Los autores agradecen a Jayden Smith por su revisión crítica y la edición de la prueba el manuscrito. Este trabajo ha recibido el apoyo de la Sociedad Nacional de Esclerosis Múltiple (NMSS, becas parciales RG-4001-A1), la italiana Asociación de Esclerosis Múltiple (AISM, concede 2010/R/31), el Ministerio de Sanidad italiano (GR08-7), Wings for Life, Banca Agricola Popolare di Ragusa (BAPR), el Consejo Europeo de Investigación (ERC) en el marco del acuerdo de ERC-2010-STG subvención sin el Programa Marco de la Comunidad Europea séptimo (CE) 260511-SEM_SEM y (FP7/2007-2013) en virtud de Acuerdo de subvención n * el grado; 280772 - iONE.

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Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

Terapias basadas en células madre somáticas están surgiendo como una de las estrategias más prometedoras para el tratamiento de trastornos del SNC inflamatorias crónicas tales como MS2 11. Aunque todavía tienen que ser completamente dilucidado los mecanismos que sustentan sus efectos terapéuticos, el impacto significativo de la APN el trasplante en diferentes modelos experimentales de enfermedades neurodegenerativas ha dado lugar a la creencia de un tanto provocativa que las células madre pueden pront...

Fuerte evidencia ha surgido a partir de los estudios in vivo que prueben la eficacia terapéutica del trasplante de células somáticas neurales madre / precursoras (NPCs) en modelos animales de trastornos del SNC 1-8. Sin embargo, una serie de cuestiones relativas a la entrega de las células madre en el huésped requiere una cuidadosa consideración antes de que estos resultados experimentales se pueden traducir en aplicaciones clínicas. Un obstáculo particularmente importante para el desarrollo de (hematopoyéticas) restaurativos terapias con células madre para enfermedades cerebrales, inflamatorias crónicas multifocales es la identificación de la ruta ideal de la inyección de la APN. Un firme entendimiento de la fisiopatología de la enfermedad específica (focal o multifocal; degenerativa inflamatoria o primaria primaria), y un análisis cauteloso de las cuestiones de viabilidad y de riesgo asociados con las técnicas de entrega son para identificar el protocolo óptimo para la entrega de células madre. Mientras que el centro de coordinación ( <em&gt; Por ejemplo. en el parénquima del sistema nervioso) trasplante de células madre es un enfoque lógico para el tratamiento de enfermedades del SNC caracterizados por áreas espacialmente confinados de daño (por ejemplo, el Parkinson y la enfermedad de Huntington, del cerebro y la médula espinal lesiones traumáticas, y accidente cerebrovascular), el mismo enfoque puede resultar a ser prácticamente no es factible en condiciones tales como MS, donde un daño en el SNC multifocal, crónica, y espacialmente diseminada acumula con el tiempo. En este último caso, apuntando a las inyecciones de células de coordinación para las lesiones individuales también se ve obstaculizada por la limitada capacidad de los NPCs trasplantadas a migrar a través de largas distancias dentro del parénquima del SNC, lo cual incitará a la identificación de métodos alternativos y más adecuados de focalización del SNC con los trasplantes de NPC menos invasivos . Gran promesa surgió de las observaciones que se dirigen a los NPCs un tumor intracraneal (p. ej. Glioma) en ratones cuando se inyecta por vía intravascular fuera del CNS9. Después de esta seminalen evidencia in vivo de la pathotrophism de células madre 10, los datos extensos se han acumulado correspondiente a la viabilidad y la eficacia terapéutica de la trasplante sistémica de NPC en animales de laboratorio con encefalomielitis autoinmune experimental (EAE), como un modelo de daño inflamatorio del SNC, ya sea a través de vía intravenosa (iv) o intracerebroventricular (icv). NPC inyección 1,2,5,6,8 .. Hemos mostrado por primera vez que esto depende de la capacidad de los NPCs trasplantados para apuntar y para entrar en la inflamación del SNC, y participar posteriormente múltiple intercelular programas de comunicación dentro de microambientes específicos in vivo 11. Con el fin de centrarse específicamente en el sistema nervioso central, los personajes se entregan directamente en el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) de distribución por la inyección icv, o en el torrente sanguíneo a través de la inyección iv. Una vez que entra bien en el torrente sanguíneo o en el LCR, NPCs trasplantados interactúan activamente conel hematoencefálica (BBB) ​​o sangre líquido cefalorraquídeo (BCSFB) barreras y entrar en el parénquima del SNC. Esta interacción entre el injerto APN y la acreditación (o BCSFB) está regulada por conjunto específico de moléculas de adhesión celular de la superficie de la APN (CAMs) y facilitada por la expresión de altos niveles de la leva contra-ligandos en endoteliales / células ependimarias activados 12-14. Ejemplos de estas levas incluyen el receptor de hialuronato, CD44, y la molécula de adhesión intercelular (ICAM) -1 ligando antígeno muy tardío (VLA) -4 5,15,16 (que, en los leucocitos, son responsables de la interacción con ependimal activado y células endoteliales), y en un grado de linfocitos asociado a la función de antígeno mucho más baja (LFA) -1 y el ligando glicoproteína P-selectina (PSGL) -1. NPC también expresan una amplia gama de receptores de quimioquinas, incluyendo CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, CXCR3, CXCR4 y (pero no expresan CCR3 y CCR7), que son funcionalmente activos, tanto in vitro como in vivo 5,16. Por lo tanto, systemicaNPC LLY inyectados utilizan estas levas, junto con la proteína G de receptores acoplados (GPCRs), a acumularse en el nivel de la inflamación del SNC. Por el contrario, los NPCs inyecta por vía sistémica en ratones sanos no entre al SNC a través vascular o cefalorraquídeo rutas espacio fluido 2. Inflamación del SNC, o la activación de células endoteliales / ependimal siguiente sistémica de citoquinas o lypopolisaccharide inyección (LPS) como un modelo de encefalitis inducida químicamente, por lo tanto, es necesario para la acumulación de NPC sistémicamente inyectados en el cerebro y la médula espinal 2. Por lo tanto, la orientación exitosa de la CNS con terapias sistémicas NPC depende de la identificación de una ventana específica de la enfermedad de la Oportunidad (WoO) en el que el cerebro y el medio ambiente de la médula espinal son propicias para la acumulación y la migración transendotelial de NPCs. Tales condiciones generalmente surgen en el contexto de la inflamación aguda y subaguda 17. Una vez que haya entrado en el sistema nervioso central, trasplantado