Name: a novel in vivo gene transfer technique and in vitro cell based assays for the study of bone loss in musculoskeletal disorders
Uploaded: 2014-06-08T23:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 47 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders at JoVE.com

Research was partly supported by NIH research grants R01 AR062173 and SHC 250862 to IEA. ES is the recipient of NIH T32 CTSC predoctoral fellowship.

1. Entrega hidrodinámico de ADN MC sRANKL <ol><li> Entrega hidrodinámica a través del ratón de la cola de la vena <ol><li> Pesar el ratón antes de la inyección en la vena de la cola. Diluir sRANKL o proteína fluorescente verde (GFP) MC en solución de Ringer (pre-calentamiento a 37 ° C) en un volumen total de ~ 10% del peso corporal del ratón. </li><li> Caliente el ratón en una jaula durante 10 min antes de la inyección con el fin de dilatar los vasos sanguíneos y hacer que las venas laterales (LVs) visibles. Monitorear el ratón con cuidado para evitar la deshidratación y la hipertermia. </li><li> Tan pronto como los volúmenes lógicos están dilatados y visibles, transferir el ratón a la inmovilización e inserte el conector lo suficiente en el barril para restringir el movimiento. Monitorear el ratón para la actividad normal, como la respiración. Ajuste el tapón de inmovilización, si es necesario. </li><li> Desinfectar el área de la inyección de 3/4 de la punta de la cola con un algodón con alcohol. Utilice una aguja de 27 a 30 para el ratón inyección en la vena de la cola. Sostenga la cola firmemente con una mano e inserte la aguja ena la vena de la cola. Aplique presión sobre la jeringa y completar la inyección dentro de 5-7 seg. </li><li> Retire la aguja de la vena de la cola y aplique presión con un algodón sobre el lugar de la inyección para detener el sangrado. Monitorear el ratón durante 15-30 minutos, a continuación, transferir el ratón de nuevo a vivarium una vez que el ritmo de la respiración se reduce a su ritmo normal. </li></ol></li><li> Confirmación de la expresión y cuantificación de Ratón Serum TRACP5b Mensaje Gene Transfer sistémica Ratón sRANKL <ol><li> Caliente el ratón en una jaula durante 5-10 minutos con el fin de dilatar los vasos sanguíneos y hacer LV visible. Monitorear el ratón con cuidado para evitar la deshidratación y la hipertermia. </li><li> Hacer una pequeña incisión con una cuchilla a la cola del ratón en un sitio de una cuarta parte de la punta de la cola. </li><li> Recoge alrededor de 100 l de sangre en tubos de separación de suero. </li><li> Incubar los tubos de separación de suero a temperatura ambiente durante 30 min. </li><li> Centrifugar las muestras a 10.000 xg durante 5 min y recoger el suero. Store suero en -80 ° C para su posterior análisis. </li><li> Realizar sRANKL ELISA y ensayo de TRACP5b suero de ratón en muestras de suero utilizando un kit comercial disponible. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. In vitro generación de osteoclastos de Ratón BMMs <ol><li> Aislamiento y cultivo de BMMs <ol><li> El aislamiento de la tibia y los huesos de fémur: La eutanasia el ratón donante con CO 2, y desinfectar las piernas con etanol al 70%. Diseccionar desde el pubis hasta el hueso calcáneo, para quitar los huesos fémur y la tibia intacta. </li><li> Quite la piel y el músculo cuidadosamente sin dañar el hueso. Coloque fémur procesado y hueso de la tibia en una placa de Petri que contiene tampón fosfato salino (PBS). </li><li> La eliminación de la médula ósea: Corte la punta en un lado de los huesos del fémur y de la tibia y enjuagar la médula ósea en un tubo de 50 ml utilizando una jeringa de 1 ml con una aguja de calibre 25, cargado con α-MEM que contiene 1% de penicilina / estreptomicina (osteoclastos Cultura Medio / OCM). </li><li&gt; Proceso de médula ósea: Mezclar y transferir la suspensión de la médula ósea a un nuevo tubo de 50 ml pasando a través de un filtro de células de 70 m de nylon. Centrifugar las células a 300 xg y volver a suspender en α-MEM que contiene 1% de penicilina / estreptomicina y 10% de FBS (medio de osteoclastos Cultura / OCM (+)). </li></ol></li><li> Cultura de los macrófagos <ol><li> Contar las células utilizando