Este trabajo fue apoyado por el Instituto Nacional de la Sordera y Otros Trastornos de la Comunicación Subvenciones R21DC013915 y R01DC012502, las Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería de Investigación de Canadá y el Consejo Europeo de Investigación dentro del Séptimo Programa Marco de la Comunidad Europea (FP7 / 2.007-2.013 Acuerdo de subvención no. 339152 ).

El protocolo experimental actual sigue las pautas de conducta ética de acuerdo con el Comité de Investigación Humana de la Universidad de Yale. 1. Electroenchephalopgaphy (EEG) Preparación <ol><li> Medir el tamaño de la cabeza para determinar la tapa de EEG apropiado. </li><li> Identificar la ubicación del vértice al encontrar el punto medio entre nasión y inion con una cinta métrica. </li><li> Coloque la tapa de EEG en la cabeza usando el vértice predeterminado como Cz. Examine Cz de nuevo después de la colocación de la tapa utilizando una cinta métrica como se hace en 1,2. Tenga en cuenta que la tapa de EEG está equipado con soportes de electrodos y la colocación de los electrodos (64) o los titulares se basa en un sistema modificado con el sistema de coordenadas 10-20 preespecificados basado en Cz 11. Nota: Esta aplicación representante utiliza una configuración de 64 electrodos para evaluar cambios en la distribución del cuero cabelludo y para el análisis de origen. Para las aplicaciones más simples (relacionados con eventos potenciales cambios en la amplitud y la latencia) using menos electrodos son posibles. Hay dos electrodos adicionales para planta en el sistema EEG se utiliza aquí. Esos soportes de electrodos también están incluidos en la tapa. </li><li> Aplique el gel de electrodos en los soportes de electrodos utilizando una jeringa desechable. </li><li> Coloque los electrodos EEG (incluyendo electrodos de tierra) en los soportes de electrodos que coinciden con las etiquetas de los electrodos y de los titulares de los electrodos en la tapa del electrodo. </li><li> Limpie la superficie de la piel con almohadillas con alcohol. Nota: Para los electrodos para la detección de movimiento del ojo (electrooculografía), los lugares de la piel se encuentran por encima y por debajo del ojo derecho (movimiento ocular vertical), y lateral al canto externo de los dos ojos (movimiento horizontal del ojo); para la estimulación somatosensorial se limpia la piel lateral al ángulo oral. </li><li> Rellena los cuatro electrodos electro-oculografía con el gel de electrodos y asegurar los electrodos con cinta de doble cara a los sitios indicados en 1.6. </li><li> Asegure todos los cables de los electrodos utilizando una correa de velcro. Si rEQUERIDO, cinta adhesiva los cables al cuerpo del participante o de los otros lugares que no introducen ningún ruido eléctrico o mecánico adicional. </li><li> Coloque el participante en frente del monitor y el robot para la estimulación somatosensorial. Asegure todos los cables de los electrodos de nuevo como en 1.8. </li><li> Conecte el EEG y los electrodos electro-oculografía (incluidos los electrodos de tierra) en los conectores apropiados (etiqueta a juego y forma conector) en la caja del amplificador del sistema EEG. </li><li> Compruebe que las señales de EEG son artefacto libre y que el valor de desplazamiento está en un rango aceptable (&lt;50 mV o más pequeño). Si no se encuentran señales ruidosas o grandes desplazamientos que suelen ser indicativos de alta impedancia, corregir esas señales de los electrodos mediante la adición de gel de EEG adicional y / o reposición de cabello que está directamente bajo el electrodo. </li><li> Inserte los auriculares compatibles con EEG y confirme que el nivel de sonido está en un rango confortable basado en el informe del asunto. </li></ol><pclass = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 2. La estimulación somatosensorial Nota: El protocolo actual se aplica estiramiento de la piel facial con el propósito de estimulación somatosensorial. La configuración experimental con el sistema de EEG está representado en la Figura 1. Los detalles del dispositivo de estimulación somatosensorial se han descrito en los estudios anteriores 1,7,12-14. Brevemente, dos lengüetas de plástico pequeñas (2 cm de ancho y 3 cm de altura) se unen con cinta de doble cara a la piel facial. Las pestañas se conectan al dispositivo robótico utilizando cadena. El robot genera cargas sistemáticas de estiramiento de la piel de acuerdo a los diseños experimentales. El protocolo de configuración para la grabación ERP es el siguiente: <ol><li> Coloque la cabeza del participante en el apoyo para la cabeza con el fin de minimizar el movimiento de la cabeza durante la estimulación. Retire con cuidado los cables del electrodo entre la cabeza y el reposacabezas del participante. </li><li> Pídale al participante que mantenga el interruptor de seguridad para el