We would like to acknowledge Mr. Ryohei Suganuma and Ms. Sakie Tachibana who helped perform the research. This study was supported in part by the JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 15K20664, 24500848, and 21500405. This study was also funded in part by the MEXT/JST Tenure Track Promotion Program. A part of this study was based on the Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2011-169881 and the Japanese Patent No. 5708911.

NOTE: The device, including the method of analysis, is covered by Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2011-169881 and the Japanese Patent No. 5708911. This study, including the protocol of the experiment with human subjects, was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Kanazawa University (#553-1).
1. Prerequisites for the Perspiration Monitoring Device
NOTE: Perform these steps only once before the first use.
<ol>
	<li>Install the universal ...

<ol>
	<li>Hardy, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiology+of+temperature+regulation.">Physiology of temperature regulation.</a> Physiol. Rev. 41, 521-606 (1961).</li><li>Niepomniszcze, H., Amad, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin+disorders+and+thyroid+diseases.">Skin disorders and thyroid diseases.</a> J. Endocrinol. Invest. 24 (8), 628-638 (2001).</li><li>Korpelainen, J. T., Sotaniemi, K. A., Myllyla, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperhidrosis+as+a+reflection+of+autonomic+failure+in+patients+with+acute+hemispheral+brain+infarction.+An+evaporimetric+study.">Hyperhidrosis as a reflection of autonomic failure in patients with acute hemispheral brain infarction. An evaporimetric study.</a> Stroke. 23 (9), 1271-1275 (1992).</li><li>Fealey, R. D., Low, P. A., Thomas, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermoregulatory+sweating+abnormalities+in+diabetes+mellitus.">Thermoregulatory sweating abnormalities in diabetes mellitus.</a> Mayo Clin Proc. 64 (6), 617-628 (1989).</li><li>Leung, A. K., Chan, P. Y., Choi, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperhidrosis.">Hyperhidrosis.</a> Int J Dermatol. 38 (8), 561-567 (1999).</li><li>Kronenberg, F., Cote, L. J., Linkie, D. M., Dyrenfurth, I., Downey, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Menopausal+hot+flashes:+thermoregulatory,+cardiovascular,+and+circulating+catecholamine+and+LH+changes.">Menopausal hot flashes: thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and circulating catecholamine and LH changes.</a> Maturitas. 6 (1), 31-43 (1984).</li><li>Gibson, L. E., Cooke, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+test+for+concentration+of+electrolytes+in+sweat+in+cystic+fibrosis+of+the+pancreas+utilizing+pilocarpine+by+iontophoresis.">A test for concentration of electrolytes in sweat in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas utilizing pilocarpine by iontophoresis.</a> Pediatrics. 23 (3), 545-549 (1959).</li><li>Swinn, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sweating+dysfunction+in+Parkinson's+disease.">Sweating dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.</a> Mov. Disord. 18 (12), 1459-1463 (2003).</li><li>Davidson, J. R., Foa, E. B., Connor, K. M., Churchill, L. 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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabric+Nanocomposite+Resistance+Temperature+Detector.">Fabric Nanocomposite Resistance Temperature Detector.</a> IEEE Sens. J. 15 (1), 300-306 (2015).</li><li>Jia, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemical+tattoo+biosensors+for+real-time+noninvasive+lactate+monitoring+in+human+perspiration.">Electrochemical tattoo biosensors for real-time noninvasive lactate monitoring in human perspiration.</a> Anal. Chem. 85 (14), 6553-6560 (2013).</li><li>Huang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stretchable,+wireless+sensors+and+functional+substrates+for+epidermal+characterization+of+sweat.">Stretchable, wireless sensors and functional substrates for epidermal characterization of sweat.</a> Small. 10 (15), 3083-3090 (2014).</li><li>Rose, D. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adhesive+RFID+Sensor+Patch+for+Monitoring+of+Sweat+Electrolytes.">Adhesive RFID Sensor Patch for Monitoring of Sweat Electrolytes.</a> IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 62 (6), 1457-1465 (2015).</li><li>Gao, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fully+integrated+wearable+sensor+arrays+for+multiplexed+in+situ+perspiration+analysis.">Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis.</a> Nature. 529 (7587), 509-514 (2016).</li><li>Nilsson, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+water+exchange+through+skin.">Measurement of water exchange through skin.</a> Med. Biol. Eng. 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The aim of this article is to introduce the use of a novel, wireless perspiration monitoring device. Owing to the recent progress of engineering, more accurate, easy-to-handle methods for temporal perspiration monitoring have been proposed; the ventilated chamber method24,25 and the vapor pressure diffusion method23 are representative examples. However, the ventilated chamber method requires the use of dry nitrogen or a pump with desiccant to produce a dry atmosphere, and thus, the exterior tends to...