un hemocitómetro o un contador automático de células. </li><li> Plate 1 x 10 6 células por pocillo en una placa de 6 pocillos o 3 x 10 5 células a cubreobjetos de vidrio (5 mm) o rodajas de dentina colocados en placas de 96 pocillos y se incuba a 37 ° C. </li><li> Aspirar todos los medios que contienen las células no adherentes y se incuban las células a 37 ° C con OCM fresca (+) que contiene 25 ng / ml ratón M-CSF durante 48 horas. </li><li> Aspirar todos los medios de comunicación y se incuban las células a 37 ° C con frescos OCM (+) un medio que contenía 25 ng / ml ratón M-CSF, y 30 ng / ml sRANKL ratón para iniciar la osteoclastogénesis. Reponer los medios de comunicación cada 3 días según sea necesario. </li><li> Se cultivan las célulasdurante aproximadamente 6-8 días para formar células multinucleares gigantes capaces de resorción ósea. En cuanto aparezcan células multinucleadas, realice TRAP (fosfatasa ácida resistente al tartrato) tinción utilizando un kit comercial disponible, y cuando está completamente madura, realizar ensayos funcionales. Visualizar anillos de actina F en cubreobjetos utilizando mancha faloidina y la imagen de las células unidas a la dentina rebanadas por microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) como se ha descrito previamente 19. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Generación de osteoclastos in vitro de las PBMC humanas <ol><li> Aislamiento de PBMC humanas <ol><li> Añadir 10 ml de pre-calentado Histopaque-1077 en un tubo de 50 ml. </li><li> Filtro de leucocitos vacío obtiene a partir del banco de sangre con PBS estéril en un tubo de 50 ml (proporción de 1:1 de sangre con PBS). Capa de la sangre diluida sobre la solución Histopaque muy lentamente, asegurándose de que la sangre no se mezcla con el histopaque. </li><li> Centrifugar las muestras a 1000 xg durante 20 min a 18 ° C. Seguiring centrifugación, aislar cuidadosamente la capa de la capa leucocitaria blanca que contiene las células blancas de la sangre y transferir a un nuevo tubo de 50 ml. </li><li> Diluir las células con PBS y se centrifuga de nuevo a 650 xg durante 5 minutos para recoger las células. </li><li> Aspirar el sobrenadante y volver a suspender las células en OCM (-) de los medios y contar las células utilizando un contador de células. </li></ol></li><li> Plating y cultivo de CMSP <ol><li> Resuspender las células en las OCM (+) los medios de comunicación y la placa de 8 x 10 6 células / ml por pocillo en una placa de 6 pocillos o 1 x 10 6 células / ml por pocillo en placas de 96 pocillos. Las células de la placa sobre cubreobjetos de vidrio (5 mm) según se requiera para obtener imágenes de inmunofluorescencia, así como en secciones de hueso adecuados para ensayos de resorción ósea como anteriormente descritos 20. </li><li> Cambio de los medios de cultivo, la reposición de las células con M-CSF humano cada 2-3 días o según sea necesario. A continuación, proceder a la etapa de diferenciación en el día 5 por la adición de 30 ng / ml de sRANKL humana junto con 25 ml de M-CSF ng / humano en OCM (+) medios para iniciar osteoclastogeneses. </li><li> Se cultivan las células durante aproximadamente 14 a 21 días para formar células multinucleares gigantes. Tan pronto como aparecen células multinucleadas, a continuación, estas células se pueden etiquetar para TRAP, y cuando está completamente madurado, ensayos funcionales pueden llevarse a cabo. Anillos de actina F se pueden visualizar en cubreobjetos utilizando tinción phalloidin. La morfología de las células puede examinarse en células unidas a la dentina rebanadas por SEM. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Las afecciones musculoesqueléticas son las principales causas de morbilidad y discapacidad, y se componen de más de 150 enfermedades y síndromes; que afecta hoy a unos 90 millones de estadounidenses. Inflamación de las articulaciones y la destrucción ósea son las características predominantes de los trastornos musculoesqueléticos, como la artritis y la osteoporosis. La osteoporosis es una enfermedad que debilita la integridad ósea, a menudo conduce a las fracturas de los huesos. La artritis es una enfermedad cr...