NPCs indiferenciadasse ha demostrado para mejorar las características clínico-patológicas de los ratones, así como de mayor tamaño, primates no humanos con EAE. Esto ha sido descrito a ser dependientes de la sustitución célula mínima 2 y la secreción considerable de factores paracrinos reguladoras y neuroprotectores inmunes dentro perivascular CNS 2,5,6,18 vs no CNS zonas inflamadas 19,20 (por ejemplo, los ganglios linfáticos) en respuesta a la la señalización celular inflamatoria provocada por la infiltración de células inmunes 5. Aquí se describe los aspectos metodológicos fundamentales de la inyección sistémica de NPCs somáticos en un modelo murino de EAE crónico. Más específicamente, se definen los protocolos que hemos establecido para (i) Obtenga, ampliar y prepararse para el trasplante NPCs somáticos de la zona subventricular (SVZ) de adultos C57BL / 6 ratones; (Ii) inducir la EAE crónica en tales ratones y (iii) realizar terapéuticamente eficaz sistémica (IV o icv) de la APN el trasplante iratones nto EAE.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1474">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:753px;">Cell culture</td>
			<td style="width:300px;"></td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
			<td style="width:272px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EBSS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E2888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">L-Cystein</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CO LTD</td>
			<td>C7352</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Papain</td>
			<td>WORTHINGTON</td>
			<td>30H11965</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EDTA</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>D/0700/50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mouse NeuroCult basal medium</td>
			<td>Stem Cell technologies</td>
			<td>05700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NeuroCult proliferation supplements</td>
			<td>Stem Cell technologies</td>
			<td>05701</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Heparin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H3393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Basic fibroblast growth factor</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-18B-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Epidermal growth factor</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>AF-100-15-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pen/Strep</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>1514012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Matrigel (coating solution)</td>
			<td>BD biosciences</td>
			<td>354230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NeuroCult&#174; Differentiation Kit (Mouse)</td>
			<td>Stem cell technologies</td>
			<td>05704</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Accumax</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>00-4666-56</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dulbecco&#39;s PBS (DPBS) (10x) without Ca&#38; Mg</td>
			<td>PAA LABORATORIES LTD</td>
			<td>H15-011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Myco trace</td>
			<td>PAA LABORATORIES LTD</td>
			<td>Q052-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">immunofluorescence</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Normal goat serum</td>
			<td>PAA LABORATORIES LTD</td>
			<td>B11-035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Polyethylene glycol p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl ether</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CO LTD</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mouse anti Nestin</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab11306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rabbit anti GFAP</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>203344</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mouse anti Histone H3 (phospho S10)&#160;</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab14955</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rabbit anti MAP-2</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab32454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rat anti MBP</td>
			<td>AbD SEROTEC</td>
			<td>MCA409S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Anti-O4 Antibody, clone 81 | MAB345</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB345</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DAPI</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mounting solution</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>S3023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EAE</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Freund&#39;s Adjuvant Incomplete</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CO LTD</td>
			<td>F5506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mycobacterium tuberculosis&#160;</td>
			<td>DIFCO</td>
			<td>H37Ra</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MOG(35&#8211;55)&#160;</td>
			<td>Espikem</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pertussis toxin</td>
			<td>List Biological Laboratories</td>
			<td>181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tissue processing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Iris scissor straight</td>
			<td>Fine Sciences Tolls</td>
			<td>14060-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Blunt/bended forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Sciences Tolls</td>
			<td>11080-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Brain slicer</td>
			<td>Zivic instruments</td>
			<td>BSMAS005-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical blades</td>
			<td>Swann-Morton</td>
			<td>324</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">P200, P1000 pipettes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ketamine (Vetalar)</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Boehringer Ingelheim</td>
			<td>01LC0030&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:272px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Xylazine (Rompun)</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td>32371</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td>KOPF</td>
			<td>Model 900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hamilton syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>7762-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>158127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">VECTASTAIN Elite ABC Kit</td>
			<td>vector laboratories</td>
			<td>PK-6100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

