Deseamos agradecer a Johnson &amp; Johnson, TB Alliance, Astra Zeneca, Rib-X y Trius Therapeutics por proporcionar bedaquiline, PA-824 (pretomanida), AZD5847, radezolid y tedizolid, respectivamente. Brendan Prideaux, Matthew Zimmerman, Stephen Juzwin, Emma Rey-Jurado, Nancy Ruel, Leyan Li y Danielle Weiner apoyaron el análisis MALDI, los métodos bioanalíticos, la preparación del sustituto del caseo, la síntesis química y el aislamiento del caseo de conejo. Este trabajo se llevó a cabo con fondos de la Fundación Bill y Melinda Gates, el premio # OPP1044966 y OPP1024050 a V. Dartois, la Subvención de Instrumentación Compartida NIH S10OD018072, así como el financiamiento conjunto de la Fundación Bill y Melinda Gates y Wellcome Trust for A Centre of Excellence Para la optimización del plomo para las enfermedades del mundo en vías de desarrollo a P. Wyatt.

Todos los estudios con animales se llevaron a cabo de acuerdo con la Guía para el Cuidado y Uso de Animales de Laboratorio de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud, con la aprobación del Comité Institucional Animal Cuidado y Uso del NIAID (NIH), Bethesda, MD. Se realizaron todos los estudios con M. tuberculosis en un laboratorio con nivel de bioseguridad de contención 3 (BSL-3). 1. Conejo Modelo de infección y caseosa Colección <ol><li> Infect Nueva Zelanda conejos blancos con M. tuberculosis usando un sistema de exposición a aerosol sólo para la nariz como se describió anteriormente. 12, 13 permitir que la infección progrese durante 12-16 semanas. Sedate los conejos con 35 mg / kg de ketamina y 5 mg / kg de xilazina por vía intramuscular, la eutanasia a los conejos con 0,22 ml / kg de pentobarbital de sodio de sodio y fenitoína por vía intravenosa y proceder con la necropsias. </li><li> El uso de pinzas y bisturí, retire los pulmones de la ca pechoVidad De cada lóbulo pulmonar, diseccionar cavidades individuales y grandes granulomas necróticos con un bisturí. Raspe con cuidado el caseum de las paredes de la cavidad y del granuloma. Pesar, registrar y almacenar las muestras en tubos tapados con tornillos de 2 mL a -20 ° C hasta que estén listos para su uso. </li><li> Irradiar gamma las muestras de caseo infeccioso a 3 MegaRad en hielo seco para hacerlas no infecciosas y seguras para su uso en un laboratorio BSL-2. </li></ol> 2. Generación in vitro de sustituto de caseo a partir de células THP-1 <ol><li> Cultivo de monocitos THP-1 en medio RPMI 1640 (L-glutamina 2 mM y suero fetal bovino al 10%) en matraces de cultivo celular T175 (80 ml / matraz). Incubar los matraces en una atmósfera de CO2 al 5% a 37 ° C durante 3-4 días. </li><li> Centrifugar el cultivo de un matraz T175 en dos tubos cónicos de 50 ml a 150 xg durante 5 min. Desechar el sobrenadante y suspender el sedimento en 10 ml de medio RPMI 1640. </li><li> Pipetear 5 μL de este cultivo en un tubo de 1,5 ml que contenga 45 μl de tRypan azul Mezcle bien pipeteando. Transferir 10 μL a un hemocitómetro y contar el número de monocitos THP-1 viables (sin tinción) utilizando un microscopio óptico (aumento de 10X). Calcular el número de células viables por ml del cultivo. Diluir con medio RPMI hasta la densidad final de 1,25 x 106 células / ml. </li><li> Cargar 40 mL del cultivo en una placa de cultivo celular grande (50 x 106 células / placa). Añadir 40 μL de 100 μM de PMA (forbol 12-miristato13-acetato preparado en etanol) y permitir que las células se adhieran durante la noche en la incubadora. NOTA: La concentración final de PMA es 100 nM. </li><li> Diluir ácido oleico puro (OA) (0,89 g / ml) en etanol hasta la concentración de 0,1 M ( es decir, 31,7 μl de OA en 968,3 μl de etanol). Diluir esta solución en medio RMPI precalentado fresco a una concentración de 10 mM. Diluir esta suspensión de OA a 0,4 mM (concentración final de trabajo) en medio RPMI precalentado a 37ºC. </li><li> Eliminar los medios existentes y losDe las placas de cultivo celular y añadir suavemente 40 ml de OA 0,4 mM a los macrófagos THP-1 (THP-M). Incubar a 37 ° C en la incubadora durante la noche. </li><li> Utilice un microscopio óptico con una ampliación de 40x para confirmar visualmente la presencia de numerosas inclusiones de cuerpo lipídico en cada THP-M. Eliminar todo el medio RPMI de las placas de cultivo celular y lavar suavemente las células adherentes dos veces con solución salina tamponada con fosfato (PBS) usando una pipeta serológica de 50 ml. NOTA: Los