Enfermedades musculoesqueléticas afectan a millones de personas en los Estados Unidos y del presente graves consecuencias para los sistemas de salud nacionales y locales 1. Estos trastornos se caracterizan por la pérdida de hueso y función de las articulaciones que requieren tratamiento extenso y largos períodos de recuperación. Comúnmente, un aumento relativo en el número y / o actividad de los osteoclastos, células especializadas para reabsorber el hueso, en la osteoporosis y la artritis se observa 2. En condiciones fisiológicas el número y la actividad de los osteoclastos está regulada por el activador del receptor del factor nuclear κ-B ligando (RANKL), que es producida por los osteoblastos. La osteoprotegerina (OPG), un receptor señuelo para RANKL también es producida por los osteoblastos 3 modelos animales in vivo que implican la sobreexpresión sistémica de sRANKL, o supresión de OPG son muy valiosa en la investigación de la osteoporosis.; Sin embargo, estos métodos requieren la generación de ratones transgénicos 4,5. Aquí, una nueva alternativamétodo de sobreexpresar sRANKL para el estudio de los trastornos musculoesqueléticos relacionados-se describe. Específicamente, minicircle (MC) la tecnología del ADN y los métodos de entrega hidrodinámicas se utilizaron para lograr la transferencia de genes de sRANKL in vivo e sobreexpresan ratón sRANKL sistémicamente 6. Este método también es complementaria a otros modelos in vivo de la osteoporosis, tales como la modulación hormonal de los osteoclastos siguientes ovariectomía 7 y la intervención dietética con dieta baja en calcio 8. Estos modelos son muy útiles para estudiar diferentes aspectos de los trastornos musculoesqueléticos relacionados-sin embargo, requieren de procedimientos quirúrgicos y pueden durar hasta varios meses, a un costo significativo 9. Ovariectomizadas (OVX) modelo de roedores es un modelo animal experimental en que la extirpación de los ovarios conduce a la deficiencia de estrógenos imitando así la osteoporosis posmenopáusica humana 10. La osteoporosis post-menopáusica humana, una condición donde Defici estrógenoparencia conduce a un mayor riesgo de fracturas óseas y la osteoporosis afecta a aproximadamente ocho millones de mujeres en los Estados Unidos solamente. Aunque el modelo OVX es útil para la osteoporosis post-menopáusica que ofrece ventajas limitadas en el estudio de la osteoporosis en general. El estrógeno suprime la pérdida de hueso, mediante la inducción de osteoclastos y la inhibición de la apoptosis de los osteoblastos, por lo tanto, en su ausencia se observa un aumento de la actividad de los osteoclastos 10-12. Un desequilibrio en la relación RANKL-OPG que favorece la resorción ósea también se observa 13. Sin embargo, la deficiencia de estrógenos en vivo también se acompaña de disminución de los niveles de transformación del factor de crecimiento β (TGF β), aumento de la interleucina-7 (IL-7) y de TNF, IL-1 e IL-6 14,15. Como estas citoquinas han conocido funciones moduladoras de remodelación ósea independiente de la vía de RANKL, es imposible atribuir cualquier activación de los osteoclastos exclusivamente al eje RANKL-RANK. El modelo que se describe en este documento permite a los investigadores estudiar en vivo eje RANKL a RANK en la osteoclastogénesis y la pérdida ósea sin las citoquinas pro-inflamatorias en comparación con modelos de roedores OVX. Además, las técnicas de la osteoclastogénesis in vitro son herramientas esenciales para el estudio de la activación de los osteoclastos para posibles tratamientos terapéuticos de las enfermedades musculoesqueléticas. Estudios anteriores también han demostrado que el cultivo de macrófagos derivados de médula ósea de ratón (BMMs) con macrófagos de ratón factor estimulante de colonias (M-CSF) y el ratón sRANKL puede conducir a la diferenciación de los osteoclastos 3,16,17. Aquí se describen los protocolos para generar células similares a osteoclastos multinucleadas de médula ósea de ratón, así como de células de sangre periférica humana (PBMC) in vitro 18. Los ensayos basados ​​en células necesarios para definir un osteoclastos terminales diferenciadas y completamente funcional madura también se describen brevemente. Estas técnicas in vitro complementan la novela en el enfoque vivo y juntos sirven como pherramientas de investigación para estudiar owerful diferenciación de los osteoclastos y la activación. El uso de estos sistemas, los científicos son capaces de generar los osteoclastos in vivo e in vitro y definir los estímulos y señales requeridas para su proliferación y activación, así como probar la eficacia de los inhibidores farmacológicos y biológicos.