systemic injection of neural stem/progenitor cells in mice with chronic eae

Células madre / precursoras neuronales (CPN) son una fuente prometedora de células madre para trasplante enfoques destinados a la reparación del cerebro o la restauración de la neurología regenerativa. Esta directiva ha surgido a partir de la amplia evidencia de que la reparación del cerebro se logra después focal o sistémica trasplante de NPC en varios modelos preclínicos de enfermedades neurológicas. Estos datos experimentales han identificado la ruta de suministro de células como uno de los principales obstáculos de terapias con células madre de restauración para enfermedades cerebrales que requiere una evaluación urgente. Intraparenquimatosa injerto de células madre representa un enfoque lógico para aquellas patologías que se caracterizan por lesiones cerebrales aisladas y accesibles, tales como lesiones de la médula espinal y la enfermedad de Parkinson. Desafortunadamente, este principio es muy poco aplicable a condiciones caracterizadas por una naturaleza multifocal, inflamatoria y diseminada (tanto en tiempo y espacio), incluyendo la esclerosis múltiple (EM). Como tal, el cerebro dirigido por el sistla entrega de la APN emic se ha convertido en un protocolo invasiva y terapéuticamente eficaz bajo para entregar las células al cerebro y la médula espinal de roedores y primates no humanos afectados por experimental de daño inflamatorio crónico del sistema nervioso central (SNC). Este método alternativo de suministro de células se basa en la pathotropism APN, específicamente su capacidad innata para (i) detectar el medio ambiente a través de las moléculas de adhesión de células funcionales y los receptores de citoquinas y quimioquinas inflamatorias; (Ii) cruzar las barreras anatómicas fugas después por vía intravenosa (iv). O inyección intracerebroventricular (icv); (Iii) acumular en el nivel de sitio múltiple perivascular (s) del daño cerebral y la médula espinal inflamatoria; y (iv) ejercer trófico tejido notable y efectos reguladores inmunes en diferentes células diana huésped in vivo. Aquí se describen los métodos que hemos desarrollado para el iv. y &lt;em&gt; entrega icv de NPC singénicos en ratones con encefalomielitis autoinmune experimental (EAE), como modelo de desmielinización inflamatoria crónica del SNC, y prever la entrega sistémica de células madre como una técnica valiosa para la dirección selectiva del cerebro inflamado en neurología regenerativa.

