Este trabajo fue apoyado financieramente de por el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología y el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia de la República de China (nn contrato. NSC 101 a 2.221-E-027-042 y NSC 101-2622-E-027-003-CC2). DH Wei agradece a la Universidad Nacional de Tecnología de Taipei (Taipei TECH) para el Premio Dr. Shechtman Premio.

1. Preparación y limpieza del soporte <ol><li> Cortar sustratos de silicio 10 mm x 10 mm a partir de Si (100) de la oblea. </li><li> Cortar 10 mm x 10 mm sustratos de vidrio. </li><li> Use limpiador ultrasónico para limpiar los sustratos de silicio y vidrio con acetona durante 10 min, alcohol durante 10 min, y luego isopropanol durante 15 min. </li><li> Enjuague los sustratos con desionizada (DI) tres veces. </li><li> Seque los sustratos con una pistola de nitrógeno. </li></ol> 2. Preparación DEZn y Preservación Nota: dietilcinc (C 2 H 5) 2 Zn, también llamado DEZn, es un compuesto orgánico de zinc altamente pirofórica que consiste en un centro de zinc unido a dos grupos etilo. Nunca trabaje solo cuando se utiliza DEZn. DEZn es muy tóxico y sensibles al oxígeno y el agua, asegúrese de no colocar la DEZn cerca del agua. Siempre usar máscaras protectoras y protección para los ojos; todos los procedimientos se deben realizar en el capó. Lo más importante, DEZn no utilizada debe be almacena en un entorno de 5 ° C. Nota: Para el primer uso de DEZn, siga el paso 2. Si no, comenzar el experimento de la etapa 3. <ol><li> Utilice la jeringa para extraer 30 ml DEZn de la botella y luego inyectar en un vaso de precipitados se coloca en un cilindro de acero. </li><li> Use un tubo de hierro galvanizado para conectar el cilindro de acero con la cámara de reacción. </li><li> Utilice la bomba mecánica y la válvula de bola de la bomba por el cilindro de acero en el entorno de vacío (para 6 Torr). Nota: DEZn será severamente reaccionar con el oxígeno, se debe mantener en el ambiente de vacío. </li><li> Guarde el inusitado DEZn en un ambiente de 5 ° C. </li></ol> Preparación 3. Cámara PECVD y síntesis de ZnO Thin Films Nota: El diagrama esquemático de plasma mejorado deposición de vapor químico se representa en la Figura 1. <ol><li> Ajuste la distancia de trabajo entre el electrodo de ducha y la etapa de la muestra a los 30 mm. </li> &lt;li&gt; Coloque los sustratos en el escenario de la muestra de la cámara de reacción en el lugar adecuado, donde hay una distancia de 3 cm de la entrada DEZn. </li><li> Abra la bomba rotativa y abrir gradualmente las válvulas de compuerta y válvula de mariposa. </li><li> Esperar hasta que la presión de fondo de la cámara del reactor es inferior a 30 mTorr. </li><li> Cierre la válvulas de compuerta y mariposa de la válvula, que se conecta a la bomba rotativa. </li><li> A continuación, abra la bomba turbo y válvulas de compuerta con respecto a llegar a alto vacío de 3 x 10 -6 Torr. </li><li> Después de alcanzar la condición de vacío necesario, abra el controlador de calor y calentar la etapa de la muestra a la temperatura de síntesis (200, 300, 400, 500, y 600 o C para diferentes parámetros del experimento). </li><li> Cuando la temperatura y la presión alcanzan la condición necesaria, cerrar la bomba turbo y luego abrir la válvula de las válvulas de compuerta y mariposa que se conecta a la bomba rotativa de forma simultánea. </li><li> A continuación, abra las válvulas de entrada de gas y encender el argón gcomo controlador de flujo de forma simultánea. </li><li> El flujo del gas argón (0,167 ml / seg) en la cámara. </li><li> Ajuste la presión de la cámara a 500 mTorr. </li><li> A su vez en la red RF (13,56 MHz) generador y juego, a continuación, establecer la potencia de RF a 100 W para purgar las muestras de superficie durante 15 minutos. </li><li> Después de terminar la purga de las muestras, desconecte la alimentación de RF hasta 70 W. </li><li> A continuación, encienda la válvula de control de gas dióxido de carbono y de entrada de gas. </li><li> El flujo de dióxido de carbono (0,5 ml / seg) en la cámara. </li><li> Ajuste la presión de trabajo a las 6 Torr. </li><li> Después de la presión de la cámara alcanza 6 Torr, el alto flujo de argón puro como gas portador (0,167 ml / seg) para llevar a dietilzinc (DEZn) en la cámara y la válvula de bola abierta conectado a la DEZn simultáneamente. Al mismo tiempo, iniciar la síntesis de películas de ZnO. </li><li> Continuar la síntesis plasmática de películas de ZnO durante 5 min. </li><li> Después se han sintetizado las películas de ZnO, seriatim apagar el generador de RF, válvula de bola, con el calorcontrolador y todos los controladores de flujo de gas a lo largo con las válvulas de