All animal imaging was performed at the Small Animal Imaging Core Facility, University of Utah.
This study was funded in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R21 AG043952, R01 AG040297, K01 AG046326, K02 AG045339, and R01 DK100505).

All animal procedures conformed to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals14 and were approved by the University of Utah and Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Medical Center Animal Care and Use.
1. Animal Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Place animal in anesthesia induction chamber containing 3% isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Leave the animal in the induction chamber until it is unresponsive to external stimuli.</li>
	<li>Remove the animal from the induction chamber and place it on a ...

<ol>
	<li>Smits, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+release+of+nitric+oxide+contributes+to+the+vasodilator+effect+of+adenosine+in+humans.">Endothelial release of nitric oxide contributes to the vasodilator effect of adenosine in humans.</a> Circulation. 92, 2135-2141 (1995).</li><li>Forstermann, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitric+oxide+synthase+isozymes.+Characterization,+purification,+molecular+cloning,+and+functions.">Nitric oxide synthase isozymes. Characterization, purification, molecular cloning, and functions.</a> Hypertension. 23, 1121-1131 (1994).</li><li>Gardiner, S. M., Compton, A. M., Bennett, T., Palmer, R. M., Moncada, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+regional+blood+flow+by+endothelium-derived+nitric+oxide.">Control of regional blood flow by endothelium-derived nitric oxide.</a> Hypertension. 15, 486-492 (1990).</li><li>Harris, R. A., Nishiyama, S. K., Wray, D. W., Richardson, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+assessment+of+flow-mediated+dilation.">Ultrasound assessment of flow-mediated dilation.</a> Hypertension. 55, 1075-1085 (2010).</li><li>Corretti, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+the+ultrasound+assessment+of+endothelial-dependent+flow-mediated+vasodilation+of+the+brachial+artery:+a+report+of+the+International+Brachial+Artery+Reactivity+Task+Force.">Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force.</a> J Am Coll Cardiol. 39, 257-265 (2002).</li><li>Celermajer, D. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+detection+of+endothelial+dysfunction+in+children+and+adults+at+risk+of+atherosclerosis.">Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis.</a> Lancet. 340, 1111-1115 (1992).</li><li>Niebauer, J., Cooke, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiovascular+effects+of+exercise:+role+of+endothelial+shear+stress.">Cardiovascular effects of exercise: role of endothelial shear stress.</a> J Am Coll Cardiol. 28, 1652-1660 (1996).</li><li>Sessa, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=eNOS+at+a+glance.">eNOS at a glance.</a> J Cell Sci. 117, 2427-2429 (2004).</li><li>Wray, D. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+brachial+artery+flow-mediated+vasodilation+provide+a+bioassay+for+NO?.">Does brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation provide a bioassay for NO?.</a> Hypertension. 62, 345-351 (2013).</li><li>Green, D. J., Dawson, E. A., Groenewoud, H. M., Jones, H., Thijssen, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+flow-mediated+dilation+nitric+oxide+mediated?+A+meta-analysis.">Is flow-mediated dilation nitric oxide mediated? A meta-analysis.</a> Hypertension. 63, 376-382 (2014).</li><li>Green, D. J., Jones, H., Thijssen, D., Cable, N. T., Atkinson, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow-mediated+dilation+and+cardiovascular+event+prediction:+does+nitric+oxide+matter?.">Flow-mediated dilation and cardiovascular event prediction: does nitric oxide matter?.</a> Hypertension. 57, 363-369 (2011).</li><li>Brevetti, G., Silvestro, A., Schiano, V., Chiariello, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+dysfunction+and+cardiovascular+risk+prediction+in+peripheral+arterial+disease:+additive+value+of+flow-mediated+dilation+to+ankle-brachial+pressure+index.">Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk prediction in peripheral arterial disease: additive value of flow-mediated dilation to ankle-brachial pressure index.</a> Circulation. , 2093-2098 (2003).</li><li>Gokce, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predictive+value+of+noninvasively+determined+endothelial+dysfunction+for+long-term+cardiovascular+events+in+patients+with+peripheral+vascular+disease.">Predictive value of noninvasively determined endothelial dysfunction for long-term cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral vascular disease.</a> J Am Coll Cardiol. 41, 1769-1775 (2003).</li><li>National Research Council (U.S.). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. , (2011).</li><li>Alley, H., Owens, C. D., Gasper, W. J., Grenon, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+assessment+of+endothelial-dependent+flow-mediated+vasodilation+of+the+brachial+artery+in+clinical+research.">Ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery in clinical research.</a> J Vis Exp. , e52070 (2014).</li><li>Ghiadoni, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+flow-mediated+dilation+reproducibility:+a+nationwide+multicenter+study.">Assessment of flow-mediated dilation reproducibility: a nationwide multicenter study.</a> J Hypertension. 30, 1399-1405 (2012).</li><li>Thijssen, D. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneity+in+conduit+artery+function+in+humans:+impact+of+arterial+size.">Heterogeneity in conduit artery function in humans: impact of arterial size.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ. 295, H1927-H1934 (2008).</li><li>Green, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Why+isn't+flow-mediated+dilation+enhanced+in+athletes?.">Why isn't flow-mediated dilation enhanced in athletes?.</a> Med Sci Sports. 45, 75-82 (2013).</li><li>Heiss, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+measurement+of+flow-mediated+vasodilation+in+living+rats+using+high-resolution+ultrasound.">In vivo measurement of flow-mediated vasodilation in living rats using high-resolution ultrasound.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ. 294, H1086-H1093 (2008).</li><li>Chen, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+inhibition+of+S-nitrosoglutathione+reductase+improves+endothelial+vasodilatory+function+in+rats+in+vivo.">Pharmacological inhibition of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase improves endothelial vasodilatory function in rats in vivo.</a> J Appl Physiol. 114, 752-760 (2013).</li><li>Pinnamaneni, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brief+exposure+to+secondhand+smoke+reversibly+impairs+endothelial+vasodilatory+function.">Brief exposure to secondhand smoke reversibly impairs endothelial vasodilatory function.</a> Nicotine Tob Res. 16, 584-590 (2014).</li><li>Liu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impairment+of+Endothelial+Function+by+Little+Cigar+Secondhand+Smoke.">Impairment of Endothelial Function by Little Cigar Secondhand Smoke.</a> Tob Regul Sci. 2, 56-63 (2016).</li><li>Schuler, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+endothelium-dependent+vasodilation+in+mice--brief+report.">Measurement of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in mice--brief report.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 34, 2651-2657 (2014).</li><li>Erkens, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left+ventricular+diastolic+dysfunction+in+Nrf2+knock+out+mice+is+associated+with+cardiac+hypertrophy,+decreased+expression+of+SERCA2a,+and+preserved+endothelial+function.">Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in Nrf2 knock out mice is associated with cardiac hypertrophy, decreased expression of SERCA2a, and preserved endothelial function.</a> Free Radic Biol Med. 89, 906-917 (2015).</li><li>Harris, S. 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In the present study, a non-invasive measurement of FMD was demonstrated in the brachial and superficial femoral arteries of rats. Similar to humans6, following a 5 min occlusion period, there was a rapid increase in blood velocity (i.e., reactive hyperemia) thereby increasing shear rate on the arterial wall which resulted in the subsequent vasodilation of the artery. FMD was observed in both the brachial and superficial femoral arteries. Additionally, there was a strong relationship in FMD between arteries. A...