NPC derivación y caracterización Disecciones SVZ se realizan en piscinas (n = 5-7 ratones / piscina) de 6-8 semanas de edad C57BL / 6 ratones por medio de disociación mecánica y enzimática (Figura 1A). Después de unos pocos días de cultivo en CGM, neuroesferas de libre flotación comienzan a formarse (Figuras 1A y 1B). Esferas primarias se recolectaron y mecánicamente a pases cada 4-5 DIV. Al pases, número de células vivas y muertas y se determinan el n...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Systemic Injection of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mice with Chronic EAE at JoVE.com

Systemic Injection of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mice with Chronic EAE

El trasplante de células madre / progenitoras neuronales (CPN) tiene grandes promesas en neurología regenerativa. La administración sistémica de NPC se ha convertido en el protocolo eficaz, de bajo invasiva, y terapéuticamente muy eficaz para entregar las células madre en el cerebro y la médula espinal de roedores y primates no humanos afectados por daño experimental inflamatoria crónica del sistema nervioso central.

Inyección sistémica de Neuronales células madre / progenitoras en ratones con EAE crónica

Neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) are a promising stem cell source for transplantation approaches aiming at brain repair or restoration in regenerative ...

systemic-injection-neural-stemprogenitor-cells-mice-with-chronic

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

17.5K vistas.  University of Cambridge, UK.  El trasplante de células madre / progenitoras neuronales (CPN) tiene grandes promesas en neurología regenerativa. La administración sistémica de NPC se ha convertido en el protocolo eficaz, de bajo invasiva, y terapéuticamente muy eficaz para entregar las células madre en el cerebro y la médula espinal de roedores y primates no humanos afectados por daño experimental inflamatoria crónica del sistema nervioso central. 

Video: Systemic Injection of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mice with Chronic EAE

Identifying DNA Mutations in Purified Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells

In recent years, it has become apparent that genomic instability is tightly related to many developmental disorders, cancers, and aging. Given that stem cells are responsible for ensuring tissue homeostasis and repair throughout life, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the stem cell population is critical for preserving genomic integrity of tissues. Therefore, significant interest has arisen in assessing the impact of endogenous and environmental factors on genomic integrity in stem cells and their progeny, aiming to understand the etiology of stem-cell based diseases.
LacI transgenic mice carry a recoverable &#955;&#160;phage vector encoding the LacI reporter system, in which the LacI gene serves as the mutation reporter. The result of a mutated LacI gene is the production of &#946;-galactosidase that cleaves a chromogenic substrate, turning it blue. The LacI reporter system is carried in all cells, including stem/progenitor cells and can easily be recovered and used to subsequently infect E. coli. After incubating infected E. coli on agarose that contains the correct substrate, plaques can be scored; blue plaques indicate a mutant LacI gene, while clear plaques harbor wild-type. The frequency of blue (among clear) plaques indicates the mutant frequency in the original cell population the DNA was extracted from. Sequencing the mutant LacI gene will show the location of the mutations in the gene and the type of mutation.
The LacI transgenic mouse model is well-established as an in vivo mutagenesis assay. Moreover, the mice and the reagents for the assay are commercially available. Here we describe in detail how this model can be adapted to measure the frequency of spontaneously occurring DNA mutants in stem cell-enriched Lin-IL7R-Sca-1+cKit++(LSK) cells and other subpopulations of the hematopoietic system.