Human perspiration, generally known as &#34;sweating,&#34; is not just a mechanism for thermoregulation1, but it is also related to certain kinds of diseases. The etiology of abnormal perspiration is broad, including: heatstroke, hyper- or hypothyroidism2, brain infarction3, diabetes mellitus4, dysautonomia5, menopause (known as &#34;hot flash&#34;)6, cystic fibrosis7, Parkinson&#39;s disease8, and social anxiety disorder9. In light of the number of perspiration-related diseases, it has been considered beneficial to monitor perspiration rates for the early diagnosis or prediction of such diseases (e.g., prevention of heatstroke) in a ubiquitous manner10.
To date, only a small number of devices for perspiration monitoring have been proposed. In early days, skin conductance and relative humidity were used for indirect indices of the amount of perspiration11,12. Most recently, several kinds of flexible, wearable sensors for perspiration monitoring have been proposed13-19, although they are intended for the analysis of sweat electrolytes rather than the amount or temporal pattern of perspiration. The calculation of water vapor diffusion has been utilized for a more quantitative method of monitoring water exchange from the skin20-23. However, this requires (1) the assumption that the outer atmosphere is still and constant20, (2) enough sensitivity to detect the natural flow of water vapor21,22, or (3) a coolant (e.g., Peltier device that consumes a substantial amount of electricity) to condense water vapor to liquid23; thus, they might be difficult for daily and long-term monitoring. As an alternative, a ventilated chamber method was developed20,24,25. In the ventilated chamber method, dry nitrogen or dehumidified air is infiltrated in a small chamber adjacent to the skin from a nitrogen gas tank or a pump, and gas in the water vapor evaporated from the skin is collected. The amount of water vapor from the skin can be calculated from the difference of the humidity in the outlet and inlet gases. Although this method can estimate the amount of perspiration very precisely, a nitrogen gas tank or a mechanical pump is generally large enough to impede daily monitoring.
To address these drawbacks, we have recently developed a novel device for perspiration monitoring, in which a closed chamber with a desiccant-driven enforced water vapor flow, enabled sensitive and long-term monitoring26. This device consists of a cylindrical plastic exterior, temperature/relative humidity (T/RH) sensor with recording microprocessor, and silica gel (Figure 1). In principle, the outer atmosphere should not interfere with the water vapor flow, and a coolant or ventilating chamber is not required. Perspiration profiles can be obtained by solving equations using a spreadsheet software26. A previous study has only shown the principle of the developed device and has omitted the detailed method for how to use the device because of space limitations.
The objective of this article, therefore, is to show a detailed method of how to use the developed device for perspiration monitoring, by showing the recording of stress-induced palmar perspiration during the sympathetic activity test as an example.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1173">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:1173px;">Required for perspiration monitoring</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:317px;">Perspiration monitoring device</td>
			<td style="width:264px;">Rousette Strategy Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">SNT-200</td>
			<td style="width:465px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:317px;">USB-serial port conversion interface</td>
			<td style="width:264px;">Rousette Strategy Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">UUI-200</td>
			<td style="width:465px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:317px;">Perspiration recording software</td>
			<td style="width:264px;">Rousette Strategy Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">TED99</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:317px;">Silica gel</td>
			<td style="width:264px;">Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">194-16665</td>
			<td>Type A silica gel should be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:317px;">Medical double-sided tape</td>
			<td style="width:264px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">2181</td>
			<td>Medical grade is recommended because of the attachment to the skin.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:317px;">Computer</td>
			<td style="width:264px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td>Requires Windows operating system.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:317px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:264px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Catalog</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:1173px;">Required for the monitoring of sympathetic skin response</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:317px;">Instrumentation amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:264px;">Nihon Kohden Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">AB-611J</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:317px;">Amplifier chassis</td>
			<td style="width:264px;">Nihon Kohden Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">MEG-6108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:317px;">Input box</td>
			<td style="width:264px;">Nihon Kohden Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">JB-610B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:317px;">Alcohol swab</td>
			<td style="width:264px;">Suzuran Sanitary Goods Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">4545766050846</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:317px;">Electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:264px;">Nihon Kohden Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">NE-114A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:317px;">Electrode paste</td>
			<td style="width:264px;">Nihon Kohden Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Z-401CE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:317px;">Medical tape</td>
			<td style="width:264px;">Nichiban Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">SG257</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:317px;">Analog signal interface</td>
			<td style="width:264px;">Micro Science K.K.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">C BOX-014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:317px;">Analog-to-digital converter</td>
			<td style="width:264px;">Micro Science K.K.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">ADM-686PCI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:317px;">SSR recording software</td>
			<td style="width:264px;">Matsuyama Advance Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">LaBDAQ2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a detailed protocol for perspiration monitoring using a novel, small, wireless device

