objeto y la superación del límite de difracción de un sistema óptico instalado en la parte superior de un sistema de imágenes en movimiento, tal como una plataforma o vía satélite en el aire. La mejora de la resolución se obtiene en un proceso de dos pasos. En primer lugar, tres de baja resolución las imágenes de forma diferente desenfocado están siendo capturados y la fase óptica se recuperan utilizando un algoritmo basado Gerchberg-Saxton iterativo mejorado. La recuperación de fase permite numéricamente volver propagar el campo para el plano de apertura. En segundo lugar, el sistema de formación de imágenes se desplaza y la primera etapa se repite. Los campos ópticos obtenidos en el plano de apertura se combinan y un aumento sintéticamente apertura del objetivo se genera a lo largo de la dirección del movimiento, produciendo una mayor resolución de imagen. El método se asemeja a un enfoque bien conocido del régimen de microondas llama el radar de apertura sintética (SAR) en la que el tamaño de la antena se incrementa sintéticamente a lo largo de la plataformadirección de propagación. El método propuesto se demuestra a través de experimentos de laboratorio.

<html> Un ejemplo para los nueve imágenes capturadas (tres imágenes de desenfoque en tres posiciones laterales) se muestra en la Figura 3. Un ejemplo para la convergencia GS se muestra en la Figura 4. El coeficiente de correlación para la imagen central que 1, b es por encima de 0,95, y el coeficiente de correlación para las imágenes laterales que 1, una, y 1, c es por encima de 0,85 (en simulación numérica completa tod...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Time Multiplexing Super Resolving Technique for Imaging from a Moving Platform at JoVE.com

Time Multiplexing Super Resolving Technique for Imaging from a Moving Platform

Se presenta un método para superar el límite de difracción óptica. El método incluye un proceso de dos pasos: la recuperación de fase óptica usando iterativo algoritmo de Gerchberg-Saxton, y cambio de sistema de imagen seguido por la repetición de la primera etapa. Un aumento sintéticamente apertura del objetivo se genera a lo largo de la dirección del movimiento, produciendo una mayor resolución de imagen.

Tiempo Multiplexing Súper Resolución Técnica de la Imagen de una plataforma móvil

We propose a method for increasing the resolution of an object and overcoming the diffraction limit of an optical system installed on top of a moving ...

time-multiplexing-super-resolving-technique-for-imaging-from-moving

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

8.3K vistas.  Bar-Ilan University.  Se presenta un método para superar el límite de difracción óptica. El método incluye un proceso de dos pasos: la recuperación de fase óptica usando iterativo algoritmo de Gerchberg-Saxton, y cambio de sistema de imagen seguido por la repetición de la primera etapa. Un aumento sintéticamente apertura del objetivo se genera a lo largo de la dirección del movimiento, produciendo una mayor resolución de imagen. 

Video: Time Multiplexing Super Resolving Technique for Imaging from a Moving Platform

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Two apparatuses for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device (for examining surface speeds between 0 and 25 m/sec) and a spinning disk device (for examining surface speeds between 15 and 100 m/sec). The air cannon linear traverse is a pneumatic energy-powered system that is designed to accelerate a metal rail surface mounted on top of a wooden projectile. A pressurized cylinder fitted with a solenoid valve rapidly releases pressurized air into the barrel, forcing the projectile down the cannon barrel. The projectile travels beneath a spray nozzle, which impinges a liquid jet onto its metal upper surface, and the projectile then hits a stopping mechanism. A camera records the jet impingement, and a pressure transducer records the spray nozzle backpressure. The spinning disk set-up consists of a steel disk that reaches speeds of 500 to 3,000 rpm via a variable frequency drive (VFD) motor. A spray system similar to that of the air cannon generates a liquid jet that impinges onto the spinning disc, and cameras placed at several optical access points record the jet impingement. Video recordings of jet impingement processes are recorded and examined to determine whether the outcome of impingement is splash, splatter, or deposition. The apparatuses are the first that involve the high speed impingement of low-Reynolds-number liquid jets on high speed moving surfaces. In addition to its rail industry applications, the described technique may be used for technical and industrial purposes such as steelmaking and may be relevant to high-speed 3D printing.

Two experimental devices for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device and a spinning disk device. The apparatuses are used to determine optimal approaches to the application of liquid friction modifier (LFM) onto rail tracks for top-of-rail friction control.

Visualización de alta velocidad Liquid Jet impactación sobre una superficie móvil

Two apparatuses for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device (for examining surface speeds ...