Here we describe an in vivo mutagenesis assay for small numbers of purified hematopoietic cells using the LacI transgenic mouse model.&#160;The LacI gene can be isolated to determine the frequency, location, and type of DNA mutants&#160;spontaneously arisen or after exposure to genotoxins.

La identificación de mutaciones del ADN en Purificada hematopoyéticas células madre / progenitoras

In recent years, it has become apparent that genomic instability is tightly related to many developmental disorders, cancers, and aging. Given that stem ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

A mouse model of chronic airway infection is a key asset in cystic fibrosis (CF) research, although there are a number of concerns regarding the model itself. Early phases of inflammation and infection have been widely studied by using the Pseudomonas aeruginosa agar-beads mouse model, while only few reports have focused on the long-term chronic infection in vivo. The main challenge for long term chronic infection remains the low bacterial burden by P. aeruginosa and the low percentage of infected mice weeks after challenge, indicating that bacterial cells are progressively cleared by the host.
This paper presents a method for obtaining efficient long-term chronic infection in mice. This method is based on the embedding of the P. aeruginosa clinical strains in the agar-beads in vitro, followed by intratracheal instillation in C57Bl/6NCrl mice. Bilateral lung infection is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, mortality, chronic infection, and inflammatory response. The P. aeruginosa RP73 clinical strain was preferred over the PAO1 reference laboratory strain since it resulted in a comparatively lower mortality, more severe lesions, and higher chronic infection. P. aeruginosa colonization may persist in the lung for over three months. Murine lung pathology resembles that of CF patients with advanced chronic pulmonary disease.
This murine model most closely mimics the course of the human disease and can be used both for studies on the pathogenesis and for the evaluation of novel therapies.

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

We describe the agar-beads method to establish persistent long-term chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection in the mouse model.

Crónica a largo plazo<em&gt; Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em&gt; Infección de las vías respiratorias en los ratones

A mouse model of chronic airway infection is a key asset in cystic fibrosis (CF) research, although there are a number of concerns regarding the model ...

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG35-55) Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 Mice

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system with a strong neurodegenerative component. While the exact etiology of the disease is yet unclear, autoreactive T lymphocytes are thought to play a central role in its pathophysiology. MS therapy is only partially effective so far and research efforts continue to expand our knowledge on the pathophysiology of the disease and to develop novel treatment strategies. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common animal model for MS sharing many clinical and pathophysiological features. There is a broad diversity of EAE models which reflect different clinical, immunological and histological aspects of human MS. Actively-induced EAE in mice is the easiest inducible model with robust and replicable results. It is especially suited for investigating the effects of drugs or of particular genes by using transgenic mice challenged by autoimmune neuroinflammation. Therefore, mice are immunized with CNS homogenates or peptides of myelin proteins. Due to the low immunogenic potential of these peptides, strong adjuvants are used. EAE susceptibility and phenotype depends on the chosen antigen and rodent strain. C57BL/6 mice are the commonly used strain for transgenic mouse construction and respond among others to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). The immunogenic epitope MOG35-55 is suspended in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) prior to immunization and pertussis toxin is applied on the day of immunization and two days later. Mice develop a "classic" self-limited monophasic EAE with ascending flaccid paralysis within 9-14 days after immunization. Mice are evaluated daily using a clinical scoring system for 25-50 days. Special considerations for care taking of animals with EAE as well as potential applications and limitations of this model are discussed.