cuerpos lipídicos aparecen como estructuras pequeñas, claras y esféricas en el citoplasma del THP-M. </li><li> Añadir 40 mL de ácido etilendiaminotetraacético 5 mM (EDTA) en PBS a cada placa. Incubar durante 15 minutos a 37 ° C. </li><li> Desmonte los macrófagos espumosos (FM) pipeteando repetidamente hacia arriba y hacia abajo sobre la superficie de la placa entera usando una pipeta serológica de 10 ml. Transferir la suspensión celular a un tubo cónico de 50 ml y centrifugar a 150 xg durante 5 min. </li><li> Resuspender el sedimento celular en 10 ml de PBS (tercer lavado con PBS) aNd a un tubo cónico de 15 mL previamente pesado. Girar de nuevo a 150 xg durante 5 min. Aspirar cuidadosamente el sobrenadante con una pipeta serológica y desecharla. </li><li> Sujeción de los gránulos de FM a 3 ciclos de congelación-descongelación para lisar las células e incubar a 75 ° C durante 20-30 min para desnaturalizar las proteínas en la matriz. Guarde los gránulos a -20 ° C hasta que estén listos para su uso. </li></ol> 3. Ensayo de Diálisis de Equilibrio Rápido (RED) <ol><li> Preparar soluciones madre 10 mM de todos los compuestos de ensayo en dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO). Diluir a 500 μM de soluciones de trabajo en DMSO antes de cada ensayo. </li><li> Pesar el tubo que contiene la pastilla de caseo sustituto. Reste el peso del tubo vacío para obtener el peso del gránulo solo. Añadir 2-3 perlas de metal por tubo y, utilizando un homogeneizador de tejidos a 1200 golpes / minuto durante 1 minuto, romper el caseo o la matriz sustituta en PBS (1: 9 w / v) para conseguir 10x de suspensión diluida de cada matriz. </li><li> Spike 6.5 μL de los 500ΜM del compuesto de ensayo en 643,5 μl del homogeneizado para alcanzar la concentración final de 5 μM (≤1% de DMSO) y vórtice. </li><li> Coloque los insertos ROJOS en la placa base. Añadir 200 μl de la matriz de droga en la cámara del donante (anillo rojo) de cada inserto ROJO y 350 μl de PBS en cada cámara receptora. Prepare 3 insertos para cada compuesto de ensayo (muestras triplicadas). Sellar la placa con un sello de placa adhesiva e incubar a 37 ° C en el termomixer a 200 rpm (1 xg) durante 4 h. </li><li> Después de la incubación, mezcle suavemente el contenido de las cámaras del donante y del receptor pipeteando arriba y abajo 2-3 veces. Pipetear 20 μL de alícuotas de homogeneizado de las cámaras donadoras y añadir 20 μL de PBS limpio en un tubo de 1,5 ml (1: 1). De forma similar, se pipetean alícuotas de 20 μl de muestras de PBS de las cámaras receptoras y se añaden a 20 μl de homogeneizado limpio (combinación de matriz). 8 NOTA: La concordancia de matriz elimina la need para 2 curvas de calibración separadas (en homogeneizado y PBS) que se hizo para el análisis cuantitativo. El contenido de la cámara donante pueden sedimentar con el tiempo. Mezclar suavemente el contenido pipeteando antes de retirar alícuotas. </li></ol> 4. CL-EM Cuantificación y Análisis de Datos <ol><li> Añadir 160! L de 1: 1 de metanol: acetonitrilo que contiene 500 ng / ml de diclofenaco o 10 ng / ml de verapamil (patrón interno) a cada tubo y vórtice para precipitar las proteínas. Centrifugar a 10.000 xg durante 5 min para sedimentar el precipitado sobrenadantes y transferencia en placas de 96 pocillos de pocillos profundos para el análisis de líquido espectrometría de masas-cromatografía (LCMS). 7 </li><li> Construir curvas de calibración de 1-1.000 nM para cada compuesto de ensayo mientras se mantiene la misma composición de la matriz que las muestras anteriormente. Cuantificar la concentración de compuesto de ensayo en las muestras de las cámaras donante y receptora utilizando un método LC-MS. </li><li> Calcular la fracción no unida (f u) oF el fármaco en matriz diluida utilizando la ecuación 1. Calcular el f u en matriz sin diluir usando la ecuación 2 ( D = factor de dilución de 10). 14 <img alt="Ecuación 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55559/55559eq1.jpg" /> <img alt="Ecuación 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55559/55559eq2.jpg" /></li><li> Compruebe la recuperación (balance de masa) de cada compuesto usando la ecuación 3 para identificar compuestos con estabilidad / metabolismo / problemas de unión no específicos. NOTA: La recuperación típicamente cae entre 70% y 130%. 15 <img alt="Ecuación 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55559/55559eq3.jpg" /></li></ol>