Investigación

Ingeniería

Measurement of Scattering Nonlinearities from a Single Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Plasmonics, which are based on the collective oscillation of electrons due to light excitation, involve strongly enhanced local electric fields and thus have potential applications in nonlinear optics, which requires extraordinary optical intensity. One of the most studied nonlinearities in plasmonics is nonlinear absorption, including saturation and reverse saturation behaviors. Although scattering and absorption in nanoparticles are closely correlated by the Mie theory, there has been no report of nonlinearities in plasmonic scattering until very recently. 
Last year, not only saturation, but also reverse saturation of scattering in an isolated plasmonic particle was demonstrated for the first time. The results showed that saturable scattering exhibits clear wavelength dependence, which seems to be directly linked to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Combined with the intensity-dependent measurements, the results suggest the possibility of a common mechanism underlying the nonlinear behaviors of scattering and absorption. These nonlinearities of scattering from a single gold nanosphere (GNS) are widely applicable, including in super-resolution microscopy and optical switches. 
In this paper, it is described in detail how to measure nonlinearity of scattering in a single GNP and how to employ the super-resolution technique to enhance the optical imaging resolution based on saturable scattering. This discovery features the first super-resolution microscopy based on nonlinear scattering, which is a novel non-bleaching contrast method that can achieve a resolution as low as l/8 and will potentially be useful in biomedicine and material studies.

Saturable and reverse saturable scattering were discovered in isolated plasmonic particles and adopted as a novel non-bleaching contrast method in super-resolution microscopy. Here the experimental procedures of detecting and extracting nonlinear scattering are explained in detail, as well as how to enhance resolution with the aid of saturated excitation microscopy.

La medición de la dispersión no linealidades de una nanopartícula Individual plasmónicas

Plasmonics, which are based on the collective oscillation of electrons due to light excitation, involve strongly enhanced local electric fields and thus ...

Use of a Multi-compartment Dynamic Single Enzyme Phantom for Studies of Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Agents

Imaging of hyperpolarized substrates by magnetic resonance shows great clinical promise for assessment of critical biochemical processes in real time. Due to fundamental constraints imposed by the hyperpolarized state, exotic imaging and reconstruction techniques are commonly used. A practical system for characterization of dynamic, multi-spectral imaging methods is critically needed. Such a system must reproducibly recapitulate the relevant chemical dynamics of normal and pathological tissues. The most widely utilized substrate to date is hyperpolarized [1-13C]-pyruvate for assessment of cancer metabolism. We describe an enzyme-based phantom system that mediates the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. The reaction is initiated by injection of the hyperpolarized agent into multiple chambers within the phantom, each of which contains varying concentrations of reagents that control the reaction rate. Multiple compartments are necessary to ensure that imaging sequences faithfully capture the spatial and metabolic heterogeneity of tissue. This system will aid the development and validation of advanced imaging strategies by providing chemical dynamics that are not available from conventional phantoms, as well as control and reproducibility that is not possible in vivo.

A multi-compartment dynamic phantom is used to simulate some biology of interest for metabolic studies using hyperpolarized magnet resonance agents.

El uso de un de varios compartimentos dinámico sola enzima fantasma de Estudios de hiperpolarizados Agentes de Resonancia Magnética

Imaging of hyperpolarized substrates by magnetic resonance shows great clinical promise for assessment of critical biochemical processes in real time. Due ...

A High Performance Impedance-based Platform for Evaporation Rate Detection

This paper describes the method of a novel impedance-based platform for the detection of the evaporation rate. The model compound hyaluronic acid was employed here for demonstration purposes. Multiple evaporation tests on the model compound as a humectant with various concentrations in solutions were conducted for comparison purposes. A conventional weight loss approach is known as the most straightforward, but time-consuming, measurement technique for evaporation rate detection. Yet, a clear disadvantage is that a large volume of sample is required and multiple sample tests cannot be conducted at the same time. For the first time in literature, an electrical impedance sensing chip is successfully applied to a real-time evaporation investigation in a time sharing, continuous and automatic manner. Moreover, as little as 0.5 ml of test samples is required in this impedance-based apparatus, and a large impedance variation is demonstrated among various dilute solutions. The proposed high-sensitivity and fast-response impedance sensing system is found to outperform a conventional weight loss approach in terms of evaporation rate detection.

This paper presents an impedance-based apparatus for evaporation rate detection of solutions. It offers clear advantages over a conventional weight loss approach: a fast response, high-sensitivity detection, a small sample requirement, multiple sample measurements, and easy disassembly for cleaning and reuse purposes.

Una plataforma basada en la impedancia de alto rendimiento para la Tasa de detección de evaporación

This paper describes the method of a novel impedance-based platform for the detection of the evaporation rate. The model compound hyaluronic acid was ...