The vascular endothelium is a cellular monolayer that lines the lumen of arteries and is an important regulator of vascular function. There are numerous molecules released from the endothelium that result in modulation of blood vessel diameter. Among these molecules, nitric oxide (NO), appears to be the primary vasodilatory molecule released from the vascular endothelium in response to stimulation (e.g., insulin, acetylcholine, or changes in shear stress)1. In the vascular endothelium, NO is produced by the enzyme endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and is subsequently released from endothelial cells2. NO diffuses to the vascular smooth muscle where it causes relaxation and increased vessel diameter3.
Endothelial dysfunction can be assessed non-invasively in humans using the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) technique4,5. FMD has been proposed to represent a functional bioassay for endothelium-derived NO bioavailability in humans, and is typically assessed at the brachial or superficial femoral artery in response to reactive hyperemia following a ~5 min limb occlusion6. Reactive hyperemia increases laminar shear forces that are transduced to the endothelial cell7, signaling a release of NO8. Although in recent years, the proportion of vasodilation initiated by NO release has been debated9,10, FMD is indicative of endothelium-dependent dilation and has consistently been shown to predict cardiovascular events11-13.
To date, thousands of studies have employed the FMD technique for non-invasive measurement of endothelial function in humans. Considering the recent shift in focus to translational research, guidelines for the non-invasive measurement of FMD in rodents would be extremely valuable. Keeping with a translational approach, this protocol was established for measurement of FMD in brachial and superficial femoral arteries of rats, as those sites are most commonly measured in humans. This protocol results in a robust and repeatable FMD response in rats, however, measurement of FMD in rats is technically demanding and may be difficult for other investigators to replicate without video demonstration. Therefore, the following article will demonstrate a method for the non-invasive measurement of FMD in the brachial and superficial femoral arteries of rats.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="710">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="58">
			<td height="58" style="height:58px;width:203px;">Vevo 2100 High Resolution Micro-Ultrasound Imaging System</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">VisualSonics, Toronto, ON, CAN</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="77">
			<td height="77" style="height:77px;width:203px;">MicroScan Ultra-High Frequency Linear Array Transducer - MS-700 30-70 MHz</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">VisualSonics, Toronto, ON, CAN</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:203px;">Vevo Imaging Station</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">VisualSonics, Toronto, ON, CAN</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:203px;">Thermasonic gel warmer</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Parker Laboratories, Fairfield, NJ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">82-03</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:203px;">Signacreme electrode cream</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Parker Laboratories, Fairfield, NJ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">17-05</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:203px;">Transpore surgical tape</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">3M, Maplewood, MN, USA</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">1527-1</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Depilatory cream (e.g., Nair)</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">General supply</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Cotton swabs</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">General supply</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Ultrasound gel</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">General supply</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:203px;">Standard vascular occluder, 10 mm lumen diameter</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">62-0115</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:203px;">10 ml syringe with Luer-Lok tip</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">General Supply</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Used for occlusion cuff apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:203px;">Paperclip</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">General Supply</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Used for occlusion cuff apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:203px;">Hypodermic needle &#8211; 18 gauge&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">General Supply</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Used for occlusion cuff apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:203px;">Medium binder clip</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">General Supply</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Used for occlusion cuff apparatus</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ultrasound assessment of flow-mediated dilation of the brachial and superficial femoral arteries in rats