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P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prediction+of+Drug+Penetration+in+Tuberculosis+Lesions.">Prediction of Drug Penetration in Tuberculosis Lesions.</a> ACS Infect Dis. 2 (8), 552-563 (2016).</li><li>Waters, N. J., Jones, R., Williams, G., Sohal, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+a+rapid+equilibrium+dialysis+approach+for+the+measurement+of+plasma+protein+binding.">Validation of a rapid equilibrium dialysis approach for the measurement of plasma protein binding.</a> J Pharm Sci. 97 (10), 4586-4595 (2008).</li><li>Singh, J. K., Solanki, A., Maniyar, R. C., Banerjee, D., Shirsath, V. 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lesiones necróticas pulmonares y cavidades en los pacientes de tuberculosis infectados contienen subpoblaciones de bacterias que son recalcitrantes al tratamiento farmacológico. Los núcleos caseosos de estas estructuras son particularmente responsable de albergar estos persisters en un entorno extracelular. 16 distribución favorable de agentes antibacterianos en estos lugares remotos se cree que es un determinante importante de la eficacia del fármaco tuberculosis. Antes de la validación de...

El tratamiento de la tuberculosis pulmonar requiere una distribución eficaz de fármacos en diferentes tipos de lesiones. Las lesiones necróticas y las cavidades contienen centros caseosos que albergan subpoblaciones de bacterias tolerantes a los fármacos o &quot;persistentes&quot;. 1 , 2 La enfermedad cavitaria se asocia con tasas de curación inferiores y mal pronóstico. 3 , 4 Estudios previos han demostrado, usando técnicas cuantitativas y de imágenes, que la capacidad de penetrar el caseo varía significativamente de una clase de fármaco a otra. 5 , 6 Estos métodos, sin embargo, requieren el uso de modelos de infección animal que son lentos y tediosos. Se diseñó un ensayo in vitro que mide la unión del fármaco al caseo ex vivo . Se encontró que esta unión se correlacionaba inversamente con la penetración del fármaco en granulomas caseosos y, por lo tanto, esUtilizado como herramienta predictiva. 7 La diálisis de equilibrio se considera como el método estándar de oro para los estudios de unión a proteínas plasmáticas. El dispositivo de diálisis de equilibrio rápido (RED) proporciona un sistema rápido, fácil de usar y fiable para realizar tales ensayos. 8 El dispositivo se compone de dos componentes: insertos de un solo uso y desechables compuestos de 2 cámaras separadas por un cilindro vertical de membrana semipermeable; Y placas de base reutilizables que pueden contener hasta 48 insertos a la vez. La membrana de diálisis tiene un corte de peso molecular de 8 kDa (MWCO) que es ideal para estudios de unión de fármacos-macromoléculas. La alta relación superficie / volumen del compartimento de membrana permite una diálisis rápida y equilibrio. Tanto los insertos como la placa de base han sido validados para una unión no específica específica. La combinación del dispositivo RED con técnicas bioanalíticas proporciona estimaciones precisas de las fracciones no unidas de fármacos en pLasma 8 , 9 Aunque originalmente se diseñó para medir la unión a proteínas plasmáticas, el dispositivo RED se ha utilizado en varios estudios de unión de tejidos utilizando homogenados. 10 , 11 En este protocolo, medimos la unión del fármaco al caseo, los residuos necróticos escindidos de las lesiones necróticas y cavidades de los conejos infectados con tuberculosis. La naturaleza acelular y no vascular del material caseoso hace que sea fácil de homogeneizar en una suspensión homogénea que sea compatible con el ensayo. Dado que el caseum es tedioso para producir y difícil de conseguir, el protocolo también ha sido validado para su uso con una matriz sustituta que se prepara a partir de macrófagos espumosos. Los macrófagos derivados de monocitos THP-1 son inducidos con ácido oleico para acumular múltiples cuerpos lipídicos que les dan su aspecto &quot;espumoso&quot;. Estas células cargadas de lípidos se cosechan yprocesada para producir una matriz que usamos como un sustituto para caseosa. Este estudio ha demostrado la unión a esta matriz sustituta se correlaciona bien con la unión a caseosa, imitando eficazmente el proceso in vivo que impide la penetración del fármaco en el núcleo caseosa de granulomas y cavidades que de drogas.