entrada de gas. </li><li> Saque la muestra cuando la temperatura etapa de la muestra se enfría a temperatura ambiente. Nota: La velocidad de enfriamiento es de aproximadamente 1,8 ° C / min. </li></ol> 4. Preparación de interdigitada-como patrón a medida que se sintetiza ZnO Thin Film Nota: El esquema de proceso de litografía se representa en la Figura 3. <ol><li> Use un plato caliente para cocer la muestra de ZnO tal como se sintetiza a 150 ° C durante 10 min. </li><li> Coloque la muestra en la recubridora de rotación, y luego dispensar la solución líquida de resina fotosensible (S1813) con 100 l sobre la muestra ZnO. </li><li> Ejecute el revestidor giran a 800 rpm durante 10 segundos y luego acelerar a 3000 rpm durante 30 segundos para producir una capa uniforme delgada. </li><li> Hornear suave la muestra de ZnO fotoprotector recubierto a 105 ° C durante 90 segundos. </li><li> Después de la suave-hornear, utilizar la luz UV para exponer la muestra trou fotoprotector recubiertogh una fotomáscara por alineador de máscara. El tiempo de exposición es 2 segundos y el poder es de 400 W. Nota:. El patrón de fotomáscara está diseñado como interdigitados-like, que es de 0,03 mm de ancho y 4 mm de largo (14 pares) y tiene un espaciamiento entre electrodos de 0,15 mm como se representa en la Figura 2 Vale la pena señalar que la fotosensible total de área es 84,32 mm 2 para el detector. </li><li> Después del procedimiento de exposición, use pinzas para clip de la muestra y, a continuación, se sumergen en el revelador diluido (mezcla de 50 ml de revelador y 150 ml de agua desionizada) a través de acciones de los movimientos de balanceo de lado a lado durante 35 s para obtener la muestra desarrollada. </li><li> Enjuagar la muestra desarrollado con agua DI y seco con gas nitrógeno. </li><li> Usa el microscopio óptico para comprobar el patrón intacto. Si no, utilice acetona para eliminar la resina fotosensible y repita los pasos 4.2 a 4.7 hasta que se haya obtenido el modelo perfecto. </li><li> Duro hornear la muestra a 120 ° C durante 20 min. </li></ol><ol><li> Utilice el sistema de pulverización catódica magnetrón RF para depositar una capa delgada conductora Pt (100 nm) en la parte superior de la muestra desarrollada antes de continuar con el procedimiento de despegue química. </li><li> Ajuste la distancia entre el objetivo y el sustrato a los 13 mm. </li><li> Utilice la bomba mecánica para llegar a un vacío aproximado de 5 mTorr. </li><li> A continuación, utilice la bomba turbo para obtener un alto vacío de 7 x 10 -7 Torr. </li><li> Espere hasta que la cámara alcanza el alto vacío, cierre la bomba turbo y abra la bomba mecánica posteriormente. </li><li> El flujo de gases de argón a 0,3 ml / seg en la cámara por el controlador de flujo mas hasta que la presión de la cámara alcanzar la presión de trabajo de 100 mTorr. </li><li> Encienda la corriente directa (DC) de descarga fuente de alimentación y ajustar la potencia DC a 15 W por pulverización catódica el electrodo de película delgada Pt sobre la muestra durante 25 min. </li><li> Después de la capa de electrodo Pt ha sido depositado por sputt magnetrónmétodo Ering, sacar la muestra de la cámara. </li><li> Sumergir la muestra en el líquido acetona para el proceso de despegue química mediante limpiador ultrasónico para eliminar la fotoprotección. </li><li> Ajuste el tiempo de limpieza en 1 min para eliminar completamente fotoprotector, y luego obtener el electrodo de Pt interdigitada-como en la película delgada de ZnO. </li></ol> 6. Proceso de RTA <ol><li> Coloque la muestra Pt / ZnO como fabricado-en el sistema de RTA. </li><li> Utilice la bomba mecánica y la válvula de compuerta de la bomba por la presión de la cámara RTA a 20 mTorr. </li><li> Espere hasta que la presión de la cámara llega a 20 mTorr, el flujo de gas argón a 0,3 ml / seg en la cámara y ajustar la presión de trabajo de 5 Torr. </li><li> A continuación, establezca la velocidad de calentamiento hasta 100 ° C / min. </li><li> A continuación, recocer la muestra a 450 ° C durante 10 min. </li><li> Una vez recocido, espere hasta que la muestra se enfría hasta la temperatura ambiente, a continuación, sacar la muestra. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Los pasos críticos y modificaciones En el paso 1, los sustratos deben limpiarse a fondo y los pasos 1.3 a 1.5 seguido para asegurarse de que no hay grasa o contaminaciones orgánicas e inorgánicas en los sustratos. Cualquier grasa o contaminaciones orgánicos e inorgánicos en la superficie del sustrato reducirá significativamente la adherencia de la película. Paso 2 es el procedimiento más importante antes de que el proceso de preparación de la película d...