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein MOG35-55 Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE in C57BL/6 Mice

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an established animal model of multiple sclerosis. C57BL/6 mice are immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35-55 (MOG35-55), resulting in an ascending flaccid paralysis caused by autoreactive immune cells in the central nervous system. Protocols for disease induction and monitoring will be discussed.

La mielina glicoproteína del oligodendrocito (MOG<sub&gt; 35-55</sub&gt;) Inducida por la encefalomielitis autoinmune experimental (EAE) en ratones C57BL / 6 ratones

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system with a strong neurodegenerative component. While ...

A Mouse Model for Pathogen-induced Chronic Inflammation at Local and Systemic Sites

Chronic inflammation is a major driver of pathological tissue damage and a unifying characteristic of many chronic diseases in humans including neoplastic, autoimmune, and chronic inflammatory diseases. Emerging evidence implicates pathogen-induced chronic inflammation in the development and progression of chronic diseases with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Due to the complex and multifactorial etiology of chronic disease, designing experiments for proof of causality and the establishment of mechanistic links is nearly impossible in humans. An advantage of using animal models is that both genetic and environmental factors that may influence the course of a particular disease can be controlled. Thus, designing relevant animal models of infection represents a key step in identifying host and pathogen specific mechanisms that contribute to chronic inflammation.
Here we describe a mouse model of pathogen-induced chronic inflammation at local and systemic sites following infection with the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, a bacterium closely associated with human periodontal disease. Oral infection of specific-pathogen free mice induces a local inflammatory response resulting in destruction of tooth supporting alveolar bone, a hallmark of periodontal disease. In an established mouse model of atherosclerosis, infection with P. gingivalis accelerates inflammatory plaque deposition within the aortic sinus and innominate artery, accompanied by activation of the vascular endothelium, an increased immune cell infiltrate, and elevated expression of inflammatory mediators within lesions. We detail methodologies for the assessment of inflammation at local and systemic sites. The use of transgenic mice and defined bacterial mutants makes this model particularly suitable for identifying both host and microbial factors involved in the initiation, progression, and outcome of disease. Additionally, the model can be used to screen for novel therapeutic strategies, including vaccination and pharmacological intervention.

Animal models have proven to be invaluable tools in defining host and pathogen specific mechanisms that contribute to the development of chronic inflammation. Here we describe a mouse model of oral infection with the human pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and detail methodologies to assess the progression of inflammation at local and systemic sites.

Un modelo de ratón para Patógenos inducida inflamación crónica en los sitios locales y sistémicos

Chronic inflammation is a major driver of pathological tissue damage and a unifying characteristic of many chronic diseases in humans including ...

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, which express Foxp3 as a transcription factor, are subsets of CD4+ T cells. Treg cells play crucial roles in immune tolerance and homeostasis maintenance by regulating the immune response. The primary role of Treg cells is to suppress the proliferation of effector T (Teff) cells and the production of cytokines such as IFN-&#947;, TNF-&#945;, and IL-2. It has been demonstrated that Treg cells&#39; ability to inhibit the function of Teff cells is enhanced during persistent pathogen infection and cancer development. To clarify the function of Treg cells under resting or inflamed conditions, a variety of in vitro suppression assays using mouse or human Treg cells have been devised. The main aim of this study is to develop a method to compare the differences in phenotype and suppressive function between resting and activated Treg cells. To isolate activated Treg cells, mice were infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 (CL13), a chronic strain of LCMV. Treg cells isolated from the spleen of LCMV CL13-infected mice exhibited both the activated phenotype and enhanced suppressive activity compared with resting Treg cells isolated from na&#239;ve mice. Here, we describe the basic protocol for ex vivo phenotype analysis to distinguish activated Treg cells from resting Treg cells. Furthermore, we describe a protocol for the measurement of the suppressive activity of fully activated Treg cells.

Here, we describe a protocol to analyze the phenotype of regulatory T (Treg) cells isolated from na&#239;ve and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice. In addition, we provide a process to evaluate the suppressive activity of the Treg cells.