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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">New Zealand White Rabbits</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Covance</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">HN878 Mycobacterium tuberculosis</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">BEI Resources</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">NR-13647&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Ketathesia (Ketamine) 100mg/mL C3N</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Henry Schein Animal Health</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">56344</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Anased (Xylazine) 100mg/mL</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Henry Schein Animal Health</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">33198</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Euthasol (pentobarbital sodium and phenytoin sodium) Solution&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Virbac</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">710101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">THP-1 monocytic cell line</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ATCC TIB-202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">175cm&#178; TC-Treated Flask (T175)</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T-3400-175</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">RPMI 1640 media w/o glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MT-15-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hyclone Fetal Bovine Serum, Gamma irradiated&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SH3091003IR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hyclone L-glutamine, 200mM</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SH3003401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cellstar TC dish, 145x20mm, vented</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T-2881-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phorbol 12-myristate13-acetate (PMA)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP685-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>E6758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Oleic acid&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ICN15178101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pierce RED Device Reusable Base Plate</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PI-89811</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pierce RED Device Inserts, 50/box&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PI-89809</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pierce RED insert removal tool&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>89812</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Adhesive plate seal</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-408-240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PBS, pH7.4, 10 X 500 mL (Gibco)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>10010-049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>472301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>34998</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>34860</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Verapamil hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>V4629</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Diclofenac sodium salt</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>93484</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15-250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Ethanol, 200 proof</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>04-355-451</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">2010 Geno/Grinder</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">SPEX SamplePrep</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">2010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Bead Mill Homogenizer Accessory, Metal Bulk Beads</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15-340-158</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">484R Cobalt 60 Irradiator</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">JL Shepard</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">7810-484-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">INCYTO&#160;C-Chip Disposable Hemacytometers</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">22-600-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Upright Light Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">DM1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Binary Liquid Chromatography system</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">1260</td>
			<td>Multi-compenent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Mass spectrometer</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">AB Sciex</td>
			<td>4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an in vitro caseum binding assay that predicts drug penetration in tuberculosis lesions

La erradicación de la enfermedad de la tuberculosis requiere regímenes farmacológicos que pueden penetrar las múltiples capas de lesiones pulmonares complejas. La distribución de fármacos en los núcleos caseosos de cavidades y lesiones es especialmente crucial porque albergan subpoblaciones de bacterias tolerantes a fármacos también comúnmente denominadas persisters. Los métodos existentes para la medición de la penetración del fármaco en lesiones de tuberculosis implican costosos y largos estudios farmacocinéticos in vivo acoplados a técnicas bioanalíticas o de formación de imágenes. La medida in vitro de la unión de fármacos a macromoléculas de caseo se propuso como una alternativa a tales técnicas ya que esta unión dificulta la difusión pasiva de moléculas de fármaco a través de caseo. La diálisis de equilibrio rápido es un sistema rápido y fiable para realizar estudios de unión a proteínas plasmáticas y tejidos. En este protocolo, se utilizó un dispositivo de diálisis de equilibrio rápido (RED) para medir la unión de fármacos a homogenados de caseo que es excised de las lesiones y de las cavidades de los conejos de tuberculosis infectados. El protocolo también se describe cómo generar una matriz sustituta de lípido cargado macrófagos THP-1 para utilizar en lugar de caseosa. Este / ensayo de unión sustituto caseosa es una herramienta importante en el descubrimiento de fármacos tuberculosis y se puede adaptar para ayudar a estudiar la distribución del fármaco en las lesiones o abscesos causados ​​por otras enfermedades.