<table><tbody><tr><td>alpha-MEM</td><td>Life Technologies&amp;nbsp;</td><td>12561-056</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human M-CSF</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-096-492</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse M-CSF</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-094-643</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human RANK-Ligand - soluble</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-094-631</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse RANK-Ligand - soluble</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-094-076</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tailveiner Restrainer for mice</td><td>Braintree</td><td>TV-150 STD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse TRANCE/RANK L/TNFSF11 Quantikine ELISA Kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>R&amp;amp;D systems</td><td>MTR00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acid Phosphatase, Leukocyte (TRAP) Kit</td><td>Sigma</td><td>387A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MouseTRAP assay&amp;nbsp;</td><td>immunodiagnostic systems</td><td>SB-TR103</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a novel in vivo gene transfer technique and in vitro cell based assays for the study of bone loss in musculoskeletal disorders

Differentiation and activation of osteoclasts play a key role in the development of musculoskeletal diseases as these cells are primarily involved in bone resorption. Osteoclasts can be generated in vitro from monocyte/macrophage precursor cells in the presence of certain cytokines, which promote survival and differentiation. Here, both in vivo and in vitro techniques are demonstrated, which allow scientists to study different cytokine contributions towards osteoclast differentiation, signaling, and activation. The minicircle DNA delivery gene transfer system provides an alternative method to establish an osteoporosis-related model is particularly useful to study the efficacy of various pharmacological inhibitors in vivo. Similarly, in vitro culturing protocols for producing osteoclasts from human precursor cells in the presence of specific cytokines enables scientists to study osteoclastogenesis in human cells for translational applications. Combined, these techniques have the potential to accelerate drug discovery efforts for osteoclast-specific targeted therapeutics, which may benefit millions of osteoporosis and arthritis patients worldwide.

Aquí, una técnica de transferencia de gen nuevo para la diferenciación de los osteoclastos in vivo y protocolos de cultivo de células para la diferenciación de células precursoras en los osteoclastos in vitro como un método para estudiar los efectos de las citoquinas en la osteoclastogénesis se describen. En la Figura 1, se muestran los resultados representativos de la transferencia de genes exitosa de GFP y ratón sRANKL MC en ratones. En la Figura 2, se muest...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders at JoVE.com

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

Differentiation of precursor cells into osteoclasts is regulated by cytokines and growth factors. Here, a novel gene transfer technique for differentiation of osteoclasts in vivo and cell culture protocols for differentiating precursor cells into osteoclasts in vitro as a method to study the effects of cytokines on osteoclastogenesis are described.

A Novel<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Técnica de transferencia de genes y<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; ensayos basados ​​en células para el estudio de la pérdida ósea en los trastornos musculoesqueléticos

Differentiation and activation of osteoclasts play a key role in the development of musculoskeletal diseases as these cells are primarily involved in bone ...

a-novel-vivo-gene-transfer-technique-vitro-cell-based-assays-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

11.6K vistas.  University of California, Davis. Differentiation of precursor cells into osteoclasts is regulated by cytokines and growth factors. Here, a novel gene transfer technique for differentiation of osteoclasts in vivo and cell culture protocols for differentiating precursor cells into osteoclasts in vitro as a method to study the effects of cytokines on osteoclastogenesis are described. 

Video: A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is often accompanied by osteoporosis in the sublesional regions of the pelvis and lower extremities, leading to a higher frequency of fractures 1. As these fractures often occur in regions that have lost normal sensory function, the patient is at a greater risk of fracture-dependent pathologies, including death. SCI-dependent loss in both bone mineral density (BMD, grams/cm2) and bone mineral content (BMC, grams) has been attributed to mechanical disuse 2, aberrant neuronal signaling 3 and hormonal changes 4. The use of rodent models of SCI-induced osteoporosis can provide invaluable information regarding the mechanisms underlying the development of osteoporosis following SCI as well as a test environment for the generation of new therapies 5-7 (and reviewed in 8). Mouse models of SCI are of great interest as they permit a reductionist approach to mechanism-based assessment through the use of null and transgenic mice. While such models have provided important data, there is still a need for minimally-invasive, reliable, reproducible, and quantifiable methods in determining the extent of bone loss following SCI, particularly over time and within the same cohort of experimental animals, to improve diagnosis, treatment methods, and/or prevention of SCI-induced osteoporosis.
An ideal method for measuring bone density in rodents would allow multiple, sequential (over time) exposures to low-levels of X-ray radiation. This study describes the use of a new whole-animal scanner, the IVIS Lumina XR (Caliper Instruments) that can be used to provide low-energy (1-3 milligray (mGy)) high-resolution, high-magnification X-ray images of mouse hind limb bones over time following SCI. Significant bone density loss was seen in the tibiae of mice by 10 days post-spinal transection when compared to uninjured, age-matched control (na&iuml;ve) mice (13% decrease, p&lt;0.0005). Loss of bone density in the distal femur was also detectable by day 10 post-SCI, while a loss of density in the proximal femur was not detectable until 40 days post injury (7% decrease, p&lt;0.05). SCI-dependent loss of mouse femur density was confirmed post-mortem through the use of Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), the current "gold standard" for bone density measurements. We detect a 12% loss of BMC in the femurs of mice at 40 days post-SCI using the IVIS Lumina XR. This compares favorably with a previously reported BMC loss of 13.5% by Picard and colleagues who used DXA analysis on mouse femurs post-mortem 30 days post-SCI 9. Our results suggest that the IVIS Lumina XR provides a novel, high-resolution/high-magnification method for performing long-term, longitudinal measurements of hind limb bone density in the mouse following SCI.

Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology

A longitudinal examination of bone loss in the femurs and tibiae of adult mice was performed following spinal cord injury using sequential low-dose X-ray scans. Tibia bone loss was detected throughout the study, while bone loss in the femur was not detected until 40 days post injury.

Evaluación longitudinal de ratón posteriores pérdida de masa ósea del miembro después de una lesión de la médula espinal utilizando Novel, En vivo Metodología

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is often accompanied by osteoporosis in the sublesional regions of the pelvis and lower extremities, leading to a higher ...

Investigación

Medicina

Drug Treatment and In Vivo Imaging of Osteoblast-Osteoclast Interactions in a Medaka Fish Osteoporosis Model

Bone-forming osteoblasts interact with bone-resorbing osteoclasts to coordinate the turnover of bone matrix and to control skeletal homeostasis. Medaka and zebrafish larvae are widely used to analyze the behavior of bone cells during bone formation, degeneration, and repair. Their optical clarity allows the visualization of fluorescently labeled bone cells and fluorescent dyes bound to the mineralized skeletal matrix. Our lab has generated transgenic medaka fish that express the osteoclast-inducing factor Receptor Activator of Nuclear-factor &#954;B Ligand (RANKL) under the control of a heat&#160;shock-inducible promoter. Ectopic expression of RANKL results in the excess formation of activated osteoclasts, which can be visualized in reporter lines with nlGFP expression under the control of the cathepsin K (ctsk) promoter. RANKL induction and ectopic osteoclast formation leads to severe osteoporosis-like phenotypes. Compound transgenic medaka lines that express ctsk:nlGFP in osteoclasts, as well as mCherry under the control of the osterix (osx) promoter in premature osteoblasts, can be used to study the interaction of both cell types. This facilitates the in vivo observation of cellular behavior under conditions of bone degeneration and repair. Here, we describe the use of this system to test a drug commonly used in human osteoporosis therapy and describe a protocol for live imaging. The medaka model complements studies in cell culture and mice, and offers a novel system for the in vivo analysis of drug action in the skeletal system.

Drug Treatment and In Vivo Imaging of Osteoblast-Osteoclast Interactions in a Medaka Fish Osteoporosis Model

Small laboratory fish have become popular models for bone research on the mechanisms underlying human bone disorders and for the screening of bone-modulating drugs. In this report, we describe a protocol to assess the effect of alendronate on bone cells in medaka larvae with osteoporotic lesions.

El tratamiento de drogas y<em&gt; En Vivo</em&gt; Imagen de osteoblasto-osteoclastos Interacciones en un modelo Medaka pescado osteoporosis

Bone-forming osteoblasts interact with bone-resorbing osteoclasts to coordinate the turnover of bone matrix and to control skeletal homeostasis. Medaka ...

Biología del Desarrollo

Models of Bone Metastasis

Bone metastases are a common occurrence in several malignancies, including breast, prostate, and lung. Once established in bone, tumors are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality1. Thus, there is a significant need to understand the molecular mechanisms controlling the establishment, growth and activity of tumors in bone. Several in vivo models have been established to study these events and each has specific benefits and limitations. The most commonly used model utilizes intracardiac inoculation of tumor cells directly into the arterial blood supply of athymic (nude) BalbC mice. This procedure can be applied to many different tumor types (including PC-3 prostate cancer, lung carcinoma, and mouse mammary fat pad tumors); however, in this manuscript we will focus on the breast cancer model, MDA-MB-231. In this model we utilize a highly bone-selective clone, originally derived in Dr. Mundy's group in San Antonio2, that has since been transfected for GFP expression and re-cloned by our group3. This clone is a bone metastatic variant with a high rate of osteotropism and very little metastasis to lung, liver, or adrenal glands. While intracardiac injections are most commonly used for studies of bone metastasis2, in certain instances intratibial4 or mammary fat pad injections are more appropriate. Intracardiac injections are typically performed when using human tumor cells with the goal of monitoring later stages of metastasis, specifically the ability of cancer cells to arrest in bone, survive, proliferate, and establish tumors that develop into cancer-induced bone disease. Intratibial injections are performed if focusing on the relationship of cancer cells and bone after a tumor has metastasized to bone, which correlates roughly to established metastatic bone disease. Neither of these models recapitulates early steps in the metastatic process prior to embolism and entry of tumor cells into the circulation. If monitoring primary tumor growth or metastasis from the primary site to bone, then mammary fat pad inoculations are usually preferred; however, very few tumor cell lines will consistently metastasize to bone from the primary site, with 4T1 bone-preferential clones, a mouse mammary carcinoma, being the exception 5,6.
This manuscript details inoculation procedures and highlights key steps in post inoculation analyses. Specifically, it includes cell culture, tumor cell inoculation procedures for intracardiac and intratibial inoculations, as well as brief information regarding weekly monitoring by x-ray, fluorescence and histomorphometric analyses.