ZnO es un material semiconductor funcional de banda ancha-gap prometedor debido a sus propiedades únicas, tales como alta estabilidad química, de bajo coste, no toxicidad, de bajo umbral de potencia para el bombeo óptico, banda prohibida directa de ancho (3,37 eV) a TA y grandes excitón energía de enlace de ~ 60 meV 1-2. Recientemente, ZnO películas delgadas se han empleado en muchos campos de aplicación, incluyendo películas transparentes de óxido conductor (TCO), dispositivo que emite luz azul, transistores de efecto de campo, y los sensores de gas 3.6. Por otro lado, ZnO es un material candidato para reemplazar el óxido de indio y estaño (ITO), debido al indio y estaño siendo raro y caro. Por otra parte, ZnO posee una alta transmitancia óptica en la región de longitud de onda visible y baja resistividad en comparación con las películas ITO 7-8. En consecuencia, se ha informado ampliamente de fabricación, caracterización y aplicación de ZnO. El presente estudio se centra en sintetizar eje c (0002) de ZnO películas delgadas de alto por un sencillo de unad efectivamente método y su aplicación práctica hacia una célula fotoeléctrica UV. Los recientes resultados del informe de investigación indican que la alta calidad de ZnO película delgada podría ser sintetizado por diversas técnicas, tales como el método sol-gel, pulverización catódica magnetrón de radiofrecuencia, deposición de vapor químico orgánico de metal (MOCVD), y así sucesivamente 9-14. Cada técnica tiene sus ventajas y desventajas. Por ejemplo, una ventaja principal de la deposición de pulverización catódica es que los materiales de destino con muy alto punto de fusión se chisporroteaban sin esfuerzo sobre el sustrato. En contraste, el proceso de pulverización catódica es difícil de combinar con un lift-off para la estructuración de la película. En nuestro estudio, se empleó el sistema de plasma mayor deposición de vapor químico (PECVD) para sintetizar alta calidad eje c ZnO películas delgadas. Bombardeo de plasma es un factor clave en el proceso de síntesis que puede aumentar la densidad de la película delgada y mejorar la velocidad de reacción de descomposición de iones 15. EnAdemás, la alta tasa de crecimiento y de gran superficie deposición uniforme otras ventajas distintivas para la técnica PECVD. A excepción de la técnica de síntesis, la buena adherencia sobre el sustrato es otro tema considerado. En muchos estudios, el zafiro c plano xy ha sido ampliamente utilizado como sustrato para sintetizar alta eje c de ZnO películas delgadas debido a que el ZnO y el zafiro tienen la misma estructura reticular hexagonal. Sin embargo, el ZnO se sintetizó en sustrato de zafiro que exhibe morfología de la superficie áspera y altas concentraciones residuales (de defectos relacionados) portadoras debido a las grandes inadaptados de celosía entre el ZnO y el zafiro c plano xy (18%) orientadas en la dirección en el plano 16. En comparación con el sustrato de zafiro, una oblea de Si es otro sustrato ampliamente utilizado para la síntesis ZnO. Obleas de Si se han utilizado ampliamente en la industria de los semiconductores; y por lo tanto, el crecimiento de películas delgadas de ZnO de alta calidad sobre sustratos de Si es muy importante y necesario. Desafortunadamente, la estructura cristalina y el coeficiente de expansión térmica entre el ZnO y Si son obviamente diferentes dando lugar a deterioro de la calidad de cristal. Durante la década pasada, se han hecho grandes esfuerzos para mejorar la calidad de las películas finas de ZnO sobre sustratos de Si mediante el uso de diversos métodos incluyendo ZnO capas tampón 17, de recocido en varios atmósfera de gas 18, y pasivación de la superficie de sustrato de Si 19. El presente estudio ofreció con éxito un método simple y eficaz para sintetizar alta eje c ZnO película delgada sobre sustratos de Si sin ninguna capa intermedia o de pre-tratamiento. Los resultados del experimento indicaron que las películas delgadas de ZnO sintetizados bajo la temperatura óptima de crecimiento mostraron que la buena cristal y cualidades ópticas. La estructura cristalina, la composición plasma RF, morfología de la superficie, y propiedades ópticas de películas delgadas de ZnO se investigaron por difracción de rayos X (XRD), espectroscopía de emisión óptica (OES), sc campo de emisiónanning microscopía de electrones (FE-SEM), y RT de fotoluminiscencia (PL) espectros, respectivamente. Por otra parte, la transmitancia de películas delgadas de ZnO también se confirmó e informó. La película delgada ZnO tal como se sintetiza sirve como una capa de detección para la aplicación fotodetector UV también se ha investigado en este estudio. La célula fotoeléctrica UV tiene grandes aplicaciones potenciales en la vigilancia UV, conmutador óptico, alarma fuego, y el sistema de calentamiento de misiles 20-21. Hay muchos tipos de fotodetectores que se han llevado a cabo, como modo negativo intrínseco positivo (pin) y metal-semiconductor de metal (MSM) estructuras incluyendo el contacto óhmico y el contacto Schottky. Cada tipo tiene sus propias ventajas y desventajas. Actualmente, las estructuras fotodetectores HSH han atraído el interés intensiva debido a su destacada actuación en la capacidad de respuesta, fiabilidad y respuesta y el tiempo de recuperación 22-24. Los resultados presentados aquí han demostrado que se empleó el modo de contacto óhmico MSMpara la fabricación de ZnO película delgada fotodetector UV basada. Tal tipo de fotodetector típicamente revela una buena capacidad de respuesta y la fiabilidad, lo que indica que la alta eje c ZnO película delgada es una capa de detección adecuado para fotodetector UV.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>RF power supply</td>
			<td>ADVANCED ENERGY</td>
			<td>RFX-600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butterfly valve</td>
			<td>MKS</td>
			<td>253B-1-40-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mass flow conctroller</td>
			<td>PROTEC INSTRUMENTS</td>
			<td>PC-540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure conctroller</td>
			<td>MKS</td>
			<td>600 series&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heater</td>
			<td>UPGRADE INSTRUMENT CO.</td>
			<td>UI-TC 3001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sputter gun</td>
			<td>AJA INTERNATIONAL</td>
			<td>A320-HA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DEZn 1.5M</td>
			<td>ACROS ORGANIC USA, New Jersey</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>also called Diethylzinc (C2H5)2Zn</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spin coater&#160;</td>
			<td>SWIENCO</td>
			<td>PW - 490</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I-V measurement</td>
			<td>Keithley</td>
			<td>Model: 2400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photocondutive measurement&#160;</td>
			<td>Home-built</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV light sourse</td>
			<td>Panasonic</td>
			<td>ANUJ 6160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mask aligner</td>
			<td>Karl Suss</td>
			<td>MJB4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photoresist</td>
			<td>Shipley a Rohm &#38; Haas company</td>
			<td>S1813</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Developer</td>
			<td>Shipley a Rohm &#38; Haas company</td>
			<td>MF319</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicon wafer</td>
			<td>E-Light Technology Inc</td>
			<td>12/0801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass substrate</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>1737</td>
			<td>P-type / Boron</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis and characterization of high c-axis zno thin film by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition system and its uv photodetector application