Usando este protocolo, hemos probado cientos de compuestos de desarrollo de fármacos para la tuberculosis para su eficacia pronosticada en el caso de penetración. La figura 1 visualiza los conceptos básicos del ensayo RED. La membrana de diálisis de los insertos ROJO permite que pequeñas moléculas no unidas se difundan desde el pozo del donante hasta el pozo receptor, logrando finalmente un equilibrio entre ambos compartimentos. Las moléculas pequeñas que están ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An In Vitro Caseum Binding Assay that Predicts Drug Penetration in Tuberculosis Lesions at JoVE.com

An In Vitro Caseum Binding Assay that Predicts Drug Penetration in Tuberculosis Lesions

En este artículo se describe un método de diálisis de equilibrio rápido (RED) para medir la unión de fármacos a caseum de lesiones y cavidades de tuberculosis pulmonar. El protocolo también se utiliza con una matriz espumosa derivada de macrófagos que es un sustituto efectivo del caseo.

Un<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Caseosa Ensayo de unión que permite predecir la penetración de fármacos en la tuberculosis lesiones

The eradication of tuberculosis disease requires drug regimens that can penetrate the multiple layers of complex pulmonary lesions. Drug distribution in ...

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An In Vitro Caseum Binding Assay that Predicts Drug Penetration in Tuberculosis Lesions

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics

Introduction to Respiratory System Drugs

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11.6K vistas.  Rutgers.  En este artículo se describe un método de diálisis de equilibrio rápido (RED) para medir la unión de fármacos a caseum de lesiones y cavidades de tuberculosis pulmonar. El protocolo también se utiliza con una matriz espumosa derivada de macrófagos que es un sustituto efectivo del caseo. 

Video: An In Vitro Caseum Binding Assay that Predicts Drug Penetration in Tuberculosis Lesions

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

The chronic nature of many diseases is attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilms which are recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy. Biofilms are community-associated bacteria attached to a surface and encased in a matrix. The role of the extracellular matrix is multifaceted, including facilitating nutrient acquisition, and offers significant protection against environmental stresses (e.g. host immune responses). In an effort to acquire a better understanding as to how the bacteria within a biofilm respond to environmental stresses we have used a protocol wherein we visualize bacterial biofilms which have formed in an 8-well chamber slide. The biofilms were stained with the BacLight Live/Dead stain and examined using a confocal microscope to characterize the relative biofilm size, and structure under varying incubation conditions. Z-stack images were collected via confocal microscopy and analyzed by COMSTAT. This protocol can be used to help elucidate the mechanism and kinetics by which biofilms form, as well as identify components that are important to biofilm structure and stability.

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

This article describes the procedure for the formation and visualization of a bacterial biofilm grown within an 8-well chamber slide

En la formación de biofilm in vitro en una diapositiva Cámara de 8 pocillos

The chronic nature of many diseases is attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilms which are recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy. ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Facilitating Drug Discovery: An Automated High-content Inflammation Assay in Zebrafish

Zebrafish larvae are particularly amenable to whole animal small molecule screens1,2 due to their small size and relative ease of manipulation and observation, as well as the fact that compounds can simply be added to the bathing water and are readily absorbed when administered in a &lt;1% DMSO solution. Due to the optical clarity of zebrafish larvae and the availability of transgenic lines expressing fluorescent proteins in leukocytes, zebrafish offer the unique advantage of monitoring an acute inflammatory response in vivo. Consequently, utilizing the zebrafish for high-content small molecule screens aiming at the identification of immune-modulatory compounds with high throughput has been proposed3-6, suggesting inflammation induction scenarios e.g. localized nicks in fin tissue, laser damage directed to the yolk surface of embryos7 or tailfin amputation3,5,6. The major drawback of these methods however was the requirement of manual larva manipulation to induce wounding, thus preventing high-throughput screening. Introduction of the chemically induced inflammation (ChIn) assay8 eliminated these obstacles. Since wounding is inflicted chemically the number of embryos that can be treated simultaneously is virtually unlimited. Temporary treatment of zebrafish larvae with copper sulfate selectively induces cell death in hair cells of the lateral line system and results in rapid granulocyte recruitment to injured neuromasts. The inflammatory response can be followed in real-time by using compound transgenic cldnB::GFP/lysC::DsRED26,9 zebrafish larvae that express a green fluorescent protein in neuromast cells, as well as a red fluorescent protein labeling granulocytes.
In order to devise a screening strategy that would allow both high-content and high-throughput analyses we introduced robotic liquid handling and combined automated microscopy with a custom developed software script. This script enables automated quantification of the inflammatory response by scoring the percent area occupied by red fluorescent leukocytes within an empirically defined area surrounding injured green fluorescent neuromasts. Furthermore, we automated data processing, handling, visualization, and storage all based on custom developed MATLAB and Python scripts.
In brief, we introduce an automated HC/HT screen that allows testing of chemical compounds for their effect on initiation, progression or resolution of a granulocytic inflammatory response. This protocol serves a good starting point for more in-depth analyses of drug mechanisms and pathways involved in the orchestration of an innate immune response. In the future, it may help identifying intolerable toxic or off-target effects at earlier phases of drug discovery and thereby reduce procedural risks and costs for drug development.