robot. </li><li> Coloque las lengüetas de plástico ala ubicación de la piel de destino con cinta de doble cara para la estimulación somatosensorial. Para el representante da como resultado 12,13, en el que el objetivo es el lateral de la piel con el ángulo oral, colocar el centro de las pestañas de la modiolus, unos pocos mm lateral al ángulo oral con el centro de las pestañas en aproximadamente la misma altura del ángulo oral. </li><li> Ajustar la configuración de la cadena, los soportes de cadena y el robot con el fin de evitar electrodos de EEG y cables. </li><li> Aplicar unos cuantos estiramientos faciales de la piel (sinusoide un ciclo a 3 Hz con una fuerza máxima de 4 N) para comprobar si hay artefactos debido a la estimulación (por lo general observado como relativamente grande amplitud y la frecuencia más baja en comparación con la respuesta electrofisiológica). Si se observan artefactos en las señales de EEG, volver a 2.4. </li></ol> Grabación 3. ERP <ol><li> Explicar la tarea experimental al tema y proporcionar ensayos de práctica (una cuadra = 10 ensayos o menos) para confirmar si el sujeto understands la tarea claramente. Nota: La tarea experimental y la presentación del estímulo para la grabación de ERP son preprogramado en software para la presentación del estímulo. <ol><li> En la prueba representativa con somatosensorial combinado y estimulación auditiva 12, aplicar la estimulación somatosensorial asociada a la deformación de la piel a la piel lateral al ángulo oral. El patrón de estiramiento es una sinusoide un ciclo (3 Hz) con una fuerza máxima de 4 N. Un solo enunciado voz sintetizada que está a medio camino en un continuo sonido de 10 pasos entre &quot;cabeza&quot; y &quot;había&quot; se utiliza para la estimulación auditiva. </li><li> Presentes tanto estimulaciones por separado o en combinación. En la estimulación combinada, prueba tres tiempos de inicio (90 ms de plomo y de retraso, y simultáneos en somatosensoriales y auditivas inicios: ver Figura 3A). </li><li> Selección aleatoria de la presentación de cinco estimulaciones (somatosensorial solo, auditiva solos y tres combinados:. Plomo, simult ylag). Varíe el intervalo entre ensayos entre 1.000 y 2.000 ms para evitar la anticipación y la habituación. La tarea experimental es identificar si el sonido del habla presentado, que es el sonido que es acústicamente intermedia entre la &quot;cabeza&quot; y &quot;tenía&quot;, era &quot;la cabeza&quot; pulsando una tecla en un teclado. En la condición por sí sola somatosensorial, en el que hay hay estimulación auditiva, los participantes son instruidos para responder no &quot;cabeza&quot;. </li><li> Juicios participantes grabar y el tiempo de reacción desde el inicio del estímulo a la pulsación de tecla con el software de presentación del estímulo. Pídale al participante que mirar un punto de fijación en la pantalla con el fin de reducir los artefactos debido al movimiento ocular. </li><li> Retire el punto de fijación cada 10 estimulaciones para un breve descanso. (Véase también otro ejemplo de la tarea y de estímulo presentación 12,13) </li></ol></li><li> Inicie el software para la grabación de ERP a 512 Hzmuestreo, que también registra el tiempo de inicio de la estimulación en la línea de tiempo de los datos de ERP. Tenga en cuenta que las marcas de tiempo de la estimulación, que también incluye la información sobre el tipo de la estimulación, se envían por cada estímulo del software para la presentación del estímulo. Los dos programas (para la grabación de ERP y de la presentación del estímulo) se están ejecutando en dos PC separados que están conectados a través de un puerto paralelo. </li><li> Ajuste el software para la estimulación somatosensorial al modo de disparo en espera y luego iniciar la presentación del estímulo mediante la activación del software para la presentación del estímulo. Tenga en cuenta que el software para la estimulación somatosensorial también se ejecuta en un PC separado de los otros dos PCs. Registro 100 ERPs por condición. Nota: Una señal de disparo para la estimulación somatosensorial se recibe a través de un dispositivo de entrada analógica que está conectado a un dispositivo de salida digital en el PC para la estimulación sensorial. Estimulación individual somatosensorial es producido por un disparador. &lt;/ li&gt; </ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Los estudios reportados aquí proporcionan evidencia de que la estimulación somatosensorial controlada con precisión que se produce por deformación de la piel facial induce ERPs corticales. Aferentes cutáneos son conocidos como una rica fuente de información cinestésica 3,4 en movimiento de las extremidades humanas 5,6 y el habla movimiento 7,8,21. El estiramiento de la piel facial de una manera que refleje la dirección de movimiento real durante el habla induce un sentido cinest?...