Arterial vasodilation to increases in wall shear rate is indicative of vascular endothelial function. In humans, the non-invasive measurement of endothelial function can be achieved by employing the flow-mediated dilation technique, typically performed in the brachial or superficial femoral artery. Briefly, a blood pressure cuff placed distal to an ultrasound probe is inflated to a suprasystolic pressure, which results in limb ischemia. After 5 min of occlusion the cuff is deflated, resulting in reactive hyperemia and increases in wall shear rate that signal vasodilatory molecules to be released from the endothelium eliciting vasodilation. Despite the thousands of studies performing flow-mediated dilation in humans, surprisingly, no studies have performed this technique non-invasively in living rats. Considering the recent shift in focus to translational research, the establishment of guidelines for non-invasive measurement of flow-mediated dilation in rats and other rodents would be extremely valuable. In the following article, a protocol is presented for the non-invasive measurement of flow-mediated dilation in brachial and superficial femoral arteries of rats, as those sites are most commonly measured in humans.

Flow-mediated dilation was performed on the brachial and superficial femoral artery of 8 Wistar rats. Positioning of a rat is shown in Figure 1.
Representative ultrasound images of the superficial femoral artery are shown in Figure 2.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54762/54762fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. <s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultrasound Assessment of Flow-Mediated Dilation of the Brachial and Superficial Femoral Arteries in Rats at JoVE.com

Ultrasound Assessment of Flow-Mediated Dilation of the Brachial and Superficial Femoral Arteries in Rats

Non-invasive assessment of endothelial function in humans can be determined by the flow-mediated dilation technique. Although thousands of studies have used this technique, no study has performed this technique non-invasively in rats. The following article describes non-invasive measurement of flow-mediated dilation in the brachial and superficial femoral arteries of rats.