Here we describe a novel high-content chemically induced inflammation assay aiming at the identification of immune-modulatory bioactives. We have successfully combined automated microscopy with custom developed software scripts enabling automated quantification of the inflammatory response as well as further data processing, analysis, mining, and storage.

Facilitar el descubrimiento de fármacos: Un sistema automatizado de alta el contenido del ensayo La inflamación en el pez cebra

Zebrafish larvae are particularly amenable to whole animal small molecule screens1,2 due to their small size and relative ease of manipulation and ...

Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

The vascular endothelium plays an integral part in the inflammatory response. During the acute phase of inflammation, endothelial cells (ECs) are activated by host mediators or directly by conserved microbial components or host-derived danger molecules. Activated ECs express cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules that mobilize, activate and retain leukocytes at the site of infection or injury. Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive, and adhere to the endothelium through a variety of adhesion molecules present on the surfaces of both cells. The main functions of neutrophils are to directly eliminate microbial threats, promote the recruitment of other leukocytes through the release of additional factors, and initiate wound repair. Therefore, their recruitment and attachment to the endothelium is a critical step in the initiation of the inflammatory response. In this report, we describe an in vitro neutrophil adhesion assay using calcein AM-labeled primary human neutrophils to quantitate the extent of microvascular endothelial cell activation under static conditions. This method has the additional advantage that the same samples quantitated by fluorescence spectrophotometry can also be visualized directly using fluorescence microscopy for a more qualitative assessment of neutrophil binding.

Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

Neutrophil adherence to the activated endothelium at sites of infection is an integral component of the host's inflammatory response. Described in this report is a neutrophil binding assay that allows for the in vitro quantitation of primary human neutrophil binding to endothelial cells activated by inflammatory mediators under static conditions.

Cuantitativo<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Ensayo para medir la adhesión de neutrófilos al Activado Primaria células endoteliales microvasculares humanas en condiciones estáticas

The vascular  endothelium plays an integral part in the inflammatory response. During the  acute phase of inflammation, endothelial cells (ECs) are ...

An Experimental Model to Study Tuberculosis-Malaria Coinfection upon Natural Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium berghei

Coinfections naturally occur due to the geographic overlap of distinct types of pathogenic organisms. Concurrent infections most likely modulate the respective immune response to each single pathogen and may thereby affect pathogenesis and disease outcome. Coinfected patients may also respond differentially to anti-infective interventions. Coinfection between tuberculosis as caused by mycobacteria and the malaria parasite Plasmodium, both of which are coendemic in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, has not been studied in detail. In order to approach the challenging but scientifically and clinically highly relevant question how malaria-tuberculosis coinfection modulate host immunity and the course of each disease, we established an experimental mouse model that allows us to dissect the elicited immune responses to both pathogens in the coinfected host. Of note, in order to most precisely mimic naturally acquired human infections, we perform experimental infections of mice with both pathogens by their natural routes of infection, i.e. aerosol and mosquito bite, respectively.

An Experimental Model to Study Tuberculosis-Malaria Coinfection upon Natural Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium berghei

Tuberculosis and malaria are two of the most prevalent infections in humans and major causes of morbidity and mortality in impoverished populations in the tropics. We established an experimental model system to study outcome of malaria-tuberculosis coinfection in mice after challenge with both pathogens via their natural route of infection.

Un modelo experimental para estudiar la tuberculosis-Malaria Coinfección sobre Transmisión Natural de Mycobacterium tuberculosis Y Plasmodium berghei</i

Coinfections naturally occur due to the geographic overlap of distinct types of pathogenic organisms. Concurrent infections most likely modulate the ...

Investigating the Effects of Probiotics on Pneumococcal Colonization Using an In Vitro Adherence Assay

Adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) to the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx can result in colonization and is considered a prerequisite for pneumococcal infections such as pneumonia and otitis media. In vitro adherence assays can be used to study the attachment of pneumococci to epithelial cell monolayers and to investigate potential interventions, such as the use of probiotics, to inhibit pneumococcal&#160;colonization.&#160;The protocol described here is used to investigate the effects of the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius on the adherence of pneumococci to the human epithelial cell line CCL-23 (sometimes referred to as HEp-2 cells). The assay involves three main steps: 1) preparation of epithelial and bacterial cells, 2) addition of bacteria to epithelial cell monolayers, and 3) detection of adherent pneumococci by viable counts (serial dilution and plating) or quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). This technique is relatively straightforward and does not require specialized equipment other than a tissue culture setup. The assay can be used to test other probiotic species and/or potential inhibitors of pneumococcal colonization and can be easily modified to address other scientific questions regarding pneumococcal adherence and invasion.