Animal models are frequently utilized to study cancer metastasis to bone. In this protocol we will describe two common methods of tumor inoculation for bone metastasis studies and briefly describe some of the analyses utilized to monitor and quantify these models.

Los modelos de metástasis en los huesos

Bone metastases are a common occurrence in several malignancies, including breast, prostate, and lung. Once established in bone, tumors are responsible ...

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone

Primary bone tumors or bone metastasis from solid tumors result in painful osteolytic, osteoblastic, or mixed osteolytic/osteoblastic lesions. These lesions compromise bone structure, increase the risk of pathologic fracture, and leave patients with limited treatment options. Primary bone tumors metastasize to distant organs, with some types capable of spreading to other skeletal sites. However, recent evidence suggests that with many solid tumors, cancer cells that have spread to bone may be the primary source of cells that ultimately metastasize to other organ systems. Most syngeneic or xenograft mouse models of primary bone tumors involve intra-osseous (orthotopic) injection of tumor cell suspensions. Some animal models of skeletal metastasis from solid tumors also depend on direct bone injection, while others attempt to recapitulate additional steps of the bone metastatic cascade by injecting cells intravascularly or into the organ of the primary tumor. However, none of these models develop bone metastasis reliably or with an incidence of 100%. In addition, direct intra-osseous injection of tumor cells has been shown to be associated with potential tumor embolization of the lung. These embolic tumor cells engraft but do not recapitulate the metastatic cascade. We reported a mouse model of osteosarcoma in which fresh or cryopreserved tumor fragments (consisting of tumor cells plus stroma) are implanted directly into the proximal tibia using a minimally invasive surgical technique. These animals developed reproducible engraftment, growth, and, over time, osteolysis and lung metastasis. This technique has the versatility to be used to model solid tumor bone metastasis and can readily employ grafts consisting of one or multiple cell types, genetically-modified cells, patient-derived xenografts, and/or labeled cells that can be tracked by optical or advanced imaging. Here, we demonstrate this technique, modeling primary bone tumors and bone metastasis using solid tumor graft implantation into bone.

Bone metastasis models do not develop metastasis uniformly or with a 100% incidence. Direct intra-osseous tumor cell injection can result in embolization of the lung. We present our technique modeling primary bone tumors and bone metastasis using solid tumor graft implantation into bone, leading to reproducible engraftment and growth.

Modelado de tumores óseos primarios y metástasis óseas con implantación de injerto de tumor sólido en hueso

Primary bone tumors or bone metastasis from solid tumors result in painful osteolytic, osteoblastic, or mixed osteolytic/osteoblastic lesions. These ...

Investigación sobre el cáncer

Sequential In vivo Imaging of Osteogenic Stem/Progenitor Cells During Fracture Repair

Bone turns over continuously and is highly regenerative following injury. Osteogenic stem/progenitor cells have long been hypothesized to exist, but in vivo demonstration of such cells has only recently been attained. Here, in vivo imaging techniques to investigate the role of endogenous osteogenic stem/progenitor cells (OSPCs) and their progeny in bone repair are provided. Using osteo-lineage cell tracing models and intravital imaging of induced microfractures in calvarial bone, OSPCs can be directly observed during the first few days after injury, in which critical events in the early repair process occur. Injury sites can be sequentially imaged revealing that OSPCs relocate to the injury, increase in number and differentiate into bone forming osteoblasts. These methods offer a means of investigating the role of stem cell-intrinsic and extrinsic molecular regulators for bone regeneration and repair.

Sequential In vivo Imaging of Osteogenic Stem/Progenitor Cells During Fracture Repair

Quantitative measurement of bone progenitor function in fracture healing requires high resolution serial imaging technology. Here, protocols are provided for using intravital microscopy and osteo-lineage tracking to sequentially image and quantify the migration, proliferation and differentiation of endogenous osteogenic stem/progenitor cells in the process of repairing bone fracture.