Perspiration monitoring can be utilized for the detection of certain diseases, such as thermoregulation and mental disorders, particularly when the patients are unaware of such disorders or are having difficulty expressing their symptoms. Until now, several devices for perspiration monitoring have been developed; however, such devices tend to have a relatively large exterior, considerable power consumption, and/or less sensitivity.
Recently, we developed a small, wireless device for perspiration monitoring. The device consists of a temperature/relative humidity (T/RH) sensor, battery-driven small data logger, and silica gel as a desiccant in a small cylindrical exterior. The T/RH sensor is placed between the detection windows (through which the water vapor from the skin enters) and the silica gel. The underlying principle of the perspiration monitoring device is based on Fick&#39;s law of diffusion, which means that water vapor flux from the skin to the silica gel (i.e.&#160;transepidermal water loss and perspiration) can be captured by change in humidity at the T/RH sensor. In addition, a baseline subtraction method was adopted to distinguish perspiration and transepidermal water loss.
As shown in the previous report, the developed device can monitor the perspiration at any sites of the body in an easy, wireless manner. However, detailed methods of how to use the device have not been disclosed yet. In this article, therefore, we would like to show the point-by-point tutorials of how to use the device for perspiration monitoring, by showing the sympathetic activity test with the sympathetic skin response monitoring as an example.

Using this novel device for perspiration monitoring (Figure 1) and the Fick&#39;s law-based calculation, the temporal perspiration profiles can be obtained in an easy, wireless manner. Figure 2 shows representative data of wireless perspiration monitoring during the sympathetic activity test. In the experiment, the device for the perspiration monitoring, along with the electrodes for the sympathetic skin response (SSR) monitoring, was attached to the subj...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device at JoVE.com

A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device

Recently, we developed a small wireless device for perspiration monitoring. In this article, we present detailed protocols on how to use the device for perspiration monitoring with an example of the sympathetic activity test.

Perspiration monitoring can be utilized for the detection of certain diseases, such as thermoregulation and mental disorders, particularly when the ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to monitor perspiration patterns with a newly developed wireless device. The main advantage of this technique is that both the amount and temporal pattern of perspiration can be monitored by just attaching the device to the skin. Since this is a new device, visual demonstration of this method is critical as the preparation and usage of the device are difficult to learn.First, check the perspiration monitoring device to ensure that the battery has not been inserted. Then, plug the white connector of the USB serial port conversion interface to the receptacle at the at the top of the perspiration monitoring device. Next, execute the perspiration recording software.Open the Settings tab and set the COM number to the ID number of the serial port. Click the Confirm Connection button and check if the message, Connected, appears. Within the Data File Folder settings, choose the drive and select the folder where the perspiration data will be saved.Set the Number of Holes to four. Open the Measure and Rec tab and set the Time Interval to the desired sample time. Then, insert a battery into the perspiration monitoring device.Fill the device with dry silica gel and close the lid. Finally, click the Start Logging Now button in the perspiration recording software. Begin by cleansing the skin at the recording location with an alcohol swab.Use electrode paste to place the anode, cathode, and grounding electrode on the palm, back of the hand, and wrist respectively. Fix the electrodes with medical tape. On the instrumentation amplifier, turn the Sensitivity knob to one millivolt per volt, the Lo Cut filter to 0.5 hertz, and the Hi Cut filter to three kilohertz.Finally, execute the sympathetic skin response, or SSR recording software, and click the Start Measurement button to begin the recording at the sample rate of 200 hertz. Begin by placing medical double sided tape on the bottom of the perspiration monitoring device without obstructing the four holes at the bottom of the device. Disconnect the perspiration monitoring device from the USB serial port conversation interface and immediately ensure that the perspiration monitoring begins automatically by checking if the LED lamp is blinking.Next, remove the release liner of the medical double sided tape and put the perspiration monitoring device on the skin where perspiration is to be monitored. Wait 10 minutes for stabilization of water vapor diffusion, then start the sympathetic activity test. After the examination, remove the perspiration monitoring device from the skin.Click the Stop Measurement button in the SSR recording software to stop the SSR recording and remove all electrodes from the skin. To perform the perspiration analysis, first connect the perspiration monitoring device to the USB serial port conversion interface. Then, open the perspiration monitoring software, click the Settings tab, and click the Confirm Connection button.Then, open the Measure and Rec tab and click the Download button to save the raw data of the device in the specified folder. Finally, select the Analysis tab and click Read Data File. Observe the open file dialog popup.Select the saved file and then click the Open button to allow the software to complete the analysis. As a result of the sympathetic activity test, palmar perspiration along with the SSR reaction was observed in response to the sympathetic activities, such as taking a deep inspiration or doing a mental calculation. Furthermore, a one hour recording of perspiration at the palm and the anterior chest showed distinct patterns according to different activities.After watching this video you should have a good understanding of how to use this novel wireless device for measuring the perspiration.

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7.8K vistas.  Kanazawa University. The overall goal of this procedure is to monitor perspiration patterns with a newly developed wireless device. The main advantage of this technique is that both the amount and temporal pattern of perspiration can be monitored by just attaching the device to the skin. Since this is a new device, visual demonstration of this method is critical as the preparation and usage of the device are difficult to learn.First, check the perspiration monitoring device to ensure that the battery has n...