Investigating the Effects of Probiotics on Pneumococcal Colonization Using an In Vitro Adherence Assay

In vitro adherence assays can be used to study the attachment of Streptococcus pneumoniae to epithelial cell monolayers and to investigate potential interventions such as the use of probiotics for inhibiting pneumococcal colonization.

La investigación de los efectos de los probióticos en antineumocócica Colonización El uso de un<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Ensayo de adherencia

Adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) to the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx can result in colonization and is considered a ...

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating MDR-TB microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource environments. An amplification microarray combines asymmetric PCR amplification, target size selection, target labeling, and microarray hybridization within a single solution and into a single microfluidic chamber. A batch processing method is demonstrated with a 9-plex asymmetric master mix and low-density gel element microarray for genotyping multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The protocol described here can be completed in 6 hr and provide correct genotyping with at least 1,000 cell equivalents of genomic DNA. Incorporating on-chip wash steps is feasible, which will result in an entirely closed amplicon method and system. The extent of multiplexing with an amplification microarray is ultimately constrained by the number of primer pairs that can be combined into a single master mix and still achieve desired sensitivity and specificity performance metrics, rather than the number of probes that are immobilized on the array. Likewise, the total analysis time can be shortened or lengthened depending on the specific intended use, research question, and desired limits of detection. Nevertheless, the general approach significantly streamlines microarray workflow for the end user by reducing the number of manually intensive and time-consuming processing steps, and provides a simplified biochemical and microfluidic path for translating microarray-based diagnostics into routine clinical practice.

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

An amplification microarray combines asymmetric PCR amplification and microarray hybridization into a single chamber, which significantly streamlines microarray workflow for the end user. Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource environments.

Demostración de un resistente a múltiples fármacos<em&gt; Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em&gt; Microarray Amplificación

Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating MDR-TB microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource ...

A Reference Broth Microdilution Method for Dalbavancin In Vitro Susceptibility Testing of Bacteria that Grow Aerobically

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is performed to assess the in vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against various bacteria. The AST results, which are expressed as minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are used in research for antimicrobial development and monitoring of resistance development and in the clinical setting for antimicrobial therapy guidance. Dalbavancin is a semi-synthetic lipoglycopeptide antimicrobial agent that was approved in May 2014 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. The advantage of dalbavancin over current anti-staphylococcal therapies is its long half-life, which allows for once-weekly dosing. Dalbavancin has activity against Staphylococcus aureus (including both methicillin-susceptible S. aureus [MSSA] and methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]), coagulase-negative staphylococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus anginosus group, &#946;-hemolytic streptococci and vancomycin susceptible enterococci. Similar to other recent lipoglycopeptide agents, optimization of CLSI and ISO broth susceptibility test methods includes the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent when preparing stock solutions and polysorbate 80 (P80) to alleviate adherence of the agent to plastic. Prior to the clinical studies and during the initial development of dalbavancin, susceptibility studies were not performed with the use of P-80 and MIC results tended to be 2-4 fold higher and similarly higher MIC results were obtained with the agar dilution susceptibility method. Dalbavancin was first included in CLSI broth microdilution methodology tables in 2005 and amended in 2006 to clarify use of DMSO and P-80. The broth microdilution (BMD) procedure shown here is specific to dalbavancin and is in accordance with the CLSI and ISO methods, with step-by-step detail and focus on the critical steps added for clarity.

A Reference Broth Microdilution Method for Dalbavancin In Vitro Susceptibility Testing of Bacteria that Grow Aerobically

Here, we present a protocol for determination of dalbavancin susceptibility of clinically relevant Gram-positive bacteria using a broth microdilution reference methodology.

Una referencia Caldo método de microdilución para Dalbavancina<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Pruebas de Susceptibilidad de bacterias que crecen en aerobiosis

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is performed to assess the in vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against various bacteria. The AST results, ...