En este estudio, óxido de zinc (ZnO) con películas delgadas de alta eje x (0002) orientación preferencial c se han sintetizado con éxito y eficacia sobre sustratos de silicio (Si) a través de diferentes temperaturas sintetizados mediante el uso de plasma mejorado sistema de deposición de vapor químico (PECVD). Los efectos de diferentes temperaturas sintetizados en la estructura cristalina, morfologías de superficie y propiedades ópticas han sido investigados. La difracción de rayos X (XRD) indicó que la intensidad de pico (0002) de difracción se hizo más fuerte al aumentar la temperatura hasta 400 sintetizado o C. La intensidad de difracción de (0002) pico convirtió gradualmente más débil que acompaña con apariencia de (10-10) pico de difracción como la temperatura sintetizado hasta más de 400 ° C El RT de fotoluminiscencia (PL) espectros exhibió una fuerte cercana a la banda de punta (NBE) emisión observa en alrededor de 375 nm y una insignificante nivel de profundidad (DL) de emisión situada en alrededor de 575 nm under alta eje c ZnO películas delgadas. Imágenes Campo microscopía electrónica de barrido de emisión (FE-SEM) revelaron la superficie homogénea y con una pequeña distribución de tamaño de grano. Las películas delgadas de ZnO también se han sintetizado sobre sustratos de vidrio bajo los mismos parámetros para la medición de la transmitancia. Para los fines de aplicación ultravioleta (UV) fotodetector, el platino interdigitados (Pt) de película delgada (espesor de ~ 100 nm) fabricado a través de proceso de litografía óptica convencional y la frecuencia de radio (RF) de pulverización catódica magnetrón. Con el fin de alcanzar el contacto óhmico, el dispositivo fue recocida en circunstancias de argón a 450 ° C por el sistema de recocido térmico rápido (RTA) durante 10 min. Después de las mediciones sistemáticas, la corriente-voltaje (I - V) de la curva de foto y resultados de respuesta fotocorriente actuales y dependientes del tiempo oscuros exhibió una buena capacidad de respuesta y la fiabilidad, lo que indica que la alta eje c ZnO película delgada es una capa de detección adecuadopara la aplicación fotodetector UV.