El análisis fenotípico y funcional de las células reguladoras T activadas Aislado de la coriomeningitis linfocítica crónica por el virus ratones infectados

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, which express Foxp3 as a transcription factor, are subsets of CD4+ T cells. Treg cells play crucial roles in immune tolerance ...

Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier

Lymphocyte extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS) is critical for immune surveillance. Disease-related alterations of lymphocyte extravasation might result in pathophysiological changes in the CNS. Thus, investigation of lymphocyte migration into the CNS is important to understand inflammatory CNS diseases and to develop new therapy approaches. Here we present an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier to study lymphocyte extravasation. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) are confluently grown on a porous polyethylene terephthalate transwell insert to mimic the endothelium of the blood-brain barrier. Barrier function is validated by zonula occludens immunohistochemistry, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements as well as analysis of evans blue permeation. This model allows investigation of the diapedesis of rare lymphocyte subsets such as CD56brightCD16dim/- NK cells. Furthermore, the effects of other cells, cytokines and chemokines, disease-related alterations, and distinct treatment regimens on the migratory capacity of lymphocytes can be studied. Finally, the impact of inflammatory stimuli as well as different treatment regimens on the endothelial barrier can be analyzed.

Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier

Here, we describe a human blood-brain barrier model enabling to investigate lymphocyte transmigration into the central nervous system in vitro.

Análisis de linfocitos extravasación El uso de una<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Modelo de la barrera sangre-cerebro humano

Lymphocyte extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS) is critical for immune surveillance. Disease-related alterations of lymphocyte ...

A Chronic Autoimmune Dry Eye Rat Model with Increase in Effector Memory T Cells in Eyeball Tissue

Dry eye disease is a very common condition that causes morbidity and healthcare burden and decreases the quality of life. There is a need for a suitable dry eye animal model to test novel therapeutics to treat autoimmune dry eye conditions. This protocol describes a chronic autoimmune dry eye rat model. Lewis rats were immunized with an emulsion containing lacrimal gland extract, ovalbumin, and complete Freund&#39;s adjuvant. A second immunization with the same antigens in incomplete Freund&#39;s adjuvant was administered two weeks later. These immunizations were administered subcutaneously at the base of the tail. To boost the immune response at the ocular surface and lacrimal glands, lacrimal gland extract and ovalbumin were injected into the forniceal subconjunctiva and lacrimal glands 6 weeks after the first immunization. The rats developed dry eye features, including reduced tear production, decreased tear stability, and increased corneal damage. Immune profiling by flow cytometry showed a preponderance of CD3+ effector memory T cells in the eyeball.

This report describes a method to induce chronic experimental autoimmune dry eye in Lewis rats through immunization with an emulsion of rat lacrimal gland extract, ovalbumin, and complete Freund's adjuvant, followed by the injection of lacrimal gland extract and ovalbumin into the forniceal subconjunctiva and lacrimal glands six weeks later.

Un modelo de rata ocular seca autoinmune crónica con aumento de células T de memoria efector en tejido de globo ocular

Dry eye disease is a very common condition that causes morbidity and healthcare burden and decreases the quality of life. There is a need for a suitable ...

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase (G6PI)-Induced RA Mice

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Patients with active RA present fewer iNKT cells, defective cell function, and excessive polarization of Th1. In this study, an RA animal model was established using a mixture of hGPI325-339 and hGPI469-483 peptides. The iNKT cells were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification, followed by infusion into RA mice for adoptive immunotherapy. The in vivo imaging system (IVIS) tracking revealed that iNKT cells were mainly distributed in the spleen and liver. On day 12 after cell therapy, the disease progression slowed down significantly, the clinical symptoms were alleviated, the abundance of iNKT cells in the thymus increased, the proportion of iNKT1 in the thymus decreased, and the levels of TNF-&#945;, IFN-&#947;, and IL-6 in the serum decreased. Adoptive immunotherapy of iNKT cells restored the balance of immune cells and corrected the excessive inflammation of the body.