Secuencial<em&gt; En vivo</em&gt; Imagen de células madre / progenitoras osteogénicas durante la reparación de la fractura

Bone turns over continuously and is highly regenerative following injury. Osteogenic stem/progenitor cells have long been hypothesized to exist, but in ...

Visualizing Angiogenesis by Multiphoton Microscopy In Vivo in Genetically Modified 3D-PLGA/nHAp Scaffold for Calvarial Critical Bone Defect Repair

The reconstruction of critically sized bone defects remains a serious clinical problem because of poor angiogenesis within tissue-engineered scaffolds during repair, which gives rise to a lack of sufficient blood supply and causes necrosis of the new tissues. Rapid vascularization is a vital prerequisite for new tissue survival and integration with existing host tissue. The de novo generation of vasculature in scaffolds is one of the most important steps in making bone regeneration more efficient, allowing repairing tissue to grow into a scaffold. To tackle this problem, the genetic modification of a biomaterial scaffold is used to accelerate angiogenesis and osteogenesis. However, visualizing and tracking in vivo blood vessel formation in real-time and in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds or new bone tissue is still an obstacle for bone tissue engineering. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a novel bio-imaging modality that can acquire volumetric data from biological structures in a high-resolution and minimally-invasive manner. The objective of this study was to visualize angiogenesis with multiphoton microscopy in vivo in a genetically modified 3D-PLGA/nHAp scaffold for calvarial critical bone defect repair. PLGA/nHAp scaffolds were functionalized for the sustained delivery of a growth factor pdgf-b gene carrying lentiviral vectors (LV-pdgfb) in order to facilitate angiogenesis and to enhance bone regeneration. In a scaffold-implanted calvarial critical bone defect mouse model, the blood vessel areas (BVAs) in PHp scaffolds were significantly higher than in PH scaffolds. Additionally, the expression of pdgf-b and angiogenesis-related genes, vWF and VEGFR2, increased correspondingly. MicroCT analysis indicated that the new bone formation in the PHp group dramatically improved compared to the other groups. To our knowledge, this is the first time multiphoton microscopy was used in bone tissue-engineering to investigate angiogenesis in a 3D bio-degradable scaffold in vivo and in real-time.

Visualizing Angiogenesis by Multiphoton Microscopy In Vivo in Genetically Modified 3D-PLGA/nHAp Scaffold for Calvarial Critical Bone Defect Repair

Here, we present a protocol to visualize blood vessel formation in vivo and in real-time in 3D scaffolds by multiphoton microscopy. Angiogenesis in genetically modified scaffolds was studied in a murine calvarial critical bone defect model. More new blood vessels were detected in the treatment group than in controls.

Visualización de angiogénesis por microscopía multifotón En Vivo en modificados genéticamente 3D-PLGA/nHAp andamio para Calvarial críticos de la reparación del defecto óseo

The reconstruction of critically sized bone defects remains a serious clinical problem because of poor angiogenesis within tissue-engineered scaffolds ...

Bioingeniería

Femur Window Chamber Model for In Vivo Cell Tracking in the Murine Bone Marrow

Bone marrow is a complex organ that contains various hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. These cells are involved in many biological processes, including hematopoiesis, immune regulation and tumor regulation. Commonly used methods for understanding cellular actions in the bone marrow, such as histology and blood counts, provide static information rather than capturing the dynamic action of multiple cellular components in vivo. To complement the standard methods, a window chamber (WC)-based model was developed to enable serial in vivo imaging of cells and structures in the murine bone marrow. This protocol describes a surgical procedure for installing the WC in the femur, in order to facilitate long-term optical access to the femoral bone marrow. In particular, to demonstrate its experimental utility, this WC approach was used to image and track neutrophils within the vascular network of the femur, thereby providing a novel method to visualize and quantify immune cell trafficking and regulation in the bone marrow. This method can be applied to study various biological processes in the murine bone marrow, such as hematopoiesis, stem cell transplantation, and immune responses in pathological conditions, including cancer.

Femur Window Chamber Model for In Vivo Cell Tracking in the Murine Bone Marrow

The protocol describes a novel murine femur window chamber model that can be used to track movement of cells in the femoral bone marrow in vivo. Intravital multiphoton fluorescence microscopy is used to image three components of the femoral bone marrow (vasculature, collagen matrix, and neutrophils) over time.