El ZnO (0002) películas delgadas con alta eje c orientación preferida se han sintetizado con éxito sobre los sustratos de Si mediante el sistema de PECVD. El dióxido de carbono (CO 2) y el dietilzinc (DEZn) fueron utilizados como precursores de oxígeno y zinc, respectivamente. La estructura cristalina de las películas delgadas de ZnO se caracterizó por difracción de rayos X (Figura 4), ​​indicando que la película delgada ZnO sintetizó a 400 ° C con el pico (...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis and Characterization of High c-axis ZnO Thin Film by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition System and its UV Photodetector Application at JoVE.c

Synthesis and Characterization of High c-axis ZnO Thin Film by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition System and its UV Photodetector Application

We offered a method to directly synthesize high c-axis (0002) ZnO thin film by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The as-synthesized ZnO thin film combined with Pt interdigitated electrode was used as sensing layer for ultraviolet photodetector, showing a high performance through a combination of its good responsivity and reliability.

Síntesis y Caracterización de alta eje c ZnO Thin Film por Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition System y su Fotodetector Aplicación UV

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films with high c-axis (0002) preferential orientation have been successfully and effectively synthesized onto ...

synthesis-characterization-high-c-axis-zno-thin-film-plasma-enhanced

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

15.1K vistas.  National Taipei University of Technology (TAIPEI TECH). We offered a method to directly synthesize high c-axis (0002) ZnO thin film by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The as-synthesized ZnO thin film combined with Pt interdigitated electrode was used as sensing layer for ultraviolet photodetector, showing a high performance through a combination of its good responsivity and reliability.

Video: Synthesis and Characterization of High c-axis ZnO Thin Film by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition System and its UV Photodetector Application

Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To compensate for lower light absorption such physically thin devices have to incorporate light-trapping which increases their optical thickness. Light scattering by textured surfaces is a common technique but it cannot be universally applied to all solar cell technologies. Some cells, for example those made of evaporated silicon, are planar as produced and they require an alternative light-trapping means suitable for planar devices. Metal nanoparticles formed on planar silicon cell surface and capable of light scattering due to surface plasmon resonance is an effective approach.
The paper presents a fabrication procedure of evaporated polycrystalline silicon solar cells with plasmonic light-trapping and demonstrates how the cell quantum efficiency improves due to presence of metal nanoparticles.
To fabricate the cells a film consisting of alternative boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers is deposited on glass substrate by electron beam evaporation. An Initially amorphous film is crystallised and electronic defects are mitigated by annealing and hydrogen passivation. Metal grid contacts are applied to the layers of opposite polarity to extract electricity generated by the cell. Typically, such a ~2 &mu;m thick cell has a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 14-16 mA/cm2, which can be increased up to 17-18 mA/cm2 (~25% higher) after application of a simple diffuse back reflector made of a white paint.
To implement plasmonic light-trapping a silver nanoparticle array is formed on the metallised cell silicon surface. A precursor silver film is deposited on the cell by thermal evaporation and annealed at 23&deg;C to form silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticle size and coverage, which affect plasmonic light-scattering, can be tuned for enhanced cell performance by varying the precursor film thickness and its annealing conditions. An optimised nanoparticle array alone results in cell Jsc enhancement of about 28%, similar to the effect of the diffuse reflector. The photocurrent can be further increased by coating the nanoparticles by a low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2, and applying the diffused reflector. The complete plasmonic cell structure comprises the polycrystalline silicon film, a silver nanoparticle array, a layer of MgF2, and a diffuse reflector. The Jsc for such cell is 21-23 mA/cm2, up to 45% higher than Jsc of the original cell without light-trapping or ~25% higher than Jsc for the cell with the diffuse reflector only.
Introduction
Light-trapping in silicon solar cells is commonly achieved via light scattering at textured interfaces. Scattered light travels through a cell at oblique angles for a longer distance and when such angles exceed the critical angle at the cell interfaces the light is permanently trapped in the cell by total internal reflection (Animation 1: Light-trapping). Although this scheme works well for most solar cells, there are developing technologies where ultra-thin Si layers are produced planar (e.g. layer-transfer technologies and epitaxial c-Si layers) 1 and or when such layers are not compatible with textures substrates (e.g. evaporated silicon) 2. For such originally planar Si layer alternative light trapping approaches, such as diffuse white paint reflector 3, silicon plasma texturing 4 or high refractive index nanoparticle reflector 5 have been suggested.
Metal nanoparticles can effectively scatter incident light into a higher refractive index material, like silicon, due to the surface plasmon resonance effect 6. They also can be easily formed on the planar silicon cell surface thus offering a light-trapping approach alternative to texturing. For a nanoparticle located at the air-silicon interface the scattered light fraction coupled into silicon exceeds 95% and a large faction of that light is scattered at angles above critical providing nearly ideal light-trapping condition (Animation 2: Plasmons on NP). The resonance can be tuned to the wavelength region, which is most important for a particular cell material and design, by varying the nanoparticle average size, surface coverage and local dielectric environment 6,7. Theoretical design principles of plasmonic nanoparticle solar cells have been suggested 8. In practice, Ag nanoparticle array is an ideal light-trapping partner for poly-Si thin-film solar cells because most of these design principle are naturally met. The simplest way of forming nanoparticles by thermal annealing of a thin precursor Ag film results in a random array with a relatively wide size and shape distribution, which is particularly suitable for light-trapping because such an array has a wide resonance peak, covering the wavelength range of 700-900 nm, important for poly-Si solar cell performance. The nanoparticle array can only be located on the rear poly-Si cell surface thus avoiding destructive interference between incident and scattered light which occurs for front-located nanoparticles 9. Moreover, poly-Si thin-film cells do not requires a passivating layer and the flat base-shaped nanoparticles (that naturally result from thermal annealing of a metal film) can be directly placed on silicon further increases plasmonic scattering efficiency due to surface plasmon-polariton resonance 10.
The cell with the plasmonic nanoparticle array as described above can have a photocurrent about 28% higher than the original cell. However, the array still transmits a significant amount of light which escapes through the rear of the cell and does not contribute into the current. This loss can be mitigated by adding a rear reflector to allow catching transmitted light and re-directing it back to the cell. Providing sufficient distance between the reflector and the nanoparticles (a few hundred nanometers) the reflected light will then experience one more plasmonic scattering event while passing through the nanoparticle array on re-entering the cell and the reflector itself can be made diffuse - both effects further facilitating light scattering and hence light-trapping. Importantly, the Ag nanoparticles have to be encapsulated with an inert and low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2 or SiO2, from the rear reflector to avoid mechanical and chemical damage 7. Low refractive index for this cladding layer is required to maintain a high coupling fraction into silicon and larger scattering angles, which are ensured by the high optical contrast between the media on both sides of the nanoparticle, silicon and dielectric 6. The photocurrent of the plasmonic cell with the diffuse rear reflector can be up to 45% higher than the current of the original cell or up to 25% higher than the current of an equivalent cell with the diffuse reflector only.

Polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells on glass are fabricated by deposition of boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers followed by crystallisation, defect passivation and metallisation. Plasmonic light-trapping is introduced by forming Ag nanoparticles on the silicon cell surface capped with a diffused reflector resulting in ~45% photocurrent enhancement.

De silicio policristalino película delgada de células solares con plasmónica mejorada luz que atrapa

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To ...

Investigación

Ingeniería

Encapsulation and Permeability Characteristics of Plasma Polymerized Hollow Particles

In this protocol, core-shell nanostructures are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We produce an amorphous barrier by plasma polymerization of isopropanol on various solid substrates, including silica and potassium chloride. This versatile technique is used to treat nanoparticles and nanopowders with sizes ranging from 37 nm to 1 micron, by depositing films whose thickness can be anywhere from 1 nm to upwards of 100 nm. Dissolution of the core allows us to study the rate of permeation through the film. In these experiments, we determine the diffusion coefficient of KCl through the barrier film by coating KCL nanocrystals and subsequently monitoring the ionic conductivity of the coated particles suspended in water. The primary interest in this process is the encapsulation and delayed release of solutes. The thickness of the shell is one of the independent variables by which we control the rate of release. It has a strong effect on the rate of release, which increases from a six-hour release (shell thickness is 20 nm) to a long-term release over 30 days (shell thickness is 95 nm). The release profile shows a characteristic behavior: a fast release (35% of the final materials) during the first five minutes after the beginning of the dissolution, and a slower release till all of the core materials come out.

We have used plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition to deposit thin films ranging from a few nm to several 100 nm on nano-sized particles of various materials. We subsequently etch the core material to produce hollow nanoshells whose permeability is controlled by the thickness of the shell. We characterize the permeability of these coatings to small solutes and demonstrate that these barriers can provide sustained release of the core material over several days.

Encapsulación y permeabilidad Características de las partículas de plasma polimerizado Hollow

In this protocol, core-shell nanostructures are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We produce an amorphous barrier by plasma ...

Nanomoulding of Functional Materials, a Versatile Complementary Pattern Replication Method to Nanoimprinting

We describe a nanomoulding technique which allows low-cost nanoscale patterning of functional materials, materials stacks and full devices. Nanomoulding combined with layer transfer enables the replication of arbitrary surface patterns from a master structure onto the functional material. Nanomoulding can be performed on any nanoimprinting setup and can be applied to a wide range of materials and deposition processes. In particular we demonstrate the fabrication of patterned transparent zinc oxide electrodes for light trapping applications in solar cells.

We describe a nanomoulding technique which allows low-cost nanoscale patterning of functional materials, materials stacks and full devices. Nanomoulding can be performed on any nanoimprinting setup and can be applied to a wide range of materials and deposition processes.