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase G6PI-Induced RA Mice

This protocol uses G6PI mixed peptides to construct rheumatoid arthritis models that are closer to that of human rheumatoid arthritis in CD4+ T cells and cytokines. High purity invariant natural killer T cells (mainly iNKT2) with specific phenotypes and functions were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification for adoptive immunotherapy.

Inmunoterapia adoptiva de células iNKT en ratones RA inducidos por glucosa-6-fosfato (G6PI)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T ...

Blocking Lymph Flow by Suturing Afferent Lymphatic Vessels in Mice

Lymphatic vessels are critical in maintaining tissue fluid balance and optimizing immune protection by transporting antigens, cytokines, and cells to draining lymph nodes (LNs). Interruption of lymph flow is an important method when studying the function of lymphatic vessels. The afferent lymphatic vessels from the murine footpad to the popliteal lymph nodes (pLNs) are well-defined as the only routes for lymph drainage into the pLNs. Suturing these afferent lymphatic vessels can selectively prevent lymph flow to the pLNs. This method allows for interference in lymph flow with minimal damage to the lymphatic endothelial cells in the draining pLN, the afferent lymphatic vessels, as well as other lymphatic vessels around the area. This method has been used to study how lymph impacts high endothelial venules (HEV) and chemokine expression in the LN, and how lymph flows through the adipose tissue surrounding the LN in the absence of functional lymphatic vessels. With the growing recognition of the importance of lymphatic function, this method will have broader applications to further unravel the function of lymphatic vessels in regulating the LN microenvironment and immune responses.

A protocol to block lymph flow by surgical suturing of afferent lymphatic vessels is presented.

Bloqueo del flujo linfático mediante la sutura de los vasos linfáticos aferentes en ratones

Lymphatic vessels are critical in maintaining tissue fluid balance and optimizing immune protection by transporting antigens, cytokines, and cells to ...

A Minimally Invasive, Accurate, and Efficient Technique for Intrathymic Injection in Mice

Intrathymic injection in mouse models is an important technique for studying thymic and immune function, including genetic and acquired T cell disorders. This requires methods for the direct deposition of reagents and/or cells into the thymus of living mice. Traditional methods of intrathymic injection include thoracic surgery or minimally invasive percutaneous blind injections, both of which have significant limitations. Ultra-high frequency ultrasound imaging devices have made image-guided percutaneous injections possible in mice, greatly improving the injection accuracy of the percutaneous injection approach and enabling the injection of smaller targets. However, image-guided injections rely on the utilization of an integrated rail system, making this a rigid and time-consuming procedure. A unique, safe, and efficient method for percutaneous intrathymic injections in mice is presented here, eliminating reliance on the rail system for injections. The technique relies on using a high-resolution micro-ultrasound unit to image the mouse thymus noninvasively. Using a free-hand technique, a radiologist can place a needle tip directly into the mouse thymus under sonographic guidance. Mice are cleaned and anesthetized before imaging. For an experienced radiologist adept at ultrasound-guided procedures, the learning period for the stated technique is quite short, typically within one session. The method has a low morbidity and mortality rate for the mice and is much faster than current mechanically assisted techniques for percutaneous injection. It allows the investigator to efficiently perform precise and reliable percutaneous injections of thymuses of any size (including very small organs such as the thymus of aged or immunodeficient mice) with minimal stress on the animal. This method enables the injection of individual lobes if desired and facilitates large-scale experiments due to the time-saving nature of the procedure.

The present protocol describes an interventional radiology procedure established for intrathymic injection in mice to avoid the risk of open surgery and improve the accuracy of blind percutaneous injections.

Una técnica mínimamente invasiva, precisa y eficiente para la inyección intratímica en ratones

Intrathymic injection in mouse models is an important technique for studying thymic and immune function, including genetic and acquired T cell disorders. ...