Arterial vasodilation to increases in wall shear rate is indicative of vascular endothelial function. In humans, the non-invasive measurement of ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to non-evasively assess vascular endothelial function in living rats by measuring flow-mediated dilation of the brachial and superficial femoral artery. The methods described provide assessment of arterial and endothelial function without animal instrumentation or sacrifice, thereby providing investigators the ability to make multiple measurements across time during an intervention in a single rat. Generally individuals new to this protocol will struggle because ultrasound imaging is difficult, but even moreso in rats due to the anatomical size of the arteries.After anesthetizing the animal, place it in a supine position on the examination table and apply ophthalmic ointment. Restrain each upper limb and each lower limb to the table with surgical tape. Now, use depilatory cream on the right upper limb to expose the skin.On the same limb, position a 10 millimeter standard vascular occlusion cuff. Keep the occluder off the platform or the limb may move and ruin the imaging when the occluder is put to use. Next, set the ultrasound machine to B-mode.Then, apply a small amount of ultrasound gel over the brachial artery. Manually align an ultra-high frequency linear array transducer, attached to a stereotactic holder, with the upper limb. The brachial artery should be visible at about three to five millimeters deep.To confirm that the artery and not the vein is being imaged, switch to PW-mode. The artery has a pulsatile blood flow as opposed to the adjacent vein, which has continuous blood flow. Prepare the animal as before, only now elevate the right lower limb.Then, apply and remove depilatory cream and take note of the femoral vein, which is visible to the naked eye. In this preparation, put the occlusion cuff proximal to the right ankle without resting the cuff on the platform. Then, set the ultrasound machine to B-mode.Apply a small amount of ultrasound gel proximal to the occlusion cuff, and manually align an ultra-high frequency linear array transducer, attached to a stereotactic holder, with the femoral vein. The superficial femoral artery should be visible at about one to two millimeters deep. Use the PW-mode to confirm that it is not the femoral vein.The artery has a pulsatile blood flow as opposed to the adjacent vein, which has continuous blood flow. To optimize the B-mode image, first ensure that a horizontal, longitudinal image of the vessel is observed. Then, make slight adjustments to the ultrasound probe placement to maximize the view of the artery.Other standard optimization strategies can also be used. After optimizing the image, turn on the ECG gating option so only images captured during the R-wave are displayed. Then, ensure that only one diameter frame is collected during each diastolic portion of each cardiac cycle.Without ECG gating, the combination of a high heart rate in rats and a high frame rate to capture the diastolic diameter only allows for 10-to 20-second clips. The number of clips and the amount of data increases the analysis burden substantially. Now, set the clip recording length to the maximum number of frames per clip, or at least 10 to 20 frames per clip higher than the rat's heart rate in a minute.Then, record 60 seconds of baseline data in B-mode. Next, switch to PW-mode. Then, place the cursor at the middle of the lumen.Because the sample gates will be placed automatically in reference to the cursor, adjust the width using the ultrasound keyboard. Next, adjust the insonation angle to not more than 60 degrees by altering the doppler beam angle and then making fine adjustments with the ultrasound keyboard. For more adjustment, tilt the probe to a more optimum angle.Now, in PW-mode, with the insonation angle correctly set, set the clip recording length to 10 seconds and record 10 seconds of velocity data. To begin, inflate the vascular occluder using an air-filled, 10 milliliter syringe. Then, fold the tube on itself and seal the air in with a binder clip.In PW-mode, confirm the cuff occlusion. There should be an obvious reduction in blood velocity. Then, switch to B-mode and set the clip length to 60 seconds.Record data until the occlusion has been in place for four minutes and 45 seconds. Note the heart rate at the beginning and end of each recording, and the total time of each recording. At four minutes and 45 seconds, switch to PW-mode and record for five seconds.Then, release the cuff and record for five seconds before and after the cuff release. When switching between ultrasound modes during cuff release, the image may shift, requiring immediate adjustment to the ultrasound probe. Practice performing this step should improve your efficiency and confidence at this step.Now, switch back to B-mode and record data in 60-second clips for three minutes. After starting each clip, take note of the heart rate and the time. After the test, remove the animal from the examination table and monitor it until it has regained sufficient consciousness to maintain sternal recumbency.The described procedure was used to study FMD in brachial and superficial femoral arteries of eight Lister rats. The analysis showed that there is a similar vasodilatory response between the brachial and superficial femoral arteries when expressed as a percent change from baseline. The absolute change from baseline was significantly higher in the brachial artery, which was probably due to significant size differences between the vessels.Despite this, there is a strong linear relationship between brachial and superficial femoral artery FMD when expressed as a percent or absolute change from baseline. Other cardiovascular variables were also measured during the baseline, occlusion and hyperemic phases. After normalizing to shear stimulus, vasodilation to peak shear rate was higher in the brachial artery than the superficial femoral artery.This was also true for FMD, expressed as an absolute change from baseline after being normalized to peak shear rate. However, there was a strong linear relationship in percent and absolute FMD normalized to peak shear rate. Once mastered, this procedure can be performed in 20 to 30 minutes.When performing this technique, it's important to keep track of time and maintain the same image site. We have adapted this technique from human studies to be performed in rats. After its development in humans, this technique paved the way for researchers in cardiovascular physiology to explore the relation between arterial and endothelial function and its relation to clinical cardiovascular disease.

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11.4K vistas.  University of Utah. The overall goal of this procedure is to non-evasively assess vascular endothelial function in living rats by measuring flow-mediated dilation of the brachial and superficial femoral artery. The methods described provide assessment of arterial and endothelial function without animal instrumentation or sacrifice, thereby providing investigators the ability to make multiple measurements across time during an intervention in a single rat. Generally individuals new to this protocol will struggle ...