Nanomoulding de Functional Materials, un versátil método complementario para la replicación de patrones para nanoimpresión

We describe a nanomoulding technique which  allows low-cost nanoscale patterning of functional materials, materials stacks  and full devices. Nanomoulding ...

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary interiors, design materials with novel properties, understand the mechanical behavior of materials exposed to very high stresses as in explosions or impacts. Synthesis and structural analysis of materials at extreme conditions of pressure and temperature entails remarkable technical challenges. In the laser heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC), very high pressure is generated between the tips of two opposing diamond anvils forced against each other; focused infrared laser beams, shined through the diamonds, allow to reach very high temperatures on samples absorbing the laser radiation. When the LH-DAC is installed in a synchrotron beamline that provides extremely brilliant x-ray radiation, the structure of materials under extreme conditions can be probed in situ. LH-DAC samples, although very small, can show highly variable grain size, phase and chemical composition. In order to obtain the high resolution structural analysis and the most comprehensive characterization of a sample, we collect diffraction data in 2D grids and combine powder, single crystal and multigrain diffraction techniques. Representative results obtained in the synthesis of a new iron oxide, Fe4O5 1 will be shown.

The laser heated diamond anvil cell combined with synchrotron micro-diffraction techniques allows researchers to explore the nature and properties of new phases of matter at extreme pressure and temperature (PT) conditions. Heterogeneous samples can be characterized in situ under high pressure by 2D mapping and combined powder, single-crystal and multigrain diffraction approaches.

Síntesis y microdifracción a presiones y temperaturas extremas

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary ...

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate absorber material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. SnS offers easy phase control and rapid growth by congruent thermal evaporation, and it absorbs visible light strongly. However, for a long time the record power conversion efficiency of SnS solar cells remained below 2%. Recently we demonstrated new certified record efficiencies of 4.36% using SnS deposited by atomic layer deposition, and 3.88% using thermal evaporation. Here the fabrication procedure for these record solar cells is described, and the statistical distribution of the fabrication process is reported. The standard deviation of efficiency measured on a single substrate is typically over 0.5%. All steps including substrate selection and cleaning, Mo sputtering for the rear contact (cathode), SnS deposition, annealing, surface passivation, Zn(O,S) buffer layer selection and deposition, transparent conductor (anode) deposition, and metallization are described. On each substrate we fabricate 11 individual devices, each with active area 0.25 cm2. Further, a system for high throughput measurements of current-voltage curves under simulated solar light, and external quantum efficiency measurement with variable light bias is described. With this system we are able to measure full data sets on all 11 devices in an automated manner and in minimal time. These results illustrate the value of studying large sample sets, rather than focusing narrowly on the highest performing devices. Large data sets help us to distinguish and remedy individual loss mechanisms affecting our devices.

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication procedure of the SnS solar cells employing atomic layer deposition, which yields 4.36% certified power conversion efficiency, and thermal evaporation which yields 3.88%.

Haciendo eficiencia Registro SnS Células solares por evaporación térmica y la deposición de capas atómicas

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate absorber material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. SnS offers easy phase control and rapid growth by congruent ...

Preparation of ZnO Nanorod/Graphene/ZnO Nanorod Epitaxial Double Heterostructure for Piezoelectrical Nanogenerator by Using Preheating Hydrothermal

Well-aligned ZnO nanostructures have been intensively studied over the last decade for remarkable physical properties and enormous applications. Here, we describe a one-step fabrication technique to synthesis freestanding ZnO nanorod/graphene/ZnO nanorod double heterostructure. The preparation of the double heterostructure is performed by using thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and preheating hydrothermal technique. In addition, the morphological properties were characterized by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The utility of freestanding double heterostructure is demonstrated by fabricating the piezoelectric nanogenerator. The electrical output is improved up to 200% compared to that of a single heterostructure owing to the coupling effect of the piezoelectricity between the arrays of ZnO nanorods on the top and bottom of graphene. This unique double heterostructure have a tremendous potential for applications of electrical and optoelectrical devices where the high number density and specific surface area of nanorod are needed, such as pressure sensor, immuno-biosensor and dye-sensitized solar cells.

One-step fabrication method for obtaining freestanding epitaxial double heterostructure is presented. This approach could achieve ZnO coverage with a higher number density than that of the epitaxial single heterostructure, leading to a piezoelectric nanogenerator with an increased output electrical performance.

Preparación de ZnO nanorod / grafeno / ZnO nanorod epitaxialLa heteroestructura doble para piezoeléctricas nanogenerador mediante precalentamiento Hidrotermal

Well-aligned ZnO nanostructures have been intensively studied over the last decade for remarkable physical properties and enormous applications. Here, we ...