La producción del habla depende tanto de la información auditiva y somatosensorial. El auditiva y retroalimentación somatosensorial ocurren en combinación desde las primeras vocalizaciones producidas por un bebé y ambos están implicados en el aprendizaje motor del habla. Los resultados recientes sugieren que los procesos somatosensoriales contribuyen a la percepción, así como de producción. Por ejemplo, la identificación de los sonidos del habla se altera cuando un dispositivo robótico estira la piel facial como participantes escuchan a los estímulos auditivos 1. Bocanadas de aire a la mejilla que coinciden con los estímulos del habla auditivas alteran juicios perceptivos 2 participantes. Estos efectos somatosensoriales implican la activación de los mecanorreceptores cutáneos en respuesta a la deformación de la piel. La piel se deforma de varias maneras durante el movimiento, y los mecanorreceptores cutáneos se sabe que contribuyen a 3,4 sentido cinestésico. El papel cinestésica de mecanorreceptores cutáneos es demoniotrado por los recientes hallazgos 5-7 que las cepas de la piel relacionadas con el movimiento se perciben apropiadamente como la flexión o movimiento de extensión en función del patrón de estiramiento de la piel 6. En el transcurso de la capacitación motor del habla, que es la repetición de emisión de habla específico con el habla de estiramiento de la piel facial concomitante, los patrones articulatorios cambian de manera adaptativa 7. Estos estudios indican que la modulación de estiramiento de la piel durante la acción proporciona un método para evaluar la contribución de los aferentes cutáneos a la función cinestésica del sistema sensoriomotor. La función cinestésica de mecanorreceptores cutáneos orofaciales se ha estudiado sobre todo utilizando métodos psicofisiológicos 7,8 y microelectrodos recodificación de los nervios sensoriales 9,10. Aquí, el protocolo actual se centra en la combinación de la estimulación somatosensorial orofacial asociado con deformación de la piel facial y el potencial (ERP) de grabación de eventos relacionados. Thes el procedimiento tiene control experimental preciso sobre la dirección y el momento de deformación de la piel facial utilizando un dispositivo robótico controlado por ordenador. Esto nos permite probar hipótesis específicas sobre la contribución somatosensorial de la producción del habla y la percepción de forma selectiva y precisa deformar la piel del rostro en una amplia gama de orientaciones, tanto durante el aprendizaje motor del habla y directamente en la producción del habla y la percepción. Grabación de ERP se utilizan para evaluar de forma no invasiva el patrón temporal y el momento de la influencia de la estimulación somatosensorial en los comportamientos orofaciales. El protocolo actual puede entonces evaluar los correlatos neurales de la función cinestésica y evaluar la contribución del sistema somatosensorial tanto a la percepción de procesamiento de voz, la producción del habla y el lenguaje. Para mostrar la utilidad de la aplicación de la estimulación estiramiento de la piel a la grabación ERP, el siguiente protocolo se centra en la interacción de somatosensorial y auditiva en el habla de entrada perception. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto un posible método para evaluar la interacción somatosensorial auditiva en el habla.

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somatosensory event-related potentials from orofacial skin stretch stimulation

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of providing precise and controlled stimulation. This article introduces a technique for recording somatosensory event-related potentials (ERP) that uses a novel mechanical stimulation method involving skin deformation using a robotic device. Controlled deformation of the facial skin is used to modulate kinesthetic inputs through excitation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. By combining somatosensory stimulation with electroencephalographic recording, somatosensory evoked responses can be successfully measured at the level of the cortex. Somatosensory stimulation can be combined with the stimulation of other sensory modalities to assess multisensory interactions. For speech, orofacial stimulation is combined with speech sound stimulation to assess the contribution of multi-sensory processing including the effects of timing differences. The ability to precisely control orofacial somatosensory stimulation during speech perception and speech production with ERP recording is an important tool that provides new insight into the neural organization and neural representations for speech.