Fémur Window Cámara Modelo de<em&gt; En Vivo</em&gt; Seguimiento de la célula de la médula ósea murina

Bone marrow is a complex organ that contains various hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. These cells are involved in many biological processes, ...

Inmunología e Infección

Semiautomated Longitudinal Microcomputed Tomography-based Quantitative Structural Analysis of a Nude Rat Osteoporosis-related Vertebral Fracture Model

Osteoporosis-related vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) are a common and clinically unmet need with increasing prevalence as the world population ages. Animal OVCF models are essential to the preclinical development of translational tissue engineering strategies. While a number of models currently exist, this protocol describes an optimized method for inducing multiple highly reproducible vertebral defects in a single nude rat. A novel longitudinal semiautomated microcomputed tomography (&#181;CT)-based quantitative structural analysis of the vertebral defects is also detailed. Briefly, rats were imaged at multiple time points post-op. The day 1 scan was reoriented to a standard position, and a standard volume of interest was defined. Subsequent &#181;CT scans of each rat were automatically registered to the day 1 scan so the same volume of interest was then analyzed to assess for new bone formation. This versatile approach can be adapted to a variety of other models where longitudinal imaging-based analysis could benefit from precise 3D semiautomated alignment. Taken together, this protocol describes a readily quantifiable and easily reproducible system for osteoporosis and bone research. The suggested protocol takes 4 months to induce osteoporosis in nude ovariectomized rats and between 2.7 and 4 h to generate, image, and analyze two vertebral defects, depending on tissue size and equipment.

The goal of this protocol is to generate a nude rat osteoporosis-related vertebral compression fracture model that can be longitudinally evaluated in vivo using a semiautomated microcomputed tomography-based quantitative structural analysis.

Semiautomatizado Longitudinal basado en la tomografía Microcomputed cuantitativo análisis estructural de un modelo de rata desnuda fractura Vertebral relacionada con la Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis-related vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) are a common and clinically unmet need with increasing prevalence as the world population ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Células derivadas de osteoorganoides para un TCMH eficaz en ratones irradiados

In Vivo Osteo-organoid Approach for Harvesting Therapeutic Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) requires a sufficient number of therapeutic hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). To identify an adequate source of HSPCs, we developed an in vivo osteo-organoid by implanting scaffolds loaded with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) into an internal muscle pouch near the femur in mice. After 12 weeks of implantation, we retrieved the in vivo osteo-organoids and conducted flow cytometry analysis on HPSCs, revealing a significant presence of HSPC subsets within the in vivo osteo-organoids.
We then established a sublethal model of hematopoietic/immune system injury in mice through radiation and performed hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) by injecting the extracted osteo-organoid-derived cells into the peripheral blood of radiated mice. The effect of hematopoietic recovery was evaluated through hematological, peripheral blood chimerism, and solid organ chimerism analyses. The results confirmed that in vivo osteo-organoid-derived cells can rapidly and efficiently reconstruct damaged peripheral and solid immune organs in irradiated mice. This approach holds potential as an alternative source of HSPCs for HSCT, offering benefits to a larger number of patients.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Enfoque osteo-organoide in vivo para la recolección de células madre/progenitoras hematopoyéticas terapéuticas

Here, we established in vivo osteo-organoids triggered by bone morphogenetic protein-2-loaded gelatin scaffolds to harvest therapeutic hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells for the reconstruction of a damaged hematopoietic and immune system. Overall, this approach can provide a promising cell source for cell therapies.

Enfoque osteo-organoide in vivo para la recolección de células madre/progenitoras hematopoyéticas terapéuticas

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) requires a sufficient number of therapeutic hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). To identify an ...

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Evaluación longitudinal de ratón posteriores pérdida de masa ósea del miembro después de una lesión de la médula espinal utilizando Novel, En vivo Metodología

El tratamiento de drogas y

Los modelos de metástasis en los huesos

Modelado de tumores óseos primarios y metástasis óseas con implantación de injerto de tumor sólido en hueso

Secuencial

Visualización de angiogénesis por microscopía multifotón En Vivo en modificados genéticamente 3D-PLGA/nHAp andamio para Calvarial críticos de la reparación del defecto óseo

Fémur Window Cámara Modelo de

Semiautomatizado Longitudinal basado en la tomografía Microcomputed cuantitativo análisis estructural de un modelo de rata desnuda fractura Vertebral relacionada con la Osteoporosis

Enfoque osteo-organoide in vivo para la recolección de células madre/progenitoras hematopoyéticas terapéuticas

Enfoque osteo-organoide in vivo para la recolección de células madre/progenitoras hematopoyéticas terapéuticas