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction of degradation mechanisms and prevention of module field failure can consequently decrease investment risks as well as increase the electricity yield. An improved knowledge level can for these reasons significantly decrease the total costs of PV electricity. 
In order to better understand and minimize the degradation of PV modules, the occurring degradation mechanisms and conditions should be identified. This should preferably happen under combined stresses, since modules in the field are also simultaneously exposed to multiple stress factors. Therefore, two 'Combined Stress test with in situ measurement' setups have been designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, illumination, and electrical biases as independently controlled stress factors on solar cells and minimodules. The setups also allow real-time monitoring of the electrical properties of these samples. This protocol presents these setups and describes the experimental possibilities. Moreover, results obtained with these setups are also presented: various examples about the influence of both deposition and degradation conditions on the stability of thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) as well as Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTS) solar cells are described. Results on the temperature dependency of CIGS solar cells are also presented.

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for CuIn,GaSe2 Solar Cells

Two &#39;Combined Stress test with in situ measurement&#39; setups, which allow real-time monitoring of accelerated degradation of solar cells and modules, were designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, electrical biases, and illumination as independently controlled stress factors. The setups and various experiments executed are presented.

In Situ Monitoreo de la degradación de rendimiento acelerado de células solares y módulos: un estudio de caso para celdas solares de Cu (In, Ga) Se2

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction ...

Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule (SMPV1) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), by utilizing ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO NRs that grew on both a sputtered and sol-gel processed AZO seed layer are fabricated. Compared with the AZO thin film prepared by the sol-gel method, the sputtered AZO thin film exhibits better crystallization and lower surface roughness, according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements. The orientation of the ZnO NRs grown on a sputtered AZO seed layer shows better vertical alignment, which is beneficial for the deposition of the subsequent active layer, forming better surface morphologies. Generally, the surface morphology of the active layer mainly dominates the fill factor (FF) of the devices. Consequently, the well-aligned ZnO NRs can be used to improve the carrier collection of the active layer and to increase the FF of the solar cells. Moreover, as an anti-reflection structure, it can also be utilized to enhance the light harvesting of the absorption layer, with the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells reaching 6.01%, higher than the sol-gel based solar cells with an efficiency of 4.74%.

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The well-aligned vertically oriented ZnO NRs exhibit high crystalline properties. The power conversion efficiency of solar cells can reach 6.01%.

Bien alineados verticalmente orientado a ZnO Nanorod matrices y su aplicación en invertida pequeña molécula de las células solares

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule ...

Fabrication of Ultra-thin Color Films with Highly Absorbing Media Using Oblique Angle Deposition

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present an advanced method for fabricating ultra-thin color films with improved characteristics. The proposed process addresses several fabrication issues, including large area processing. Specifically, the protocol describes a process for fabricating ultra-thin color films using an electron beam evaporator for oblique angle deposition of germanium (Ge) and gold (Au) on silicon (Si) substrates.&#160; Film porosity produced by the oblique angle deposition induces color changes in the ultra-thin film. The degree of color change depends on factors such as deposition angle and film thickness. Fabricated samples of the ultra-thin color films showed improved color tunability and color purity. In addition, the measured reflectance of the fabricated samples was converted into chromatic values and analyzed in terms of color. Our ultra-thin film fabricating method is expected to be used for various ultra-thin film applications such as flexible color electrodes, thin film solar cells, and optical filters. Also, the process developed here for analyzing the color of the fabricated samples is broadly useful for studying various color structures.

We present a detailed method for fabricating ultra-thin color films with improved characteristics for optical coatings. The oblique angle deposition technique using an electron beam evaporator allows improved color tunability and purity. Fabricated films of Ge and Au on Si substrates were analyzed by reflectance measurements and color information conversion.

Fabricación de películas ultra delgadas Color con altamente absorbente de los medios de comunicación mediante deposición oblicua

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present ...

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides

Here, we present a procedure for the synthesis of bulk and thin film multicomponent (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (Co variant) and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O (Cu variant) entropy-stabilized oxides. Phase pure and chemically homogeneous (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (x = 0.20, 0.27, 0.33) and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O (x = 0.11, 0.27) ceramic pellets are synthesized and used in the deposition of ultra-high quality, phase pure, single crystalline thin films of the target stoichiometry. A detailed methodology for the deposition of smooth, chemically homogeneous, entropy-stabilized oxide thin films by pulsed laser deposition on (001)-oriented MgO substrates is described. The phase and crystallinity of bulk and thin film materials are confirmed using X-ray diffraction. Composition and chemical homogeneity are confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The surface topography of thin films is measured with scanning probe microscopy. The synthesis of high quality, single crystalline, entropy-stabilized oxide thin films enables the study of interface, size, strain, and disorder effects on the properties in this new class of highly disordered oxide materials.

The synthesis of high quality bulk and thin film (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O entropy-stabilized oxides is presented.

A granel y síntesis de la película fina de composición variantes óxidos entropía estabilizada

Here, we present a procedure for the synthesis of bulk and thin film multicomponent (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (Co variant) and ...