En esta sección se presenta potenciales relacionados con eventos de representación en respuesta a la estimulación somatosensorial resultante de la deformación de la piel facial. La configuración experimental se representa en la Figura 1. Sinusoidal estimulación se aplicó a la piel de la cara lateral al ángulo oral (Véase la Figura 3A como referencia). Se registraron un centenar de ensayos de estiramiento para ca...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation at JoVE.com

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

Potenciales evocados somatosensoriales de piel Stretch Estimulación Orofacial

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of ...

somatosensory-event-related-potentials-from-orofacial-skin-stretch

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.1K vistas.  Haskins Laboratories. This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

Video: Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

High Density Event-related Potential  Data Acquisition in Cognitive Neuroscience

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part because fMRI data acquisition and analysis techniques are readily available. Because fMRI has excellent spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution, this method can only be used to identify the spatial location of brain activity associated with a given cognitive process (and reveals virtually nothing about the time course of brain activity). By contrast, event-related potential (ERP) recording, a method that is used much less frequently than fMRI, has excellent temporal resolution and thus can track rapid temporal modulations in neural activity. Unfortunately, ERPs are under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and low density ERP recording has poor spatial resolution. In an effort to foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition. Critically, high density ERPs offer the promise of excellent temporal resolution and good spatial resolution (or excellent spatial resolution if coupled with fMRI), which is necessary to capture the spatial-temporal dynamics of human brain function.

Event-related potential (ERP) recording is under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and this method often has poor spatial resolution. To foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition.

Relacionados con eventos de alta densidad de adquisición de datos posibles en Neurociencia Cognitiva

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

La combinación de Estimulación Magnética Transcraneal y fMRI para examinar la red en modo por defecto

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS display abnormalities in the expression of FMR1 - a protein required for typical, healthy neural development.3 Recent data has suggested that the loss of this protein can cause the cortex to be hyperexcitable thereby affecting overall patterns of neural plasticity.4,5
In addition, Fragile X shows a strong comorbidity with autism: in fact, 30% of children with FXS are diagnosed with autism, and 2 - 5% of autistic children suffer from FXS.6
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses 7,8) represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and the manifestations of FXS within affected individuals. More specifically, Theta-Burst Stimulation (TBS), a specific stimulatory protocol shown to modulate cortical plasticity for a duration up to 30 minutes after stimulation cessation in healthy populations, has already proven an efficacious tool in the exploration of abnormal plasticity.9,10 
Recent studies have shown the effects of TBS last considerably longer in individuals on the autistic spectrum - up to 90 minutes.11 This extended effect-duration suggests an underlying abnormality in the brain's natural plasticity state in autistic individuals - similar to the hyperexcitability induced by Fragile X Syndrome.
In this experiment, utilizing single-pulse motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) as our benchmark, we will explore the effects of both intermittent and continuous TBS on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from FXS and individuals on the Autistic Spectrum.

In this article, we examine the effects of Theta-Burst TMS stimulation on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from Fragile X syndrome and individuals on the autistic spectrum.

TMS: Uso del protocolo Theta-Burst para explorar Mechasnism de plasticidad en los individuos con el síndrome de X frágil y el autismo

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a non-invasive and safe alternative to change cortical excitability2. The effects of one session of tDCS can last for several minutes, and its effects depend on polarity of stimulation, such as that cathodal stimulation induces a decrease in cortical excitability, and anodal stimulation induces an increase in cortical excitability that may last beyond the duration of stimulation6. These effects have been explored in cognitive neuroscience and also clinically in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders &#x2013; especially when applied over several consecutive sessions4. One area that has been attracting attention of neuroscientists and clinicians is the use of tDCS for modulation of pain-related neural networks3,5. Modulation of two main cortical areas in pain research has been explored: primary motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex7. Due to the critical role of electrode montage, in this article, we show different alternatives for electrode placement for tDCS clinical trials on pain; discussing advantages and disadvantages of each method of stimulation.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an established technique to modulate cortical excitability1,2. It has been used as an investigative tool in neuroscience due to its effects on cortical plasticity, easy operation, and safe profile. One area that tDCS has been showing encouraging results is pain alleviation 3-5.