A Robotic Platform to Study the Foreflipper of the California Sea Lion

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most of their thrust with their large foreflippers. This protocol describes a robotic platform designed to study the hydrodynamic performance of the swimming California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;). The kinematics of the sea lion&#39;s propulsive stroke are extracted from video data of unmarked, non-research sea lions at the Smithsonian Zoological Park (SNZ). Those data form the basis of the actuation motion of the robotic flipper presented here. The geometry of the robotic flipper is based a on high-resolution laser scan of a foreflipper of an adult female sea lion, scaled to about 60% of the full-scale flipper. The articulated model has three joints, mimicking the elbow, wrist and knuckle joint of the sea lion foreflipper. The robotic platform matches dynamics properties&#8212;Reynolds number and tip speed&#8212;of the animal when accelerating from rest. The robotic flipper can be used to determine the performance (forces and torques) and resulting flowfields.

A robotic platform is described that will be used to study the hydrodynamic performance&#8212;forces and flowfields&#8212;of the swimming California sea lion. The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;).

Una plataforma robótica para estudiar la Foreflipper del león marino de California

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most ...

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy (ATOM)

Scaling the number of measurable parameters, which allows for multidimensional data analysis and thus higher-confidence statistical results, has been the main trend in the advanced development of flow cytometry. Notably, adding high-resolution imaging capabilities allows for the complex morphological analysis of cellular/sub-cellular structures. This is not possible with standard flow cytometers. However, it is valuable for advancing our knowledge of cellular functions and can benefit life science research, clinical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. Incorporating imaging capabilities into flow cytometry compromises the assay throughput, primarily due to the limitations on speed and sensitivity in the camera technologies. To overcome this speed or throughput challenge facing imaging flow cytometry while preserving the image quality, asymmetric-detection time-stretch optical microscopy (ATOM) has been demonstrated to enable high-contrast, single-cell imaging with sub-cellular resolution, at an imaging throughput as high as 100,000 cells/s. Based on the imaging concept of conventional time-stretch imaging, which relies on all-optical image encoding and retrieval through the use of ultrafast broadband laser pulses, ATOM further advances imaging performance by enhancing the image contrast of unlabeled/unstained cells. This is achieved by accessing the phase-gradient information of the cells, which is spectrally encoded into single-shot broadband pulses. Hence, ATOM is particularly advantageous in high-throughput measurements of single-cell morphology and texture &#8211; information indicative of cell types, states, and even functions. Ultimately, this could become a powerful imaging flow cytometry platform for the biophysical phenotyping of cells, complementing the current state-of-the-art biochemical-marker-based cellular assay. This work describes a protocol to establish the key modules of an ATOM system (from optical frontend to data processing and visualization backend), as well as the workflow of imaging flow cytometry based on ATOM, using human cells and micro-algae as the examples.

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy ATOM

This protocol describes the implementation of an asymmetric-detection time-stretch optical microscopy system for single-cell imaging in ultrafast microfluidic flow and its applications in imaging flow cytometry.

Microfluidic Imaging Cytometría de flujo por Asimétrica de detección de tiempo de estiramiento Microscopía óptica (ATOM)

Scaling the number of measurable parameters, which allows for multidimensional data analysis and thus higher-confidence statistical results, has been the ...

Demonstration of a Hyperlens-integrated Microscope and Super-resolution Imaging

The use of super-resolution imaging to overcome the diffraction limit of conventional microscopy has attracted the interest of researchers in biology and nanotechnology. Although near-field scanning microscopy and superlenses have improved the resolution in the near-field region, far-field imaging in real-time remains a significant challenge. Recently, the hyperlens, which magnifies and converts evanescent waves into propagating waves, has emerged as a novel approach to far-field imaging. Here, we report the fabrication of a spherical hyperlens composed of alternating silver (Ag) and titanium oxide (TiO2) thin layers. Unlike a conventional cylindrical hyperlens, the spherical hyperlens allows for two-dimensional magnification. Thus, incorporation into conventional microscopy is straightforward. A new optical system integrated with the hyperlens is proposed, allowing for a sub-wavelength image to be obtained in the far-field region in real time. In this study, the fabrication and imaging setup methods are explained in detail. This work also describes the accessibility and possibility of the hyperlens, as well as practical applications of real-time imaging in living cells, which can lead to a revolution in biology and nanotechnology.

The use of a hyperlens has been regarded as a novel super-resolution imaging technique due to its advantages in real-time imaging and its simple implementation with conventional optics. Here, we present a protocol describing the fabrication and imaging applications of a spherical hyperlens.

Demostración de un microscopio integrado de Hyperlens y proyección de imagen de súper resolución

The use of super-resolution imaging to overcome the diffraction limit of conventional microscopy has attracted the interest of researchers in biology and ...