Establishment of a High-throughput Setup for Screening Small Molecules That Modulate c-di-GMP Signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics has driven research attempts to identify new drug targets in recently discovered regulatory pathways. Regulatory systems that utilize intracellular cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) as a second messenger are one such class of target. c-di-GMP is a signaling molecule found in almost all bacteria that acts to regulate an extensive range of processes including antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation and virulence. The understanding of how c-di-GMP signaling controls aspects of antibiotic resistant biofilm development has suggested approaches whereby alteration of the cellular concentrations of the nucleotide or disruption of these signaling pathways may lead to reduced biofilm formation or increased susceptibility of the biofilms to antibiotics. We describe a simple high-throughput bioreporter protocol, based on green fluorescent protein (GFP), whose expression is under the control of the c-di-GMP responsive promoter cdrA, to rapidly screen for small molecules with the potential to modulate c-di-GMP cellular levels in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). This simple protocol can screen upwards of 3,500 compounds within 48 hours and has the ability to be adapted to multiple microorganisms.

Establishment of a High-throughput Setup for Screening Small Molecules That Modulate c-di-GMP Signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

This article describes the high-throughput assay that has been successfully established to screen large libraries of small molecules for their potential ability to manipulate cellular levels of cyclic di-GMP in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, providing a new powerful tool for antibacterial drug discovery and compound testing.

Establecimiento de un programa de instalación de alto rendimiento para la detección de pequeñas moléculas que modulan la c-di-GMP Señalización en el<em&gt; Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em

Bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics has driven research attempts to identify new drug targets in recently discovered regulatory pathways. ...

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The early drug development process for anti-tuberculosis drugs is hindered by the inefficient translation of compounds with in vitro activity to effectiveness in the clinical setting. This is likely due to a lack of consideration for the physiologically relevant cellular penetration barriers that exist in the infected host. We recently established an alternative infection model that generates large macrophage aggregate structures containing densely packed M. tuberculosis (Mtb) at its core, which was suitable for drug susceptibility testing. This infection model is inexpensive, rapid, and most importantly BSL-2 compatible. Here, we describe the experimental procedures to generate Mtb/macrophage aggregate structures that would produce macrophage-passaged Mtb for drug susceptibility testing. In particular, we demonstrate how this infection system could be directly adapted to the 96-well plate format showing throughput capability for the screening of compound libraries against Mtb. Overall, this assay is a valuable addition to the currently available Mtb drug discovery toolbox due to its simplicity, cost effectiveness, and scalability.

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

New models and assays that would improve the early drug development process for next-generation anti-tuberculosis drugs are highly desirable. Here, we describe a quick, inexpensive, and BSL-2 compatible assay to evaluate drug efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can be easily adapted for high-throughput screening.

Un ensayo compatible de alto rendimiento para evaluar la eficacia del fármaco contra los macrófagos a pases<em&gt; Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em

The early drug development process for anti-tuberculosis drugs is hindered by the inefficient translation of compounds with in vitro activity to ...

In Vitro Methods for Comparing Target Binding and CDC Induction Between Therapeutic Antibodies: Applications in Biosimilarity Analysis

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are relevant to the treatment of different pathologies, including cancers. The development of biosimilar mAbs by pharmaceutical companies is a market opportunity, but it is also a strategy to increase drug accessibility and reduce therapy-associated costs. The protocols detailed here describe the evaluation of target binding and CDC induction by rituximab in Daudi cells. These two functions require different structural regions of the antibody and are relevant to the clinical effect induced by rituximab. The protocols allow the side-to-side comparison of a reference rituximab and a marketed rituximab biosimilar. The evaluated products showed differences both in target binding and CDC induction, suggesting that there are underlying physicochemical differences and highlighting the need to analyze the impact of those differences in the clinical setting. The methods reported here constitute simple and inexpensive in vitro models for the evaluation of the activity of rituximab biosimilars. Thus, they can be useful during biosimilar development, as well as for quality control in biosimilar production. Furthermore, the presented methods can be extrapolated to other therapeutic mAbs.

In Vitro Methods for Comparing Target Binding and CDC Induction Between Therapeutic Antibodies: Applications in Biosimilarity Analysis

This protocol describes the in vitro comparison of two key functional characteristics of rituximab: target binding and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) induction. The methods were employed for a side-to-side comparison between reference rituximab and a rituximab biosimilar. These assays can be employed during biosimilar development or as a quality control in their production.

Métodos in vitro para comparar la unión de diana y la inducción de CDC entre anticuerpos terapéuticos: Aplicaciones en análisis de biosimilitud

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are relevant to the treatment of different pathologies, including cancers. The development of biosimilar mAbs by ...