Colocación de los electrodos y montaje en estimulación transcraneal corriente continua

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain signal. Typically, researchers represent the brain's response as the mean across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal fluctuations over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that brain signal variability conveys meaningful functional information about neural network dynamics. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy (MSE) for quantifying brain signal variability. MSE may be particularly informative of neural network dynamics because it shows timescale dependence and sensitivity to linear and nonlinear dynamics in the data.

Neuroimaging researchers typically consider the brain's response as the mean activity across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal variability over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that there is signal in that noise. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy for quantifying brain signal variability in the time domain.

Aplicaciones de EEG datos de neuroimagen: Potenciales relacionados con eventos, Energía espectral y Multiscale Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain ...

Optogenetic Activation of Zebrafish Somatosensory Neurons using ChEF-tdTomato

Larval zebrafish are emerging as a model for describing the development and function of simple neural circuits. Due to their external fertilization, rapid development, and translucency, zebrafish are particularly well suited for optogenetic approaches to investigate neural circuit function. In this approach, light-sensitive ion channels are expressed in specific neurons, enabling the experimenter to activate or inhibit them at will and thus assess their contribution to specific behaviors. Applying these methods in larval zebrafish is conceptually simple but requires the optimization of technical details. Here we demonstrate a procedure for expressing a channelrhodopsin variant in larval zebrafish somatosensory neurons, photo-activating single cells, and recording the resulting behaviors. By introducing a few modifications to previously established methods, this approach could be used to elicit behavioral responses from single neurons activated up to at least 4 days post-fertilization (dpf). Specifically, we created a transgene using a somatosensory neuron enhancer, CREST3, to drive the expression of the tagged channelrhodopsin variant, ChEF-tdTomato. Injecting this transgene into 1-cell stage embryos results in mosaic expression in somatosensory neurons, which can be imaged with confocal microscopy. Illuminating identified cells in these animals with light from a 473 nm DPSS laser, guided through a fiber optic cable, elicits behaviors that can be recorded with a high-speed video camera and analyzed quantitatively. This technique could be adapted to study behaviors elicited by activating any zebrafish neuron. Combining this approach with genetic or pharmacological perturbations will be a powerful way to investigate circuit formation and function.

Optogenetic techniques have made it possible to study the contribution of specific neurons to behavior. We describe a method in larval zebrafish for activating single somatosensory neurons expressing a channelrhodopsin variant (ChEF) with a diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) laser and recording the elicited behaviors with a high-speed video camera.

Optogenético La activación de las neuronas somatosensoriales pez cebra utilizando Chef-tdTomato

Larval  zebrafish are emerging as a model for describing the development and function  of simple neural circuits. Due to their  external fertilization, ...

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator&#39;s coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.

This paper describes a method for collecting and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) guided by activations revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A method for TMS artifact removal and extraction of event related potentials is described as well as considerations in paradigm design and experimental setup.

La extracción de potenciales evocados visuales de datos EEG registradas durante guiada por resonancia magnética funcional Estimulación Magnética Transcraneal

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological ...

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed single-neuron activity while animals are acquiring an operantly conditioned response, or when that response is extinguished. But even in these cases, observation periods usually encompass only a single stage of learning, i.e. acquisition or extinction, but not both (exceptions include protocols employing reversal learning; see Bingman&#160;et al.1 for an example). However, acquisition and extinction entail different learning mechanisms and are therefore expected to be accompanied by different types and/or loci of neural plasticity.
Accordingly, we developed a behavioral paradigm which institutes three stages of learning in a single behavioral session and which is well suited for the simultaneous recording of single neurons&#39; action potentials. Animals are trained on a single-interval forced choice task which requires mapping each of two possible choice responses to the presentation of different novel visual stimuli (acquisition). After having reached a predefined performance criterion, one of the two choice responses is no longer reinforced (extinction). Following a certain decrement in performance level, correct responses are reinforced again (reacquisition). By using a new set of stimuli in every session, animals can undergo the acquisition-extinction-reacquisition process repeatedly. Because all three stages of learning occur in a single behavioral session, the paradigm is ideal for the simultaneous observation of the spiking output of multiple single neurons. We use pigeons as model systems, but the task can easily be adapted to any other species capable of conditioned discrimination learning.