Multiplexing Focused Ultrasound Stimulation with Fluorescence Microscopy

By focusing low-intensity ultrasound pulses that penetrate soft tissues, LIPUS represents a promising biomedical technology to remotely and safely manipulate neural firing, hormonal secretion and genetically-reprogrammed cells. However, the translation of this technology for medical applications is currently hampered by a lack of biophysical mechanisms by which targeted tissues sense and respond to LIPUS. A suitable approach to identify these mechanisms would be to use optical biosensors in combination with LIPUS to determine underlying signaling pathways. However, implementing LIPUS to a fluorescence microscope may introduce undesired mechanical artefacts due to the presence of physical interfaces that reflect, absorb and refract acoustic waves. This article presents a step-by-step procedure to incorporate LIPUS to commercially-available upright epi-fluorescence microscopes while minimizing the influence of physical interfaces along the acoustic path. A simple procedure is described to operate a single-element ultrasound transducer and to bring the focal zone of the transducer into the objective focal point. The use of LIPUS is illustrated with an example of LIPUS-induced calcium transients in cultured human glioblastoma cells measured using calcium imaging.

Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Stimulation (LIPUS) is a modality for non-invasive mechanical stimulation of endogenous or engineered cells with high spatial and temporal resolution. This article describes how to implement LIPUS to an epi-fluorescence microscope and how to minimize acoustic impedance mismatch along the ultrasound path to prevent unwanted mechanical artefacts.

La multiplexación enfocada ultrasonido estimulación con microscopía de fluorescencia

By focusing low-intensity ultrasound pulses that penetrate soft tissues, LIPUS represents a promising biomedical technology to remotely and safely ...

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method

The goal of this paper is to investigate the interaction force between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. A measurement system based on an optical lever method is designed. A millimetric cantilever is used as a force sensitive component in the measurement system. Firstly, the force sensitivity of the optical lever is calibrated using electrostatic force, which is the critical step in measuring interaction force. Secondly, three super-hydrophobic substrates with different grid fractions are prepared with nanoparticles and copper grids. Finally, the interaction forces between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates with different grid fractions are measured by the system. This method can be used to measure the force on the scale of sub-micronewton with a resolution on the scale of nanonewton. The in-depth study of the contact process of droplets and super-hydrophobic structures can help to improve the production efficiency in coating, film and printing. The force measurement system designed in this paper can also be used in other fields of microforce measurement.

The protocol aims to investigate the interaction between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. This includes calibrating the measurement system and measuring the interaction force at super-hydrophobic substrates with different grid fractions.

Medición de la fuerza de interacción entre una gota y un sustrato superhidrofóbico mediante el método de palanca óptica

The goal of this paper is to investigate the interaction force between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. A measurement system based on ...

Design, Instrumentation and Usage Protocols for Distributed In Situ Thermal Hot Spots Monitoring in Electric Coils using FBG Sensor Multiplexing

Random wound coils are a key operational element of most electric apparatus in modern industrial systems, including low voltage electric machines. One of the major current bottlenecks in improved exploitation of electrical devices is the high sensitivity of their wound components to in-service thermal stress. The application of conventional thermal sensing methods (e.g., thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors) for thermal condition monitoring of current carrying random wound coils can impose considerable operational limitations due to sensor size, EMI sensitivity and the existence of electrically conductive material in their construction. Another substantial limitation exists in distributed sensing applications and is caused by what is often a considerable length and volume of conventional sensor wiring leads.
This paper reports the design of a fiber optic FBG&#160;sensing system&#160;intended for enabling real-time distributed internal thermal&#160;condition monitoring within random wound coils. The procedure of random wound coil instrumentation with the FBG sensing system is reported in a case study on an IEEE standard wound coil representative of those utilized in electrical machines. The reported work also presents and discusses important practical and technical aspects of FBG sensing system implementation and application, including the FBG array geometry design, sensing head and fiber packaging, the sensor array installation and calibration procedure and the use of a commercial interrogation system for obtaining thermal measurements. Finally, the in situ multiplexed FBG sensing system thermal monitoring performance is demonstrated in representative static and dynamic thermal conditions.&#160;

This paper presents a protocol that enables instrumentation of random wound electric coils with fiber Bragg grating (FBG) thermal sensors for the purpose of distributed condition monitoring of internal thermal hot spots.

Protocolos de Diseño, Instrumentación y Uso para la Monitorización de Puntos Calientes Térmicos Distribuidos In Situ en Bobinas Eléctricas utilizando Multiplexación de Sensor FBG

Random wound coils are a key operational element of most electric apparatus in modern industrial systems, including low voltage electric machines. One of ...