Recording Single Neurons&#039; Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

Learning new stimulus-response associations engages a wide range of neural processes which are ultimately reflected in changing spike output of individual neurons. Here we describe a behavioral protocol allowing for the continuous registration of single-neuron activity while animals acquire, extinguish, and reacquire a conditioned response within a single experimental session.

Grabación Potenciales de Acción Individual Neuronas &quot;de que se mueven libremente Palomas en sus Tres Etapas del Aprendizaje

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed ...

Analysis of Developing Tooth Germ Innervation Using Microfluidic Co-culture Devices

Innervation plays a key role in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of organs and tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not well understood yet. In particular, the role of innervation in tooth development and regeneration is neglected.
Several in vivo studies have provided important information about the patterns of innervation of dental tissues during development and repair processes of various animal models. However, most of these approaches are not optimal to highlight the molecular basis of the interactions between nerve fibres and target organs and tissues.
Co-cultures constitute a valuable method to investigate and manipulate the interactions between nerve fibres and teeth in a controlled and isolated environment. In the last decades, conventional co-cultures using the same culture medium have been performed for very short periods (e.g., two days) to investigate the attractive or repulsive effects of developing oral and dental tissues on sensory nerve fibres. However, extension of the culture period is required to investigate the effects of innervation on tooth morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation.
Microfluidics systems allow co-cultures of neurons and different cell types in their appropriate culture media. We have recently demonstrated that trigeminal ganglia (TG) and teeth are able to survive for a long period of time when co-cultured in microfluidic devices, and that they maintain in these conditions the same innervation pattern that they show in vivo.
On this basis, we describe how to isolate and co-culture developing trigeminal ganglia and tooth germs in a microfluidic co-culture system.This protocol describes a simple and flexible way to co-culture ganglia/nerves and target tissues and to study the roles of specific molecules on such interactions in a controlled and isolated environment.

Co-cultures represent a valuable method to study the interactions between nerves and target tissues and organs. Microfluidic systems allow co-culturing ganglia and whole developing organs or tissues in different culture media, thus representing a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the crosstalk between neurons and their targets.

Análisis de Desarrollo del diente Germ Inervación Uso de dispositivos de microfluidos Co-cultura

Innervation plays a key role in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of organs and tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena ...

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen in one of two adjacent rooms. These rooms are separated by a glass window through which participants communicate to maintain feelings of togetherness while being fitted with the EEG cap. After checking for adequate EEG signals, the glass is covered by a curtain to prevent visual communication. Then, partners must be silent but are instructed to try to feel in the presence of their partner during the entire experiment. Just before it starts, participants are told that each of them will be presented with one image at a time and that these images will occur at the same time for both of them on their own screen. They are also instructed that, for each trial, the simultaneous images will always be different. However, unbeknownst to them, trials are randomized: only half of them are consistent with this instruction and actually include two different images. These trials form the DSC, that is, the different-stimuli condition. The other half of the trials are inconsistent with the instruction. They include two identical images and form the ISC (identical-stimuli condition). After the experiment, participants are sorted into two groups: those who reported that they felt in the presence of their partner during the majority of the trials and those who reported they did not. The impact of the stimulus processing of the partner is found by subtracting the mean voltages of the ERPs of the ISC (inconsistent with the instructions) from the ERPs of the DSC (consistent with the instructions) in at least two time windows (TWs): firstly, in the 75 to 150 ms TW, where the absolute values of these subtractions are greater, especially at right frontal sites, in those who felt in the presence of their partner than in those who did not; secondly, in the LPP time window (i.e., from 650 to 950 ms post onset), where ERPs are significantly less positive in the DSC than in the ISC in those in whom the raw results of the early (75-150ms) subtractions are negative.

This protocol describes key steps involved in assessing the sensitivity of the brain of one person to the stimulus processing of a close other by selecting pairs of partners, recording their electroencephalogram (EEG) simultaneously and computing their event-related brain potentials (ERPs).

Cómo encontrar efectos de estímulo procesamiento en eventos relacionados con cerebro potenciales de cerca otros cuando Hyperscanning socios

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen ...